开发尺度的曲流河储层内部结构地震沉积学解释方法
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摘要
曲流河地层内部结构复杂,岩性界面具有穿时性,传统的地震相分析法不能满足油藏开发地质研究中对储层内部结构精细解释的需要,急需探索有效的地震解释方法。采用基于探地雷达的露头探测、点坝复合体三维正演模拟和实际地震资料相结合的方法,分析了地震资料频率和地层厚度对曲流河内部结构地震反射特征的影响,研究了利用地层切片解释曲流河沉积结构的原理和方法,建立了开发尺度的曲流河内部结构地震沉积学解释技术。研究发现:(1)高频地震资料中地震反射能够反映曲流河侧积复合体边界,而低频地震资料中反射同相轴与岩性界面一致;(2)不同厚度的点坝侧积单元地震反射特征存在差异,造成反射剖面的多解性。同时指出曲流河内部结构地震沉积学解释的技术关键:(1)发挥地震资料平面与剖面信息的相互约束和补充;(2)将地质体作为三维空间发育的成因体,利用其平面与剖面特征的成因联系指导解释;(3)级次化解释方法,在不同级次上采用针对性的解释方法。将该方法应用于墨西哥湾新近系地震沉积学解释,实现了曲流河点坝复合体内部结构的三维刻画。
Reservoir architectures of meandering river are complex and the lithologic surfaces cross the isochronic ones.Traditional seismic facies analytical method can not satisfy seismic interpretation of reservoir architectures on reservoir development scale.Outcrop detection with ground penetrating radar(GPR),3D seismic forward modeling and real seismic data are employed in this study.The influences of seismic frequency and strata thickness on seismic reflection of meandering rivers are analyzed.Principle and method of meandering fluvial interpretation with stratal slices are studied.Seismic sedimentology interpretation workflow for meandering rivers is created.It is found that(1) seismic events in high frequency seismic data are reflection of isochronic surfaces formed by point bar complexes,while those in low frequency data are reflection of lithologic surfaces;(2) seismic reflection characters of bars vary with thickness,this causes the ambiguity in its seismic interpretation.Three key points of this method were proposed:(1) making full use of geologic information from vertical and horizontal dimensions of 3D seismic data;(2) taking fluvial sandbody as an integrated genetic body in 3D space;(3) using hierarchic interpretation method and interpreting sandbodies of different hierarchy with particular technologies.This method and workflow are used in seismic sedimentologic interpretation in the Gulf of Mexico,and architecture of point bar complexes are characterized in 3D space.
Reservoir architectures of meandering river are complex and the lithologic surfaces cross the isochronic ones.Traditional seismic facies analytical method can not satisfy seismic interpretation of reservoir architectures on reservoir development scale.Outcrop detection with ground penetrating radar(GPR),3D seismic forward modeling and real seismic data are employed in this study.The influences of seismic frequency and strata thickness on seismic reflection of meandering rivers are analyzed.Principle and method of meandering fluvial interpretation with stratal slices are studied.Seismic sedimentology interpretation workflow for meandering rivers is created.It is found that(1) seismic events in high frequency seismic data are reflection of isochronic surfaces formed by point bar complexes,while those in low frequency data are reflection of lithologic surfaces;(2) seismic reflection characters of bars vary with thickness,this causes the ambiguity in its seismic interpretation.Three key points of this method were proposed:(1) making full use of geologic information from vertical and horizontal dimensions of 3D seismic data;(2) taking fluvial sandbody as an integrated genetic body in 3D space;(3) using hierarchic interpretation method and interpreting sandbodies of different hierarchy with particular technologies.This method and workflow are used in seismic sedimentologic interpretation in the Gulf of Mexico,and architecture of point bar complexes are characterized in 3D space.
引文
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[19]Zhang X G,Zeng H L,Lin C Y,et al.Seismic-sedimento-logic interpretation of fluvial sedimentary architectures:Fo-cus on development[C]∥AAPG Annual Convention&Exhi-bition.Houston,USA,2011:205.
[20]林承焰,张宪国,王友净,等.地震油藏地质研究及其在大港滩海地区的应用[J].地学前缘,2008,15(1):140-145.
[21]Sangree J B,Widmier J M.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level,Part9:Seismic interpretation of clastic depositional facies[C]∥Payton C E.Seismic Stratigraphy:Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.AAPG Memoir 26,1977:165-184.
[22]Mitchum R M Jr,Vail P R,Sangree J B.Seismic stratigra-phy and global changes of sea level,Part6:Stratigraphic in-terpretation of seismic reflection patterns in depositional se-quences[C]∥Payton C E.Seismic Stratigraphy:Applica-tions to Hydrocarbon Exploration.AAPG Memoir26,1977:117-133.
