滇西南地区黑河断裂中西段晚第四纪构造活动特征
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摘要
通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查与地质填图,对滇西南地区黑河断裂中西段晚第四纪构造活动特征进行了研究。结果表明,黑河断裂为一条规模较大的区域性活动断裂带,西起沧源县南,向东南止于澜沧江断裂,全长约168km,走向280°～310°。该断裂晚第四纪新活动性具有一定的差异性和分段性。根据其几何结构、最新活动性及1988年澜沧7.6级地震破裂带特征,可将黑河断裂从西向东划分为沧源—木戛、木戛—南代和南代—勐往三条次级断裂段。其中的中、西段长约88km,全新世活动显著,活动性质以右旋走滑为主。沿断裂形成了丰富的断错地貌现象。西段断裂的最新活动断错了全新世晚期地层;中段是1988年澜沧7.6级地震的发震断裂之一。根据对断错冲沟的测量和年代测试,得到其全新世以来右旋滑动速率为(3.54±0.78)mm/a,与区域上其它断裂的滑动速率大致相当,反映了其区域构造活动的整体性和协调性。
On November 6,1988,two earthquakes with a magnitude >7 occurred in the Lancang and Gengma area of the southwestern part of the Yunnan province.The maximum intensity of the M7.6 Lancang earthquake was IX on the Chinese scale,which is similar to the Modified Mercalli scale.The surface rupture of the tectonic activity of the Lancang MS7.6 earthquake occurred because of the earthquake-related extensional ground cracks and small fault scarps in the epicentral region. The area within which the cracks and small scarps occurred was approximately 35-km long and 3-km wide.The maximum vertical and the dextral horizontal offsets were 1.5 m and 1.4 m,respectively.The M7.6 earthquake showed complicated earthquake-generating tectonics and formed a separate obvious seismic deformation belt along the Heihe and Lancang faults.The Heihe fault is one of the seismogenic faults of the 1988 M7.6 event of Lancang. The Heihe fault,located in the southwestern part of the Yunnan province,having a length of 168 km and a trend of 280°~310°,is an active fault zone in the late Quaternary,which is mainly a right-lateral strike slip with a dip slip.It turns out that the Heihe fault zone can be divided into three secondary fault segments,namely,Cangyuan-Mujia(F1-1),Mujia-Nandai(F1-2),and Nandai-Mengwang(F1-3).The activity gradually becomes weak when this segment of fault travels eastward. Through satellite image interpretation and field geological investigation,we studied the geological and geomorphologic characteristics of activity along the middle and the western segments of the Heihe fault in this research.The middle and western segments of the Heihe fault,having a length of 88 km and a trend of 280°~310°,is an active fault zone in the late Quaternary,which is mainly a right-lateral strike slip with a dip slip.A variety of dislocation landforms have been formed along the fault by the new tectonic activities since the late Quaternary,such as the dextral dislocation of gullies and ridges,fault trenches,fault passes,fault scarps,and pits.A series of dextral dislocations of gullies and ridges,and scratches on the cross section along the fault show that the middle-western segment on the Heihe fault is dominated by a right-lateral strike slip.In the Xuelidazai village,the age of the displaced stratum is(2 530±25) a.B.P.,and on the fault plane,a loosely consolidated gouge is developed across several cross sections of the fault.This implies that the latest active time of the middle-western segment on the Heihe fault is the late Holocene.Near Baishuijing,there are synchronous dextral dislocations of four small gullies because of the dextral movement of faults;these dislocations range from 9 to 14 m.By using the differential GPS measurement,the sample dating and the regional comparison of the fault slip rate,we calculated the right-lateral strike slip rate of the segment to be(3.54±0.78) mm/a.This value agrees with the regional characteristics of the fault slip rate.
