粘滑过程中的多点错动
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摘要
在实验室利用分布式多通道瞬态信号采集系统,从近场条件下研究了岩石粘滑过程中沿断层的声发射信号的初动到时和初动方向空间分布,并结合瞬态高频应变记录系统观测沿断层的应变分布特征,对粘滑过程中的震源错动行为进行了研究。实验在双轴伺服加载系统上进行。分析表明,一次突发应力降对应的瞬时震源滑动过程是由多次更短暂的微小错动组成的,每次短小错动都产生自己的声发射事件,并依次对应不同的应变值快速改变。而每一次的微小错动也可能不止一个位错点,而是对应空间上多个启动点,从振动波初动信号的空间分布形式与沿断层应变场不均匀分布中可以找到证据。近场条件下观测到的粘滑过程多点错动现象对于理解震源过程的复杂性,解释现场地震震源不确定性与震源机制解的高矛盾比现象提供了可能的依据。
By using a newly developed distributed multi-channel transient signal acquisition system,the spatial distribution of arrival time and direction of the first motion of the acoustic emissions(AE)along the fault under near field conditions was well studied. With the high frequency strain recording system,the stress distributions along the fault were well characterized and the focal dislocation behavior during stick-slip was studied as well.The experiment was conducted in a biaxial servo-control loading system. Analysis shows that for each sudden stress drop event,the corresponding focal dislocation consists of a few smaller sub-dislocations and each sub-dislocation results in its own AE event and stress change. Besides,it can be proved that each sub-dislocation may correspond to multiple sources rather than point source,the evidences of which can be found in the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of the first motion and the strain field along fault. Our study indicates that the multi-dislocation during stick-slip under near field conditions is very complicated. By the result of our study,it is more convenient to understand the complication of focal process. Besides,it could provide an evidence for the uncertainty of in-situ earthquake focus and the high contradiction rate of earthquake mechanism solutions.
By using a newly developed distributed multi-channel transient signal acquisition system,the spatial distribution of arrival time and direction of the first motion of the acoustic emissions(AE)along the fault under near field conditions was well studied. With the high frequency strain recording system,the stress distributions along the fault were well characterized and the focal dislocation behavior during stick-slip was studied as well.The experiment was conducted in a biaxial servo-control loading system. Analysis shows that for each sudden stress drop event,the corresponding focal dislocation consists of a few smaller sub-dislocations and each sub-dislocation results in its own AE event and stress change. Besides,it can be proved that each sub-dislocation may correspond to multiple sources rather than point source,the evidences of which can be found in the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of the first motion and the strain field along fault. Our study indicates that the multi-dislocation during stick-slip under near field conditions is very complicated. By the result of our study,it is more convenient to understand the complication of focal process. Besides,it could provide an evidence for the uncertainty of in-situ earthquake focus and the high contradiction rate of earthquake mechanism solutions.
引文
巴晶,刘力强,马胜利.2004.岩石力学试验中的声发射源定位技术[J].无损检测,26(7):342—348.BA Jin,LIU li-qiang,MA Sheng-li.2004.A summary on acoustic emission source location methods in rock mechanicsexperiment[J].Nondestructive Testing,26(7):342—348(in Chinese).
陈颙.1977.声发射技术在岩石力学研究中的应用[J].地球物理学报,(4):312—322.CHEN Yong.1977.Application of acoustic emission techniques to rock mechanics research[J].Chinese Journal of Ge-ophysics,(4):312—322(in Chinese).
陈颙,杨咸武,韩彪.1990.变形过程中岩石P波速度场的空间变化[J].地震学报,12(1):54—59+114—115.CHEN Yong,YANG Xian-wu,HAN Biao.1990.Spatial velocity variations of P waves during rock deformations[J].Ac-ta Seismologica Sinica,12(1):54—59+114—115(in Chinese).
陈运泰,王培德,吴忠良.1992.地震矩张量及其反演[M].北京:地震出版社.1—79.CHEN Yun-tai,WANG Pei-de,WU Zhong-liang.1992.The seismic moment tensor and its inversion[M].Seismologi-cal Press,Beijing.1—79.
