利用地震记录基线偏移估算同震地倾斜——以汶川地震为例
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摘要
通过分析地倾斜对加速度记录基线偏移的影响,提出由近场强震加速度记录求取同震地倾斜的方法.应用汶川地震数据,初步确认了方法的正确性,得到汶川地震近场33个台站的同震地倾斜.结果表明,同震倾斜量较大的台站集中于断层周围以及破裂前方区域.倾斜方向上并未发现明显的空间规律性.该方法的有效性需要进一步研究.
We illustrate the impact of ground tilt on baseline offset in an accelerogram and propose a method of estimation of co-seismic tilt based on acceleration record in the near-field of an earthquake.The method is applied to the records from 33 carefully selected stations in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,and the validity of the method is preliminarily confirmed.Our results show that large tilts in magnitude are obtained in near-fault or rupture-toward stations.No obvious characteristic is found in distribution of the tilt direction.The validity of the method needs further confirmation.
We illustrate the impact of ground tilt on baseline offset in an accelerogram and propose a method of estimation of co-seismic tilt based on acceleration record in the near-field of an earthquake.The method is applied to the records from 33 carefully selected stations in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,and the validity of the method is preliminarily confirmed.Our results show that large tilts in magnitude are obtained in near-fault or rupture-toward stations.No obvious characteristic is found in distribution of the tilt direction.The validity of the method needs further confirmation.
引文
[1]Chiu H C.Stable baseline correction of digital strong-motion data[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1997,87(4):932-944.
[2]Boore D M,Stephens C D,Joyner W B.Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data:examples from the 1999 HectorMine,California,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2002,92(4):1543-1560.
[3]Wang G Q,Zhou X Y.Baseline correction of near fault ground motion recordings of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake[J].SeismGeol,2004,26(1):1-14(in Chinese).王国权,周锡元.921台湾集集地震近断层强震记录的基线校正[J].地震地质,2004,26(1):1-14.
[4]Boore D M.Effect of baseline corrections on displacements and response spectra for several recordings of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2001,91(5):1199-1211.
[5]Zhou Y N,Zhang W B,Yu H Y.Analysis of long-period error for accelerograms recorded by digital seismographs[J].Earthq Eng EngVib,1997,17(2):1-9(in Chinese).周雍年,章文波,于海英.数字强震仪记录的长周期误差分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,1997,17(2):1-9.
[6]Iwan W D,Moser M A,Peng C Y.Some observations on strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph[J].BullSeism Soc Am,1985,75(5):1225-1246.
[7]Shakal A F,Petersen C D.Acceleration offsets in some FBA's during earthquake shaking(abst.)[J].Seism Res Lett,2001,72:233.
[8]Boore D M.Analog-to-Digital conversion as a source of drifts in displacements derived from digital recordings of ground acceleration[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2003,93(5):2017-2024.
[9]Boore D M,Bommer J J.Processing of strong-motion accelerograms:needs,options and consequences[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,2005,25(2):93-115.
[10]Wang G Q,Boore D M,Igel H,et al.Some observations on collocated and closely spaced strong ground-motion records of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2003,93(2):674-693.
[11]Bradner H,Reichle M.Some methods for determining acceleration and tilt by use of pendulums and accelerometers[J].Bull Seism SocAm,1973,63(1):1-7.
[12]Trifunac T,Todorovska M.A note on the usable dynamic range of accelerographs recording translation[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,2001,21(4):275-286.
[13]Akkar S,Boore D M.On baseline corrections and uncertainty in response spectra for baseline variations commonly encountered in digitalaccelerograph records[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2009,99(3):1671-1690.
[14]Graizer V M.Effect of tilt on strong motion data processing[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,2005,25(3):197-204.
[15]Graizer V M.Tilts in strong ground motion[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2006,96(6):2090-2102.
[16]Yu H Y,Jiang W X,Xie Q C,et al.Baseline correction of digital strong-motion records in near-field[J].Earthq Eng Eng Vib,2009,29(6):1-12(in Chinese).于海英,江汶乡,解全才,等.近场数字强震仪记录误差分析与零线校正方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(6):1-12.
[17]Boroschek R,Legrand D.Tilt motion effects on the double-time integration of linear accelerometers:an experimental approach[J].BullSeism Soc Am,2006,96(6):2072-2089.
[18]Bouchon M,Aki K.Strain,tilt,and rotation associated with strong ground motion in the vicinity of earthquake faults[J].Bull Seism SocAm,1982,72(5):1717-1738.
[19]Shakal A F,Huang M J,Graizer V M.Strong-motion data processing[C]∥Innternational Book of Earthquake and EngineeringSeismology.Part B.New York:Academic Press,2003:967-981.
[20]Ben-Menahem A.Radiation of seismic surface-waves from finite moving sources[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1961,51(3):401-435.
[21]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1985,75(4):1135-1154.
[22]Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1992,82(2):1018-1040.
[23]Press F.Displacements,strains,and tilts at teleseismic distances[J].J Geophys Res,1965,70(10):2395-2412.
[24]McHugh S,Johnston M J S.An analysis of coseismic tilt changes from an array in central California[J].J Geophys Res,1977,82(36):5692-5698.