On November 6,1988,two earthquakes with a magnitude >7 occurred in the Lancang and Gengma area of the southwestern part of the Yunnan province.The maximum intensity of the M7.6 Lancang earthquake was IX on the Chinese scale,which is similar to the Modified Mercalli scale.The surface rupture of the tectonic activity of the Lancang MS7.6 earthquake occurred because of the earthquake-related extensional ground cracks and small fault scarps in the epicentral region. The area within which the cracks and small scarps occurred was approximately 35-km long and 3-km wide.The maximum vertical and the dextral horizontal offsets were 1.5 m and 1.4 m,respectively.The M7.6 earthquake showed complicated earthquake-generating tectonics and formed a separate obvious seismic deformation belt along the Heihe and Lancang faults.The Heihe fault is one of the seismogenic faults of the 1988 M7.6 event of Lancang. The Heihe fault,located in the southwestern part of the Yunnan province,having a length of 168 km and a trend of 280°~310°,is an active fault zone in the late Quaternary,which is mainly a right-lateral strike slip with a dip slip.It turns out that the Heihe fault zone can be divided into three secondary fault segments,namely,Cangyuan-Mujia(F1-1),Mujia-Nandai(F1-2),and Nandai-Mengwang(F1-3).The activity gradually becomes weak when this segment of fault travels eastward. Through satellite image interpretation and field geological investigation,we studied the geological and geomorphologic characteristics of activity along the middle and the western segments of the Heihe fault in this research.The middle and western segments of the Heihe fault,having a length of 88 km and a trend of 280°~310°,is an active fault zone in the late Quaternary,which is mainly a right-lateral strike slip with a dip slip.A variety of dislocation landforms have been formed along the fault by the new tectonic activities since the late Quaternary,such as the dextral dislocation of gullies and ridges,fault trenches,fault passes,fault scarps,and pits.A series of dextral dislocations of gullies and ridges,and scratches on the cross section along the fault show that the middle-western segment on the Heihe fault is dominated by a right-lateral strike slip.In the Xuelidazai village,the age of the displaced stratum is(2 530±25) a.B.P.,and on the fault plane,a loosely consolidated gouge is developed across several cross sections of the fault.This implies that the latest active time of the middle-western segment on the Heihe fault is the late Holocene.Near Baishuijing,there are synchronous dextral dislocations of four small gullies because of the dextral movement of faults;these dislocations range from 9 to 14 m.By using the differential GPS measurement,the sample dating and the regional comparison of the fault slip rate,we calculated the right-lateral strike slip rate of the segment to be(3.54±0.78) mm/a.This value agrees with the regional characteristics of the fault slip rate.
引文
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[2]毛玉平,李盛德.澜沧、耿马地震序列图像与发震构造讨论[J].西北地震学报,1991,13(1):57-62.MAO Yu-ping,LI Sheng-de.Preliminary Discussion on Se-quence and Earthquake-generating Tectonics of Lanchang-Gengma Earthquakes of 1988[J].Northwestern SeismologicalJournal,1991,13(1):57-62.
[3]王凯,高莉萍,姚振兴,等.澜沧—耿马地震的震源机制研究[J].地球物理学报,1991,34(5):569-580.WANG Kai,GAO Li-ping,YAO Zhen-xing,et al.SouceMechanism of the 1988Lanchang-Gengma China Earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1991,34(5):569-580.
[4]俞维贤,周瑞琦,侯学英,等.澜沧—耿马地震的成因机制[J].地震学报,1994,16(2):160-166.YU Wei-xian,ZHOU Rui-qi,HOU Xue-yin,et al.GeneticMechanism of the Lanchang-Gengma Earthquake[J].ActaSeismological Sinica,1994,16(2):160-166.
[5]王辉,强祖基,袁著忠,等.1988年云南澜沧—耿马地震的烈度分布及地表破裂[J].地震学报,1991,13(3):344-353.WANG Hui,QIANG Zu-ji,YUAN Zhu-zhong,et al.The Dis-tribution of Seismic Intensities and Surface Rupture in the Lan-chang-Gengma Earthquakes of November 6,1988[J].Earth-quke Science,1991,13(3):344-353.
[6]俞维贤,柴天俊,侯学英,等.澜沧7.6级地震形变带[J].地震地质,1991,13(4):343-352.YU Wei-xian,CAI Tian-jun,HOU Xue-yin,et al.DefomationZone of MS7.6Lanchang Earthquake[J].Seismology and Ge-ology,1991,13(4):343-352.
[7]俞维贤,侯学英,周瑞琦,等.澜沧—耿马地震的地表破裂特征[J].地震研究,1991,14(3):203-214.YU Wei-xian,HOU Xue-yin,ZHOU Rui-qi,et al.Charater-istic Surface Ruptures of Lancang-Gengma Earthquake[J].Journal of Seimological Research,1991,14(3):203-214.