邓志辉,马胜利,马瑾,等.1995.粘滑失稳及其物理场时空分布的实验研究[J].地震地质,17(4):305—310.DENG Zhi-hui,MA Sheng-li,MA Jin,et al.1995.Experimental study on stick-slip instability and evolution of its physi-cal fields[J].Seismology and Geology,17(4):305—310(in Chinese).
杜海林,许力生,陈运泰.2009.利用阿拉斯加台阵资料分析2008年汶川大地震的破裂过程[J].地球物理学报,52(2):372—378(in Chinese).DU Hai-lin,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.2009.Rupture process of the2008great Wenchun earthquake from the analy-sis of the Alaska array data[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(2):372—378(in Chinese).
胡新亮,马胜利,高景春.2004.相对定位方法在非完整岩体声发射定位中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,23(2):277—283.HU Xin-liang,MA Sheng-li,GAO Jing-chun,et al.2004.Location of acoustic emissions in non-integral rock using rela-tive locating method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,23(2):277—283(in Chinese).
蒋海昆.2000.典型断层组合及不同温压条件下岩石变形过程中的声发射活动特征[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.JIANG Hai-kun.2000.Characteristics of acoustic emission during the deformation of rock samples with typical fault pat-terns and samples at high pressure and temperature[D].Ph D Dissertation.Institute of Geology,China Earth-quake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
蒋海昆,王琦.1999.实验室声发射三维定位及标本波速场各向异性研究[J].地震,19(3):245—252.JIANG Hai-kun,WANG Qi.1999.3-D location of acoustic emission and study on the anisotropic velocity structure inthe sample[J].Earthquake,19(3):245—252(in Chinese).
Jones L E,梁凯利.1997.1992年6月28日大贝尔地震宽频记录的分析:多震源的证据[J].世界地震译丛,5:68—83.Jones L E,Hough S E.1995.Analysis of broadband records from the28June1992Big Bear earthquake:Evidence of amultiple-event source[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,85(3):688—704.
雷兴林,马瑾,楠濑勤一郎,等.1991.三轴压缩下粗晶花岗闪长岩声发射三维分布及其分形特征[J].地震地质,13(2):97—114.LEI Xing-lin,MA Jin,Kusunose K,et al.1991.Spatial distribution and fractal structure of AE focuses of Inada graniteunder triaxial compression[J].Seismology and Geology,13(2):97—114(in Chinese).
雷兴林,西泽修,楠濑勤一郎,等.1995.2种不同粒度花岗岩中的声发射的震源分布分形结构和震源机制[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.LEI X,Nishizawa O,Kusunose K,et al.1995.Fractal structure of the hypocenter distribution and focal mechanism solu-tions of AE in two granites of different grain size[D].Ph D Dissertation.Institute of Geology,China EarthquakeAdministration,Beijing(in Chinese).
刘力强,马胜利,马瑾,等.1999.岩石构造对声发射统计特征的影响[J].地震地质,21(4):377—386.LIU Li-qiang,MA Sheng-li,Ma Jin,et al.Effect of rock structure on statistic characteristics of acoustic emission[J].Seismology and Geology,21(4):377—386(in Chinese).
刘力强,雷兴林.2003.超高速并行网络声发射观测系统[J].地震地质,25(3):477—479.LIU Li-qiang,LEI Xing-lin.2003.An acoustic emission acquiring system with ultra-high speed parallel net[J].Seis-mology and Geology,25(3):477—479(in Chinese).
刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云,等.2007.实验室声发射三维定位软件[J].地震地质,29(3):674—679.LIU Pei-xun,LIU Li-qiang,CHEN Shun-yun,et al.2007.Software for three-dimensional location of acoustic emission inlaboratory[J].Seismology and Geology,29(3):674—679(in Chinese).
刘培洵,刘力强,黄元敏,等.2009.声发射定位的稳健算法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,28(A01):2760—2764.LIU Pei-xun,LIU Li-qiang,HUANG Yuan-min,et al.2009.Robust arithmetic for acoustic emission location[J].Chi-nese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(A01):2760—2764(in Chinese).
