天然气水合物的形成条件及勘探现状
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摘要
天然气水合物(又称可燃冰)作为特定区域的新型烃类资源,是在一定温压条件下,由水与天然气(主要是甲烷气)结合形成的一种外观似冰的白色结晶固体。它主要赋存于深海陆坡和陆隆的浅部沉积层内。作为未来能源,它具有清洁、能量密度高、分布广、规模大、埋深浅、成藏物化条件好等特点。我国的南海陆坡、陆隆区,具有被动大陆边缘构造特征,分布有许多含油气沉积盆地。晚中新世以来,这些盆地的区域沉降剧烈,构造活动平静,沉积速率大,海洋有机物沉积十分丰富,具有天然气水合物形成的物源、温度压力、构造等地质和成矿条件。1999年以来,广州海洋地质调查局在南海北部东沙、神狐、西沙和琼东南4个海域实施了9年的水合物专项调查,完成18个航次的综合调查与研究,相继发现多处天然气水合物的地震标志(拟海底反射层,即BSR)、地质标志和地球化学标志,于2007年5月成功钻获天然气水合物样品,成为继美国、日本、印度之后第4个采到水合物实物样品的国家。
Gas hydrate or combustible ice, as new-type hydrocarbon resource in the special areas, is an ice-like white crystal solid formed by water and natural gas (methane) compound under a certain condition of temperature and pressure, which is buried in shallow depositional strata of deep sea continental slope and rise, characterized by cleanness, high density of energy, broad distribution, large scale, shallow burying and good physicochemical conditions for accumulation. In the continental slope and rise areas of South China Sea with structural features of passive margin distribute a great number of petroliferous sedimentary basins. Since Late Miocene, these basins have undergone persistent regional subsidence with calm tectonic movement, high sedimentary speed, abundant marine organic sediments. All these provide the favorable geologic and deposit-forming conditions such as source, temperature, pressure and structure for shaping the gas hydrate. Since 1999, nine-year gas hydrate survey has been made in such four sea areas as Dongsha, Shenhu, Xisha and Qiongdongnan in the northern South China Sea by Guangzhou Marine Geologic Survey, and eighteen numbers of aerial surveys and researches have been completed. And many seismic markers or pseudo-submarine reflectors (PSR), geological markers and geochemical markers have been found in succession. Finally, the sample of gas hydrate is successfully obtained by drilling in May 2007. China becomes the fourth country that has obtained real gas hydrate samples after America, Japan and India.
Gas hydrate or combustible ice, as new-type hydrocarbon resource in the special areas, is an ice-like white crystal solid formed by water and natural gas (methane) compound under a certain condition of temperature and pressure, which is buried in shallow depositional strata of deep sea continental slope and rise, characterized by cleanness, high density of energy, broad distribution, large scale, shallow burying and good physicochemical conditions for accumulation. In the continental slope and rise areas of South China Sea with structural features of passive margin distribute a great number of petroliferous sedimentary basins. Since Late Miocene, these basins have undergone persistent regional subsidence with calm tectonic movement, high sedimentary speed, abundant marine organic sediments. All these provide the favorable geologic and deposit-forming conditions such as source, temperature, pressure and structure for shaping the gas hydrate. Since 1999, nine-year gas hydrate survey has been made in such four sea areas as Dongsha, Shenhu, Xisha and Qiongdongnan in the northern South China Sea by Guangzhou Marine Geologic Survey, and eighteen numbers of aerial surveys and researches have been completed. And many seismic markers or pseudo-submarine reflectors (PSR), geological markers and geochemical markers have been found in succession. Finally, the sample of gas hydrate is successfully obtained by drilling in May 2007. China becomes the fourth country that has obtained real gas hydrate samples after America, Japan and India.
引文
[1]金庆焕,张光学,杨木壮,等.天然气水合物资源概论[M].科学出版社,2006.
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[5]Kvenvolden K A,Lorenson T D.The global occurrence of natural gas hydrates[A]//Paull C K,Dillon W P.Natural gas hydrates——occurrence distribution and detection[C].2001:1-18.
[6]A strategy for methane hydrates research&developmen[t J].USDOE,1998.
[7]National methane hydrate muti-year R&D program plan[J].USDOE,1999.
[2]姚伯初.南海北部陆缘天然气水化物初探[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,18(4):11-18.
[3]张光学,黄永样,陈帮彦.海域天然气水合物地震学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2003.
[4]Katz D,Cornell D,Kobayashi R,et al.Handbook of natural gas engineering[M].NewYork:McGraw-Hill,1959.
[5]Kvenvolden K A,Lorenson T D.The global occurrence of natural gas hydrates[A]//Paull C K,Dillon W P.Natural gas hydrates——occurrence distribution and detection[C].2001:1-18.
[6]A strategy for methane hydrates research&developmen[t J].USDOE,1998.
[7]National methane hydrate muti-year R&D program plan[J].USDOE,1999.
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