南水北调西线一期工程区地壳活动有关问题
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摘要
南水北调西线一期工程位于川青地块及其南缘鲜水河断裂带,地质条件复杂。GPS监测表明,川青地块及其邻区的地壳运动水平速度,具有自西向东递变下降的顺时针涡旋转动的总趋势;鲜水河断裂带有较高的移动速率;工程区东、西两侧的测站之间有一定的水平速度矢量差。工程区为高地应力区,并可产生局部高应变能带。鲜水河断裂带为我国西部的强震带;川青地块内部已发生5级以上地震25次。与中强震有关的断裂带通过工程区,并表现出工程区地壳活动性。地壳活动性将对南水北调西线一期工程建设产生重大影响。
The 1st Stage Construction Project of Water Division from the South to the North via the Western Course,China,is a construction group that consists of 6 dams and 7 tunnels.It is located in a high-elevation and cold region within the western Sichuan Plateau,and geologically in the Sichuan-Qinghai Block and along its southern margin——Xianshuihe Fault Zone.Due to complex geological conditions in the construction region,and it is very important to study and measure crustal deformation and earthquake activity.The Sichuan-Qinghai Block and its marginal fault zones have been rejuvenated because of driving of plate collision and post-collision convergence between India and Eurasia since about 50 Ma.GPS monitoring data document that in the Eurasia frame,the crustal movement velocity field shows a general tendency of clockwise rotation vortex of progressively decreasing of horizontal velocity from 25.66 mm/a in the west to 6.99 mm/a in the east in the Sichuan-Qinghai Block and adjacent areas.An average left-lateral slip rate between blocks in both sides of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone is ca.8 mm/a,and the movement rate on the main fault is 9.3 mm/a of left-lateral slipping with local strain accumulation.The horizontal velocity differences between GPS stations DAR/KEY and SEX/YJW located on the east and west sides of 1st Stage Construction region are 4.1 mm/a and 11.93 mm/a respectively,and orientations of vector decline eastwards 15.3° and 5.8° correspondingly.The in-situ stress measurement data reveal that the construction region is a high in-situ stress area,and local belts with higher strain-energy may be formed in the area.Existing records document that the Xianshuihe Fault Zone is a strong earthquake belt;25 historical earthquakes(M≥5)once occurred within the Sichuan-Qinghai Block.Therefore,the Sichuan-Qinghai Block is not a inactive and stable block.In the Sichuan-Qinghai Block,continuous crustal deformation is a basic character,and another hand,stress concentration and stain accumulation locally occurs,resulting in a moderate-strong earthquake,and a diffuse shear or/and fracture belt with short length and less offset rate in a suitable situation.However,no dominant association of the earthquakes happened,but there were temporal periodicity and spatial migration along the long-axis of the block for the earthquakes.The fault zones relative to moderate-strong earthquakes,such as Daqu Fault,Sêrtar Fault,Upper Dokog Faults,and Aba Fault,cut through the construction region,indicating crustal activity in the region.The crustal activity will exert a notable impact on the 1st Stage Construction Project of Water Division from the South to the North via the Western Course,China.
The 1st Stage Construction Project of Water Division from the South to the North via the Western Course,China,is a construction group that consists of 6 dams and 7 tunnels.It is located in a high-elevation and cold region within the western Sichuan Plateau,and geologically in the Sichuan-Qinghai Block and along its southern margin——Xianshuihe Fault Zone.Due to complex geological conditions in the construction region,and it is very important to study and measure crustal deformation and earthquake activity.The Sichuan-Qinghai Block and its marginal fault zones have been rejuvenated because of driving of plate collision and post-collision convergence between India and Eurasia since about 50 Ma.GPS monitoring data document that in the Eurasia frame,the crustal movement velocity field shows a general tendency of clockwise rotation vortex of progressively decreasing of horizontal velocity from 25.66 mm/a in the west to 6.99 mm/a in the east in the Sichuan-Qinghai Block and adjacent areas.An average left-lateral slip rate between blocks in both sides of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone is ca.8 mm/a,and the movement rate on the main fault is 9.3 mm/a of left-lateral slipping with local strain accumulation.The horizontal velocity differences between GPS stations DAR/KEY and SEX/YJW located on the east and west sides of 1st Stage Construction region are 4.1 mm/a and 11.93 mm/a respectively,and orientations of vector decline eastwards 15.3° and 5.8° correspondingly.The in-situ stress measurement data reveal that the construction region is a high in-situ stress area,and local belts with higher strain-energy may be formed in the area.Existing records document that the Xianshuihe Fault Zone is a strong earthquake belt;25 historical earthquakes(M≥5)once occurred within the Sichuan-Qinghai Block.Therefore,the Sichuan-Qinghai Block is not a inactive and stable block.In the Sichuan-Qinghai Block,continuous crustal deformation is a basic character,and another hand,stress concentration and stain accumulation locally occurs,resulting in a moderate-strong earthquake,and a diffuse shear or/and fracture belt with short length and less offset rate in a suitable situation.However,no dominant association of the earthquakes happened,but there were temporal periodicity and spatial migration along the long-axis of the block for the earthquakes.The fault zones relative to moderate-strong earthquakes,such as Daqu Fault,Sêrtar Fault,Upper Dokog Faults,and Aba Fault,cut through the construction region,indicating crustal activity in the region.The crustal activity will exert a notable impact on the 1st Stage Construction Project of Water Division from the South to the North via the Western Course,China.