[23]Hart B S.Channel detection in3-D seismic data using sweet-ness[J].AAPG Bulletin,2008,92(6):733-742.
[24]Maynard J R,Feldman H R,Always R.From bars to val-leys:The sedimentology and seismic geomorphology of fluvi-al to estuarine incised-valley fills of the Grand Rapids Forma-tion(Lower Cretaceous),Iron River Field,Alberta,Canada[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2010,80:611-638.
[2]Miall A D.Architectural-element analysis:A new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits[J].Earth-Science Reviews,1985,22:261-308.
[3]Miall A D.Architecture and sequence stratigraphy of Pleisto-cene fluvial systems in the Malay Basin,based on seismic timeslice analysis[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86:1201-1216.
[4]吴胜和,岳大力,刘建民,等.地下古河道储层构型的层次建模研究[J].中国科学:D辑,2008,38(1):111-121.
[5]岳大力,吴胜和,刘建民.曲流河点坝地下储层构型精细解剖方法[J].石油学报,2007,28(4):99-103.
[6]马世忠,孙雨,范广娟,等.地下曲流河道单砂体内部薄夹层建筑结构研究方法[J].沉积学报,2008,26(4):632-639.
[7]马世忠,吕桂友,闫百泉,等.河道单砂体“建筑结构控三维非均质模式”研究[J].地学前缘,2008,15(1):57-64.
[8]Zeng H L,Kerans C.Seismic frequency control on carbonate seismic stratigraphy:A case study of the Kingdom Abo se-quence,West Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2003,87(2):273-293.
[9]朱筱敏,刘长利,张义娜,等.地震沉积学在陆相湖盆三角洲砂体预测中的应用[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):915-921.
[10]董艳蕾,朱筱敏,曾洪流,等.歧南凹陷地震沉积学研究[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2008,32(4):7-11.
[11]董春梅,张宪国,林承焰.地震沉积学的概念、方法和技术[J].沉积学报,2006,24(5):699-704.
[12]林承焰,张宪国,董春梅.地震沉积学及其初步应用[J].石油学报,2007,28(2):69-71.
[13]陆永潮,杜学斌,陈平,等.油气精细勘探的主要方法体系:地震沉积学研究[J].石油实验地质,2008,30(2):1-5.
[14]吴因业,顾家裕,施和生,等.从层序地层学到地震沉积学:全国第5届油气层序地层学大会综述[J].石油实验地质,2008,30(3):217-226.
[15]魏嘉,朱文斌,朱海龙,等.地震沉积学:地震解释的新思路及沉积研究的新工具[J].勘探地球物理进展,2008,31(2):95-101.
[16]Zhang X G,Lin C Y,Zhang T.Seismic sedimentology and its application in shallow sea area,gentle slope belt ofChengning Uplift[J].Journal of Earth Science,2010,21(4):471-479.
[17]张宪国,林承焰,张涛,等.大港滩海地区地震沉积学研究[J].石油勘探与开发,2011,38(1):40-46.
[18]于兴河,李胜利.碎屑岩系油气储层沉积学的发展历程与热点问题思考[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):880-895.
[19]Zhang X G,Zeng H L,Lin C Y,et al.Seismic-sedimento-logic interpretation of fluvial sedimentary architectures:Fo-cus on development[C]∥AAPG Annual Convention&Exhi-bition.Houston,USA,2011:205.
[20]林承焰,张宪国,王友净,等.地震油藏地质研究及其在大港滩海地区的应用[J].地学前缘,2008,15(1):140-145.
[21]Sangree J B,Widmier J M.Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level,Part9:Seismic interpretation of clastic depositional facies[C]∥Payton C E.Seismic Stratigraphy:Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration.AAPG Memoir 26,1977:165-184.
[22]Mitchum R M Jr,Vail P R,Sangree J B.Seismic stratigra-phy and global changes of sea level,Part6:Stratigraphic in-terpretation of seismic reflection patterns in depositional se-quences[C]∥Payton C E.Seismic Stratigraphy:Applica-tions to Hydrocarbon Exploration.AAPG Memoir26,1977:117-133.
[23]Hart B S.Channel detection in3-D seismic data using sweet-ness[J].AAPG Bulletin,2008,92(6):733-742.
[24]Maynard J R,Feldman H R,Always R.From bars to val-leys:The sedimentology and seismic geomorphology of fluvi-al to estuarine incised-valley fills of the Grand Rapids Forma-tion(Lower Cretaceous),Iron River Field,Alberta,Canada[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2010,80:611-638.
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