试论地震海啸的成因
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摘要
经统计与研究,多数地震是不引发海啸的,故地震与海啸不存在直接的因果关系。这是因为引发地震海啸(特别是大的地震海啸)的直接原因,主要是海底地震所造成的次生的巨大体积的海底滑坡和崩塌,而不是海底地震时海底地面的同震错断与变形。因此,若未来震中附近存在不稳定海底滑坡和崩塌体,只要发生地震,不论震级大小与震源深浅,也不论震源类型(即倾滑或走滑)都可引起海底滑坡和崩塌,进而引发海啸。若未来震中附近不存在不稳定海底滑坡和崩塌体,再大震级的地震,即使是倾滑型地震也不能引发海啸。
Based on the study and statistics on earthquakes,we know that most of the earthquakes don't induce tsunami,so there is no direct causality between earthquake and tsunami.The earthquake-generated tsunami(especially the big earthquake-generated tsunami)is mainly induced by the secondary and huge volumetric submarine landslide and collapse caused by ocean-bottom earthquake,rather than the submarine coseismic dislocation and deformation.If there exist unstable submarine landslide and collapse bodies nearby the epicenter,earthquake,regardless of the size,the focal depth,or the source type(namely,dip-slip or strike-slip)of it,will induce submarine landslide and collapse,and then generate tsunami.Otherwise,it will not generate tsunami even with big magnitude or dip-slip.
Based on the study and statistics on earthquakes,we know that most of the earthquakes don't induce tsunami,so there is no direct causality between earthquake and tsunami.The earthquake-generated tsunami(especially the big earthquake-generated tsunami)is mainly induced by the secondary and huge volumetric submarine landslide and collapse caused by ocean-bottom earthquake,rather than the submarine coseismic dislocation and deformation.If there exist unstable submarine landslide and collapse bodies nearby the epicenter,earthquake,regardless of the size,the focal depth,or the source type(namely,dip-slip or strike-slip)of it,will induce submarine landslide and collapse,and then generate tsunami.Otherwise,it will not generate tsunami even with big magnitude or dip-slip.
引文
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[1]陶世龙,2005,什么是地震海啸,http://www.people.com.cn。
[1]Harvard CMTsolution:http//www.seismology.harvard.edu/CMTsearch.html.2007.
[1]同152页[1]。
[1]同151页[1]。
[2]Yaho奇摩+(http:∥tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/-qid=1004122700948),2007.
华翼网新闻中心,2005.2.10.www.chinesewings.com.
[2]周加新,潘红芹,2005,JAMSTEC发现印尼大地震海底断裂解释大海啸成因。
[1]同157页[2]。
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牟会宠.1987.滑坡[M].北京:地震出版社.MOU Hui-chong.1987.Landslide[M].Seimological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
魏柏林.1986.贝尼奥夫带震源机制变化的规律及原因[J].地震研究,9(5):505—513.WEI Bai-lin.1986.The regularity and origin of focal-mechnism variation along Benioff zones[J].Journal of Seismologi-cal Research,9(5):505—513(in Chinese).
魏柏林.1994.震源机制变化的机理:转换应力场[M].北京:地震出版社.51—81.WEI Bai-lin.1994.The Cause of Change of Focal Mechanism:Transform Stress Field[M].Seismological Press,Bei-jing.51—81(in Chinese).
Benioff H.1964.Earthquake source mechanism[J].Science,143:3613.
Isacks B and Molnar P.1969.Mantle earthquake mechanisms and the sinking of lithosphere[J].Nature,223:1112—1124.
Isacks B and Molnar P.1971.Distribution of stress in the descending lithosphere from a global survey of focal mecha-nism solutions of mantle earthquakes[J].Rev Geophy,9:103—174.
Sugimura A,Uyeda S.1967.A possible anisotropy in the upper mantle accounting for deep earthquake faulting[J].Tectonophysics,5:25—33.
Sugimuka A,Uyeda S.1973.Island Arcs Japan and Its Environs[M].Elserier Scientific Publishing Company Amster-dam-Lodon-New York.
[1]陶世龙,2005,什么是地震海啸,http://www.people.com.cn。
[1]Harvard CMTsolution:http//www.seismology.harvard.edu/CMTsearch.html.2007.
[1]同152页[1]。
[1]同151页[1]。
[2]Yaho奇摩+(http:∥tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/-qid=1004122700948),2007.
华翼网新闻中心,2005.2.10.www.chinesewings.com.
[2]周加新,潘红芹,2005,JAMSTEC发现印尼大地震海底断裂解释大海啸成因。
[1]同157页[2]。
陈运泰,杨智娴,许力生.2005.海啸、地震海啸与海啸地震[J].物理,34(12):864—872.CHEN Yun-tai,YANG Zhi-xian,XU Li-sheng.2005.Tsunamis,earthquake-generated tsunamis and tsunamigenic earth-quakes[J].Physics,34(12):864—872(in Chinese).
何永金.2005.地震与海啸的关系探讨[J].水文地质工程地质,32(6):81—84.HE Yong-jin.2005.Discussion on tsunami-earthquake relation[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,32(6):81—84(in Chinese).
罗伟,辛庆书,等.1996.全球重大灾害性地震目录[Z].北京:地震出版社.LUO Wei,XIN Qing-shu,et al.1996.Worldwide major disastrous earthquakes catalog[Z].Seismological Press,Bei-jing(in Chinese).
马宗晋,叶洪.2005.2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼大地震构造特征及地震海啸灾害[J].地学前缘,12(1):281—287.MA Zong-jin,YE Hong.2005.The Dec.26,2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake:Tectonic setting and the earthquake-generated tsunami disaster[J].Earth Science Frontiers,12(1):281—287(in Chinese).
牟会宠.1987.滑坡[M].北京:地震出版社.MOU Hui-chong.1987.Landslide[M].Seimological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
魏柏林.1986.贝尼奥夫带震源机制变化的规律及原因[J].地震研究,9(5):505—513.WEI Bai-lin.1986.The regularity and origin of focal-mechnism variation along Benioff zones[J].Journal of Seismologi-cal Research,9(5):505—513(in Chinese).
魏柏林.1994.震源机制变化的机理:转换应力场[M].北京:地震出版社.51—81.WEI Bai-lin.1994.The Cause of Change of Focal Mechanism:Transform Stress Field[M].Seismological Press,Bei-jing.51—81(in Chinese).
Benioff H.1964.Earthquake source mechanism[J].Science,143:3613.
Isacks B and Molnar P.1969.Mantle earthquake mechanisms and the sinking of lithosphere[J].Nature,223:1112—1124.
Isacks B and Molnar P.1971.Distribution of stress in the descending lithosphere from a global survey of focal mecha-nism solutions of mantle earthquakes[J].Rev Geophy,9:103—174.
Sugimura A,Uyeda S.1967.A possible anisotropy in the upper mantle accounting for deep earthquake faulting[J].Tectonophysics,5:25—33.
Sugimuka A,Uyeda S.1973.Island Arcs Japan and Its Environs[M].Elserier Scientific Publishing Company Amster-dam-Lodon-New York.
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