引文
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[8]Ma Dongtao,Cui Peng,Chen Shutao,et al.Geological hazardsin the Project of Water Division from the south to the north via thewestern course,China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(5):582~588.[马东涛,崔鹏,陈书涛,等.南水北调西线工程调水区地质灾害问题[J].山地学报,2003,21(5):582~588.]
[9]Wu Faquan,Wang Xuechao,Guo Lianjie,et al.Fault activityand its effect on the West line of Water Division project from southto north of China[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2004,23(8):1370~1374.[伍法权,王学潮,国连杰,等.南水北调西线一期工程区断层活动性及其对工程的影响分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1370~1374.]
[10]Chai Jianfeng,Wu Faquan,Chang Zhonghua,et al.Main engi-neering geological problems of active faults in the 1st stage Projectof Western Line for Transferring Water from southern to northernChina[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edi-tion),2005,35(1):64~69.[柴建峰,伍法权,常中华,等.南水北调西线一期工程区断层活动性及工程地质评价[J].吉林大学学报,2005,35(1):64~69.]
[11]LüJiangning,Shen Zhengkang,Wang Min.Contemporarycrustal deformation and active tectonic block model of the Sichuan-Yunnan Region,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2003,25(4):543~554.[吕江宁,沈正康,王敏.川滇地区现代地壳运动速度场和活动块体模型研究[J].地震地质,2003,25(4):543~554.]
[12]Qiao Xuejun,Wang Qi,Du Ruilin.Characteristics of currentcrustal deformation of active block in the Schuan-Yunnan region[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,447(5):805~811.[乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林.川滇地区活动地块现今地壳形变特征[J].地球物理学报,2004,447(5):805~811.]
[13]Tong Rongchang,Han Weibin.Active Faults and Earthquakes inSichuan Province[M].Beijing:Seismology Press,1993,67~172,Appendices 57~66.[唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1993,67~172,附件57~66.]
[14]Gong Yu,He Yulin,Wu Xianguo.Discussion on the recent activefeature of the Fubianhe Fault[J].Sichuan Earthquake,1995,(4):31~36.[龚宇,何玉林,伍先国.抚边河断裂新活动特征的探讨[J].四川地震,1995,(4):31~36.]
[15]He Yulin,Gong Yu,Wu Xianguo.Activity features of the FubianRiver Fault in Sichuan province[J].Sichuan Earthquake,1997,19(1):31~36.[何玉林,龚宇,伍先国.四川抚边河断裂的活动特征[J].四川地震,1997,19(1):31~36]
[16]Zhou Rongjun,He Yulin,Ma Sheng hao,et al.Late Quaternaryactive characteristics of Fubianhe Fault in Sichuan’s Xiaojin[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1999,22(4):376~381.[周荣军,何玉林,马声浩,等.四川小金抚边河断裂的晚第四纪活动特征[J].地震研究,1999,22(4):376~381.]
[17]Qian Hong,Zhou Rongjun,Ma Shenghao,et al.South segmentof Minjiang Fault and Diexi Earthquake in 1933[J].EarthquakeResearch in China,1999,15(4):333~338.[钱洪,周荣军,马声浩,等.岷江断裂南段与1933年叠溪地震研究[J].中国地震,1999,15(4):333~338.]
[18]Chen Shutao,Shi Shouliang,Qin Jianpu.Environment geologyanalyses of the West Route of the South-to-North Water TransferProject[J].People’s Yellow River,1999,21(10):29~40.[陈书涛,石守亮,秦建甫.南水北调西线工程环境地质问题分析[J].人民黄河,1999,21(10):29~40.]