[8]谷一山,周瑞琦,俞维贤,等.1988年11月6日澜沧—耿马地震灾害[J].灾害学,1990,1:53-60.GU Yi-shan,ZHOU Rui-qi,YU Wei-xian,et al.The Earth-quake Disasters in Lancang-Gengma Eatthquake on Nov.6,1988[J].Journal of Catastrophology,1990,1:53-60.
[9]李祥根.中国新构造运动概论[M].北京:地震出版社,2003.LI Xiang-gen.An Introduction to Neotectotonic Movement inChina[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2003.
[10]卢海峰,马保起,于盛锷,等.甘肃文县北部北东东向断裂带新构造活动特征[J].地震研究,2006,29(2):147-155.LU Hai-feng,MA Bao-qi,YU Guang-xun,et al.Character-istics of the Neotectonic Movement of the NEE-striking FaultBelt North of Wen County,Gansu[J].Journal of Seismologi-cal Research,2006,29(2):147-155.
[11]卢海龙,胡小猛,吴洁利,等.地貌沉积学方法在活断层研究中的应用[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(2):192-198.LU Hai-long,HU Xiao-meng,WU Jie-li,et al.Summary onthe Sedimentary-geomorphologic Method Used in the Studyof Active Faults[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2012,34(2):192-198.
[12]刘小丰,高红山,刘洪春,等.河流阶地研究进展评述[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(2):195-200.LIU Xiao-feng,GAO Hong-shan,LIU Hong-chun,et al.Review on Research Progress of River Terrace[J].North-western Seismological Journal,2011,33(2):195-200.
[13]常祖峰,陈刚,余建强,等.大盈江断裂晚更新世以来活动的地质证据[J].地震地质,2011,33(4):877-888.CHANG Zu-feng,CHEN Gang,YU Jian-qiang,et al.Geo-logical Evidence of Activity along the Dayingjiang Fault sinceLate Pleistocene[J].Seismology and Geology,2011,33(4):877-888.
[14]宋方敏,俞维贤.走滑断裂带中挤压阶区内部剪切构造初探[J].地震地质,1998,20(4):343-348.SONG Fang-min,YU Wei-xian.Preliminary Study of the In-ner Shear Structures in the Compressional Step Over ofStrike-slip Fault Zone[J].Seismology and Geology,1998,20(4):343-348.
[15]崔效锋,谢富仁,张红艳.川滇地区现代构造应力场及动力学意义[J].地震学报,2006,28(5):451-461.CUI Xiao-feng,XIE Fu-ren,ZHANG Hong-yan.RecentTectonic Stress Field Zoning in Sichuan-Yunnan Region andIts Dynamic Interest[J].Acta Seismological Sinica,2006,28(5):451-461.
[16]钱晓东,秦嘉政.刘丽芳.云南地区现代构造应力场研究[J].地震地质,2011,33(1):91-95.QIAN Xiao-dong,QIN Jia-zheng,LIU Li-fang.Study on Re-cent Tectonic Stress Field in Yunnan Region[J].Seismologyand Geology,2011,33(1):91-95.
[17]Anne Socquet,Manuel Pubellier.Cenozoic Deformation inWestern Yunnan(China-Myanmar Border)[J].Journal ofAsian Earth Sciences,2005,24:495-515.
[18]Morley C K.Variations in late Cenozoic-recent Strike-slipand Oblique-extensional Geometries,within Indochina:TheInfluence of Pre-existing Fabics[J].Journal of Structural Ge-ology,2007,29:36-58.
[19]黄学猛,杜义,舒赛兵,等.龙陵—瑞丽断裂(南支)北段晚第四纪活动性特征[J].地震地质,2010,30(2):222-232.HUANG Xue-meng,DU Yi,SHU Sai-bing,et al.Study ofthe Late Quaternary Slip Rate along the Northern Sengmenton the South Branch of Longling-Ruili Fault[J].Seismologyand Geology,2010,30(2):222-232.
[20]杜义,张效亮,黄学猛,等.龙陵—瑞丽断裂北段晚第四纪活动性特征及强震复发间隔[J].震灾防御技术,2012,7(3):215-226.Du Yi,Zhang Xiao-liang,Huang Xue-meng,et al.StrongEarthquake Occurrence Interval along Longling-Ruili Faultand Its Late Quaternary Activity[J].Technology for Earth-quake Disaster Prevention,2012,7(3):215-226.
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