[25]Zhao B,LüP J,Chen Z Y,et al.Analysis of coseismic tilt and strain variations for Wenchan Ms 8.0 earthquake[J].J Geod Geodyn,2010,30(3):17-21(in Chinese).赵斌,吕品姬,陈志遥,等.汶川Ms 8.0地震同震倾斜应变变化分析[J].大地测量学与地球动力学,2010,30(3):17-21.
[26]Harrison J C.Cavity and topographic effects in tilt and strain measurement[J].J Geophys Res,1976,81(2):319-328.
[27]Zadro M,Braitenberg C.Measurements and interpretations of tilt-strain gauges in seismically active areas[J].Earth-Sci Rev,1999,47(3/4):151-187.
[2]Boore D M,Stephens C D,Joyner W B.Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data:examples from the 1999 HectorMine,California,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2002,92(4):1543-1560.
[3]Wang G Q,Zhou X Y.Baseline correction of near fault ground motion recordings of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake[J].SeismGeol,2004,26(1):1-14(in Chinese).王国权,周锡元.921台湾集集地震近断层强震记录的基线校正[J].地震地质,2004,26(1):1-14.
[4]Boore D M.Effect of baseline corrections on displacements and response spectra for several recordings of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2001,91(5):1199-1211.
[5]Zhou Y N,Zhang W B,Yu H Y.Analysis of long-period error for accelerograms recorded by digital seismographs[J].Earthq Eng EngVib,1997,17(2):1-9(in Chinese).周雍年,章文波,于海英.数字强震仪记录的长周期误差分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,1997,17(2):1-9.
[6]Iwan W D,Moser M A,Peng C Y.Some observations on strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph[J].BullSeism Soc Am,1985,75(5):1225-1246.
[7]Shakal A F,Petersen C D.Acceleration offsets in some FBA's during earthquake shaking(abst.)[J].Seism Res Lett,2001,72:233.
[8]Boore D M.Analog-to-Digital conversion as a source of drifts in displacements derived from digital recordings of ground acceleration[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2003,93(5):2017-2024.
[9]Boore D M,Bommer J J.Processing of strong-motion accelerograms:needs,options and consequences[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,2005,25(2):93-115.
[10]Wang G Q,Boore D M,Igel H,et al.Some observations on collocated and closely spaced strong ground-motion records of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2003,93(2):674-693.
[11]Bradner H,Reichle M.Some methods for determining acceleration and tilt by use of pendulums and accelerometers[J].Bull Seism SocAm,1973,63(1):1-7.
[12]Trifunac T,Todorovska M.A note on the usable dynamic range of accelerographs recording translation[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,2001,21(4):275-286.
[13]Akkar S,Boore D M.On baseline corrections and uncertainty in response spectra for baseline variations commonly encountered in digitalaccelerograph records[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2009,99(3):1671-1690.
[14]Graizer V M.Effect of tilt on strong motion data processing[J].Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,2005,25(3):197-204.
[15]Graizer V M.Tilts in strong ground motion[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,2006,96(6):2090-2102.
[16]Yu H Y,Jiang W X,Xie Q C,et al.Baseline correction of digital strong-motion records in near-field[J].Earthq Eng Eng Vib,2009,29(6):1-12(in Chinese).于海英,江汶乡,解全才,等.近场数字强震仪记录误差分析与零线校正方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(6):1-12.
[17]Boroschek R,Legrand D.Tilt motion effects on the double-time integration of linear accelerometers:an experimental approach[J].BullSeism Soc Am,2006,96(6):2072-2089.
[18]Bouchon M,Aki K.Strain,tilt,and rotation associated with strong ground motion in the vicinity of earthquake faults[J].Bull Seism SocAm,1982,72(5):1717-1738.
[19]Shakal A F,Huang M J,Graizer V M.Strong-motion data processing[C]∥Innternational Book of Earthquake and EngineeringSeismology.Part B.New York:Academic Press,2003:967-981.
[20]Ben-Menahem A.Radiation of seismic surface-waves from finite moving sources[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1961,51(3):401-435.
[21]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1985,75(4):1135-1154.
[22]Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1992,82(2):1018-1040.
[23]Press F.Displacements,strains,and tilts at teleseismic distances[J].J Geophys Res,1965,70(10):2395-2412.
[24]McHugh S,Johnston M J S.An analysis of coseismic tilt changes from an array in central California[J].J Geophys Res,1977,82(36):5692-5698.
[25]Zhao B,LüP J,Chen Z Y,et al.Analysis of coseismic tilt and strain variations for Wenchan Ms 8.0 earthquake[J].J Geod Geodyn,2010,30(3):17-21(in Chinese).赵斌,吕品姬,陈志遥,等.汶川Ms 8.0地震同震倾斜应变变化分析[J].大地测量学与地球动力学,2010,30(3):17-21.
[26]Harrison J C.Cavity and topographic effects in tilt and strain measurement[J].J Geophys Res,1976,81(2):319-328.
[27]Zadro M,Braitenberg C.Measurements and interpretations of tilt-strain gauges in seismically active areas[J].Earth-Sci Rev,1999,47(3/4):151-187.
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