[19]Wu Manlu,Zhang Chunshan,Liao Chunting,et al.The recentstate of stress in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau according to in-situ stress measurements[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2005,48(2):327~332.[吴满路,张春山,廖椿庭等.青藏高原腹地现今地应力测量与应力状态研究[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2):327~332.]
[20]Dai Huaguang.On the Dari Earthquake of 1947 in QinghaiProvince[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1983,5(3):71~77.[戴华光.1947年青海达日7 3/4级地震[J].西北地震学报,1983,5(3):71~77.]
[21]Yan Weide.Approach to the mechanics of the Dari Earthquake(M=734)in 1947[J].Qinghai Information of GeologicalScience and Technology,1994,(2):14~15.[严维德.关于1947年7 3/4级达日地震发震机制探讨[J].青海地质科技情报,1994,(2):14~15.]
[22]Jiang Zaixiong,Xu Jiting,Zong Jiaming,et al.Investigation ofthe historical earthquakes in Rangtang Region,Sichuan[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1996,19(3):239~245.[江在雄、徐吉廷、曾佳明,等.四川壤塘地区历史地震调查[J].地震研究,1996,19(3):239~245.]
[23]Diao Guiling,Cheng Wanzheng,Li Guifang,et al.The stressfield in source region of the Xiaojin earthquake sequance in Sichuan[J].Earthquake Research in China,1995,11(2):168~173.[刁桂苓,程万正,李桂芳,等.小金地震序列的震源区应力场[J].中国地震,1995,11(2):168~173.]
[2]Liu Hongxing,Bi Hailiang.On problems of regional engineeringgeology inthe region of west line of Transferring water from theSouth to the North[J].Qinghai Environment,1998,8(2):78~82.[刘红星,毕海良.论南水北调西线工程区域工程地质问题[J].青海环境,1998.8(2):78~82.]
[3]Li Jindu,Chen Shutao.Analyses of geological conditions and keyengineering geological problems in the Transferring water Regionof West line of Transferring water from the South to the North[J].People’s Yellow River,1999,21(2):22~24.[李金都,陈书涛.南水北调西线调水区地质条件与关键工程地质问题分析[J].人民黄河,1999,21(2):22~24.]
[4]Wang Xuechao,Zhang Hui,Liu Zhenhong,et al.Geologicalfeatures of transverse structures in Yalongjiang Water-transferringregion and its mechanics[J].Journal of North China Instituteof Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power,1999,20(2):30~35.[王学潮,张辉,刘振红,等.南水北调西线工程雅砻江调水区横向构造的地质特征及成因机制[J].华北水利水电学院学报,1999,20(2):30~35.]
[5]Wang Xuechao,Zhang Hui,Liu Zhenhong,et al.Geologicalhazards about West-line Project of Water Diversion from upperYangtze River into upper Yellow River[J].Earth Science-Jour-nal of China University of Geosciences,2001,26(1):297~303.[王学潮,张辉,刘振红,等.南水北调西线工程地质灾害初步研究[J].地球科学———中国地质大学学报,2001,26(1):297~303.]
[6]Wang Xuechao,Ma Guoyan.Introduction to engineering projectof water diversion from the upper Yangtze River into the upperYellow River and its main engineering geological problems[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2002,10(1):3~10.[王学潮,马国彦.南水北调西线工程及其主要工程地质问题[J].工程地质学报,2002,10(1):3~10.]
[7]Huang Zhiquan,Qi Jiafu,Wu faquan,et al.Main engineeringgeological Ploblems in the 1st-Stage Project of West-line for Tans-fering Water from southern to northern China[J].The ChineseJournal of Geological Hazard and Control,2002,13(3):1~8.[黄志全,漆家福,伍法权,等.南水北调西线一期工程的主要工程地质问题[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,13(3):1~8.]
[8]Ma Dongtao,Cui Peng,Chen Shutao,et al.Geological hazardsin the Project of Water Division from the south to the north via thewestern course,China[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(5):582~588.[马东涛,崔鹏,陈书涛,等.南水北调西线工程调水区地质灾害问题[J].山地学报,2003,21(5):582~588.]
[9]Wu Faquan,Wang Xuechao,Guo Lianjie,et al.Fault activityand its effect on the West line of Water Division project from southto north of China[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2004,23(8):1370~1374.[伍法权,王学潮,国连杰,等.南水北调西线一期工程区断层活动性及其对工程的影响分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1370~1374.]