马瑾,马文涛,马胜利,等.1995.5°拐折构造变形物理场的实验研究与数值模拟[J].地震地质,17(4):318—326(in Chinese).MA Jin,MA Wen-tao,MA Sheng-li,et al.1995.Experimental study and numerical simulation on physical fields duringthe deformation of a5°bend fault[J].Seismology and Geology,17(4):318—326(in Chinese).
马超,单新建.2006.昆仑山MS8.1地震震源参数的多破裂段模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,49(2):428—437(in Chinese).MA Chao,SHAN Xin-jian.2006.A multi-segment analytic modeling of hypocentral geometric characteristic parametersof the MS8.1earthquake at the Kunlun Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,49(2):428—437(inChinese).
马文涛,马瑾,刘力强,等.1995a.雁列断层变形过程中的声发射特征[J].地震地质,17(4):342—348.MA Wen-tao,MA Jin,LIU Li-qiang,et al.1995a.The characteristics of acoustic emission in en echelon structure[J].Seismology and Geology,17(4):342—348(in Chinese).
马文涛,马瑾,马胜利,等.1995b.岩石摩擦滑动中声发射的多普勒效应[J].地震地质,17(4):311—317.MA Wen-tao,MA Jin,MA Sheng-li,et al.1995b.The Doppler effects of AE waveform in rock friction[J].Seismologyand Geology,17(4):311—317(in Chinese).
倪江川,陈运泰,陈祥熊.1991.地震矩张量及其反演[J].地震地磁观测与研究,(5):1—17.NI Jiang-chuan,CHEN Yun-tai,CHEN Xiang-xiong.1991.Seismic moment tensor and its inversion[J].Seismologicaland Geomagnetic Observation and Research,(5):1—17(in Chinese).
张勇,冯万鹏,许力生,等.2008.2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程[J].中国科学(D辑),38(10):1186—1194.ZHANG Yong,FENG Wan-peng,XU Li-sheng,et al.2008.The space-time of rupture process in Wenchuan earthquakein2008[J].Science in China(Ser D),38(10):1186—1194(in Chinese).
张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2009.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化[J].地球物理学报,52(2):379—389.ZHANG Yong,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.Spatio-temporal variation of the source mechanism of the2008great Wen-chuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(2):379—389(in Chinese).
Aki K.1966.Earthquake generating stress in Japan for the years1961to1963obtained by smoothing the first motion ra-diation patterns[J].Bull Earthq Res Inst,44:447—471.
Aki K,Richards P.1980.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods,Vol1[M].W H Freeman and Company.85—92.
Ben-David O,Rubinstein S M,Fineberg J.2010.Slip-stick and the evolution of frictional strength[J].Nature,463(7277):76—79.
Grosse C U,Ohtsu M.2008.Acoustic Emission Testing[M].Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.149—174.
GUO Ling-li,WONG H C,LIU Li-qiang,et al.2013.Analysis on3D Surface Crack Transient Propagation Process[M].Advances in Civil Engineeering and Building Materials.429—432.
Hardy H.1999.Application of acoustic emission techniques to rock mechanics research[M].Acoustic Emission.41—83.
Lockner D.1993.The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture[J].International Journal of Rock Mechan-ics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts,30(7):883—899.
Lockner D,Byerlee J.1977.Acoustic emission and creep in rock at high confining pressure and differential stress[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,67(2):247—258.
Snay R,Cline M,Timmerman E,et al.1985.Dislocation models for the1954earthquake sequence in Nevada[J].USGeol Surv Open-File Rept,290:531—555.
Sondergeld C H and Estey L H.1982.Source mechanisms and microfracturing during uniaxial cycling of rock[J].Pureand Applied Geophysics,120(1):151—166.
陈颙.1977.声发射技术在岩石力学研究中的应用[J].地球物理学报,(4):312—322.CHEN Yong.1977.Application of acoustic emission techniques to rock mechanics research[J].Chinese Journal of Ge-ophysics,(4):312—322(in Chinese).
陈颙,杨咸武,韩彪.1990.变形过程中岩石P波速度场的空间变化[J].地震学报,12(1):54—59+114—115.CHEN Yong,YANG Xian-wu,HAN Biao.1990.Spatial velocity variations of P waves during rock deformations[J].Ac-ta Seismologica Sinica,12(1):54—59+114—115(in Chinese).
