板内洋岛玄武岩(OIB)成因的一些基本概念和存在的问题
摘要
板内洋岛玄武岩岩浆作用在成因上通常被认为与"热点"或"地幔柱"有关.因此,在讨论地幔柱假说时人们不可避免地要讨论为什么洋岛玄武岩(OIB)在地球化学上高度富集.然而OIB源区物质的来源至今并不十分清楚,且颇有争议.最流行的观点认为OIB源区物质是循环的古洋壳(ROC).ROC模型的诸多问题之一在于,OIB高度富集(如[La/Sm]PM>>1)而洋壳则相当亏损([La/Sm]PM<1),故循环洋壳不可能是OIB的源区物质.另一个流行的观点认为OIB中富集的组分来自循环陆壳(RCC,陆源沉积物).尽管陆壳(CC)和OIB富集很多不相容元素(如[La/Sm]PM>>1),但是CC极度富Pb而贫Nb,Ta,P和Ti.CC的这一独特的地球化学性质强度很大,若的确是OIB源区重要组成的话,那它一定会在OIB有所显示,然而OIB并不具有这种CC特征,因此CC不会是OIB的富集组分.板块运动和地幔对流允许玄武岩的地幔源区中有ROC和RCC存在,但它们对洋岛玄武质岩浆作用的贡献微不足道.OIB不仅富集不相容元素,而且越不相容的元素越富集.这表明OIB中的富集组分是岩浆起源的,而且最有可能与熔融程度很低的熔体的交代作用有关.在地震波低速带(LVZ)中最初可能会形成一些富H2O和CO2熔体.这些熔体由于浮力作用上升,聚集在LVZ顶部形成一富熔体层,交代正在生长的岩石圈,形成交代脉岩等.喷发的OIB熔体可能含有3个组分:(a)占主导地位的来源于深部的"肥沃"易熔OIB源区物质;(b)LVZ顶部的熔体层;(c)被同化的岩石圈中早期形成的交代脉岩.很有可能源于深部的"肥沃"易熔物质本身就是(或包含有)循环的古老大洋岩石圈底部的交代橄榄岩.在解释全球OIB数据所显示的多种地幔同位素端元的成因时,我们必须牢记:(a)最初的假设认为地核熔离后的原始地幔(PM)在成分上是均一的,且地幔同位素不均一性与地核无关;(b)在正确认识俯冲带变质作用对元素迁移/分异的影响之前不能用OIB同位素来推断源区物质的性质和组成;(c)确保模型和假设与最基本的岩石学和主量/微量元素特征相吻合.
引文
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30Willbold M,Stracke A.Trace element composition of mantle end-members:Implications for recycling of oceanic and upper and lower continental crust.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2006,7,doi:10.1029/2005GC001005.
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42Eisele J,Sharma M,Galer S J G,et al.The role of sediment recycling in EM-1inferred from Os,Pb,Hf,Nd,Sr isotope and trace element systematics of the Pitcairn hotspot.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2002,196:197—212
43Murphy D T,Collerson K D,Kamber B S.Lamproites from Gaussberg,Antarctica:Possible transition zone melts of Archaean subducted sediments.J Petrol,2002,43:981—1001
44Rudnick R L,Gao S.Composition of the continental crust.Treat Geochem,2003,3:1—64
45Plank T,Langmuir C H.The chemical compositions of subducting sediments and its consequences for the crust and mantle.Chem Geol,1998,145:325—394
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48Rapp R P,Irifune T,Shimizu N,et al.Subduction recycling of continental sediments and the origin of geochemically enriched reservoirs in the deep mantle.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2008,271:14—23
49Zindler A,Hart S R.Chemical geodynamics.Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci,1986,14:493—571
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