[10]Chai Jianfeng,Wu Faquan,Chang Zhonghua,et al.Main engi-neering geological problems of active faults in the 1st stage Projectof Western Line for Transferring Water from southern to northernChina[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edi-tion),2005,35(1):64~69.[柴建峰,伍法权,常中华,等.南水北调西线一期工程区断层活动性及工程地质评价[J].吉林大学学报,2005,35(1):64~69.]
[11]LüJiangning,Shen Zhengkang,Wang Min.Contemporarycrustal deformation and active tectonic block model of the Sichuan-Yunnan Region,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2003,25(4):543~554.[吕江宁,沈正康,王敏.川滇地区现代地壳运动速度场和活动块体模型研究[J].地震地质,2003,25(4):543~554.]
[12]Qiao Xuejun,Wang Qi,Du Ruilin.Characteristics of currentcrustal deformation of active block in the Schuan-Yunnan region[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,447(5):805~811.[乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林.川滇地区活动地块现今地壳形变特征[J].地球物理学报,2004,447(5):805~811.]
[13]Tong Rongchang,Han Weibin.Active Faults and Earthquakes inSichuan Province[M].Beijing:Seismology Press,1993,67~172,Appendices 57~66.[唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1993,67~172,附件57~66.]
[14]Gong Yu,He Yulin,Wu Xianguo.Discussion on the recent activefeature of the Fubianhe Fault[J].Sichuan Earthquake,1995,(4):31~36.[龚宇,何玉林,伍先国.抚边河断裂新活动特征的探讨[J].四川地震,1995,(4):31~36.]
[15]He Yulin,Gong Yu,Wu Xianguo.Activity features of the FubianRiver Fault in Sichuan province[J].Sichuan Earthquake,1997,19(1):31~36.[何玉林,龚宇,伍先国.四川抚边河断裂的活动特征[J].四川地震,1997,19(1):31~36]
[16]Zhou Rongjun,He Yulin,Ma Sheng hao,et al.Late Quaternaryactive characteristics of Fubianhe Fault in Sichuan’s Xiaojin[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1999,22(4):376~381.[周荣军,何玉林,马声浩,等.四川小金抚边河断裂的晚第四纪活动特征[J].地震研究,1999,22(4):376~381.]
[17]Qian Hong,Zhou Rongjun,Ma Shenghao,et al.South segmentof Minjiang Fault and Diexi Earthquake in 1933[J].EarthquakeResearch in China,1999,15(4):333~338.[钱洪,周荣军,马声浩,等.岷江断裂南段与1933年叠溪地震研究[J].中国地震,1999,15(4):333~338.]
[18]Chen Shutao,Shi Shouliang,Qin Jianpu.Environment geologyanalyses of the West Route of the South-to-North Water TransferProject[J].People’s Yellow River,1999,21(10):29~40.[陈书涛,石守亮,秦建甫.南水北调西线工程环境地质问题分析[J].人民黄河,1999,21(10):29~40.]
[19]Wu Manlu,Zhang Chunshan,Liao Chunting,et al.The recentstate of stress in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau according to in-situ stress measurements[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2005,48(2):327~332.[吴满路,张春山,廖椿庭等.青藏高原腹地现今地应力测量与应力状态研究[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(2):327~332.]
[20]Dai Huaguang.On the Dari Earthquake of 1947 in QinghaiProvince[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1983,5(3):71~77.[戴华光.1947年青海达日7 3/4级地震[J].西北地震学报,1983,5(3):71~77.]
[21]Yan Weide.Approach to the mechanics of the Dari Earthquake(M=734)in 1947[J].Qinghai Information of GeologicalScience and Technology,1994,(2):14~15.[严维德.关于1947年7 3/4级达日地震发震机制探讨[J].青海地质科技情报,1994,(2):14~15.]
[22]Jiang Zaixiong,Xu Jiting,Zong Jiaming,et al.Investigation ofthe historical earthquakes in Rangtang Region,Sichuan[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1996,19(3):239~245.[江在雄、徐吉廷、曾佳明,等.四川壤塘地区历史地震调查[J].地震研究,1996,19(3):239~245.]
[23]Diao Guiling,Cheng Wanzheng,Li Guifang,et al.The stressfield in source region of the Xiaojin earthquake sequance in Sichuan[J].Earthquake Research in China,1995,11(2):168~173.[刁桂苓,程万正,李桂芳,等.小金地震序列的震源区应力场[J].中国地震,1995,11(2):168~173.]
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