陈运泰,王培德,吴忠良.1992.地震矩张量及其反演[M].北京:地震出版社.1—79.CHEN Yun-tai,WANG Pei-de,WU Zhong-liang.1992.The seismic moment tensor and its inversion[M].Seismologi-cal Press,Beijing.1—79.
邓志辉,马胜利,马瑾,等.1995.粘滑失稳及其物理场时空分布的实验研究[J].地震地质,17(4):305—310.DENG Zhi-hui,MA Sheng-li,MA Jin,et al.1995.Experimental study on stick-slip instability and evolution of its physi-cal fields[J].Seismology and Geology,17(4):305—310(in Chinese).
杜海林,许力生,陈运泰.2009.利用阿拉斯加台阵资料分析2008年汶川大地震的破裂过程[J].地球物理学报,52(2):372—378(in Chinese).DU Hai-lin,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.2009.Rupture process of the2008great Wenchun earthquake from the analy-sis of the Alaska array data[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(2):372—378(in Chinese).
胡新亮,马胜利,高景春.2004.相对定位方法在非完整岩体声发射定位中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,23(2):277—283.HU Xin-liang,MA Sheng-li,GAO Jing-chun,et al.2004.Location of acoustic emissions in non-integral rock using rela-tive locating method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,23(2):277—283(in Chinese).
蒋海昆.2000.典型断层组合及不同温压条件下岩石变形过程中的声发射活动特征[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.JIANG Hai-kun.2000.Characteristics of acoustic emission during the deformation of rock samples with typical fault pat-terns and samples at high pressure and temperature[D].Ph D Dissertation.Institute of Geology,China Earth-quake Administration,Beijing(in Chinese).
蒋海昆,王琦.1999.实验室声发射三维定位及标本波速场各向异性研究[J].地震,19(3):245—252.JIANG Hai-kun,WANG Qi.1999.3-D location of acoustic emission and study on the anisotropic velocity structure inthe sample[J].Earthquake,19(3):245—252(in Chinese).
Jones L E,梁凯利.1997.1992年6月28日大贝尔地震宽频记录的分析:多震源的证据[J].世界地震译丛,5:68—83.Jones L E,Hough S E.1995.Analysis of broadband records from the28June1992Big Bear earthquake:Evidence of amultiple-event source[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,85(3):688—704.
雷兴林,马瑾,楠濑勤一郎,等.1991.三轴压缩下粗晶花岗闪长岩声发射三维分布及其分形特征[J].地震地质,13(2):97—114.LEI Xing-lin,MA Jin,Kusunose K,et al.1991.Spatial distribution and fractal structure of AE focuses of Inada graniteunder triaxial compression[J].Seismology and Geology,13(2):97—114(in Chinese).
雷兴林,西泽修,楠濑勤一郎,等.1995.2种不同粒度花岗岩中的声发射的震源分布分形结构和震源机制[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.LEI X,Nishizawa O,Kusunose K,et al.1995.Fractal structure of the hypocenter distribution and focal mechanism solu-tions of AE in two granites of different grain size[D].Ph D Dissertation.Institute of Geology,China EarthquakeAdministration,Beijing(in Chinese).
刘力强,马胜利,马瑾,等.1999.岩石构造对声发射统计特征的影响[J].地震地质,21(4):377—386.LIU Li-qiang,MA Sheng-li,Ma Jin,et al.Effect of rock structure on statistic characteristics of acoustic emission[J].Seismology and Geology,21(4):377—386(in Chinese).
刘力强,雷兴林.2003.超高速并行网络声发射观测系统[J].地震地质,25(3):477—479.LIU Li-qiang,LEI Xing-lin.2003.An acoustic emission acquiring system with ultra-high speed parallel net[J].Seis-mology and Geology,25(3):477—479(in Chinese).
刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云,等.2007.实验室声发射三维定位软件[J].地震地质,29(3):674—679.LIU Pei-xun,LIU Li-qiang,CHEN Shun-yun,et al.2007.Software for three-dimensional location of acoustic emission inlaboratory[J].Seismology and Geology,29(3):674—679(in Chinese).
刘培洵,刘力强,黄元敏,等.2009.声发射定位的稳健算法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,28(A01):2760—2764.LIU Pei-xun,LIU Li-qiang,HUANG Yuan-min,et al.2009.Robust arithmetic for acoustic emission location[J].Chi-nese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(A01):2760—2764(in Chinese).
马瑾,马文涛,马胜利,等.1995.5°拐折构造变形物理场的实验研究与数值模拟[J].地震地质,17(4):318—326(in Chinese).MA Jin,MA Wen-tao,MA Sheng-li,et al.1995.Experimental study and numerical simulation on physical fields duringthe deformation of a5°bend fault[J].Seismology and Geology,17(4):318—326(in Chinese).
马超,单新建.2006.昆仑山MS8.1地震震源参数的多破裂段模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,49(2):428—437(in Chinese).MA Chao,SHAN Xin-jian.2006.A multi-segment analytic modeling of hypocentral geometric characteristic parametersof the MS8.1earthquake at the Kunlun Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,49(2):428—437(inChinese).
马文涛,马瑾,刘力强,等.1995a.雁列断层变形过程中的声发射特征[J].地震地质,17(4):342—348.MA Wen-tao,MA Jin,LIU Li-qiang,et al.1995a.The characteristics of acoustic emission in en echelon structure[J].Seismology and Geology,17(4):342—348(in Chinese).
马文涛,马瑾,马胜利,等.1995b.岩石摩擦滑动中声发射的多普勒效应[J].地震地质,17(4):311—317.MA Wen-tao,MA Jin,MA Sheng-li,et al.1995b.The Doppler effects of AE waveform in rock friction[J].Seismologyand Geology,17(4):311—317(in Chinese).
倪江川,陈运泰,陈祥熊.1991.地震矩张量及其反演[J].地震地磁观测与研究,(5):1—17.NI Jiang-chuan,CHEN Yun-tai,CHEN Xiang-xiong.1991.Seismic moment tensor and its inversion[J].Seismologicaland Geomagnetic Observation and Research,(5):1—17(in Chinese).
张勇,冯万鹏,许力生,等.2008.2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程[J].中国科学(D辑),38(10):1186—1194.ZHANG Yong,FENG Wan-peng,XU Li-sheng,et al.2008.The space-time of rupture process in Wenchuan earthquakein2008[J].Science in China(Ser D),38(10):1186—1194(in Chinese).
张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2009.2008年汶川大地震震源机制的时空变化[J].地球物理学报,52(2):379—389.ZHANG Yong,XU Li-sheng,CHEN Yun-tai.Spatio-temporal variation of the source mechanism of the2008great Wen-chuan earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(2):379—389(in Chinese).
Aki K.1966.Earthquake generating stress in Japan for the years1961to1963obtained by smoothing the first motion ra-diation patterns[J].Bull Earthq Res Inst,44:447—471.
Aki K,Richards P.1980.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods,Vol1[M].W H Freeman and Company.85—92.
Ben-David O,Rubinstein S M,Fineberg J.2010.Slip-stick and the evolution of frictional strength[J].Nature,463(7277):76—79.
Grosse C U,Ohtsu M.2008.Acoustic Emission Testing[M].Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.149—174.
GUO Ling-li,WONG H C,LIU Li-qiang,et al.2013.Analysis on3D Surface Crack Transient Propagation Process[M].Advances in Civil Engineeering and Building Materials.429—432.
Hardy H.1999.Application of acoustic emission techniques to rock mechanics research[M].Acoustic Emission.41—83.
Lockner D.1993.The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture[J].International Journal of Rock Mechan-ics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts,30(7):883—899.
Lockner D,Byerlee J.1977.Acoustic emission and creep in rock at high confining pressure and differential stress[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,67(2):247—258.
Snay R,Cline M,Timmerman E,et al.1985.Dislocation models for the1954earthquake sequence in Nevada[J].USGeol Surv Open-File Rept,290:531—555.
Sondergeld C H and Estey L H.1982.Source mechanisms and microfracturing during uniaxial cycling of rock[J].Pureand Applied Geophysics,120(1):151—166.
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