对龙门山中生代和新生代构造演化的讨论
摘要
5.12汶川大地震是在无任何征兆的情况下发生的,这表明龙门山构造带现今的应力与应变场以及在历史中形成的构造格架极为复杂.龙门山构造格架先是形成于太平洋和特提斯两大构造域在中生代的相互作用,后又作为青藏高原的东边界协调青藏高原的隆升和水平生长,其现今的地质地貌格局就形成于这两构造事件的叠加作用.在晚三叠世,扬子西缘发生陆内汇聚作用,在川西形成龙门山构造带,并导致四川前陆盆地的形成,龙门山与四川前陆盆地表现出典型的盆山耦合关系.然而,在中生代大部分时间里,松潘-甘孜构造带与扬子地块表现出截然不同的造山极性.扬子地块沿一系列左行走滑断裂持续发生顺时针旋转,并主要在四川盆地发育一套河湖相沉积,而松潘-甘孜构造带则以大规模北东-南西向挤压缩短为特征,并发生整体抬升.在新生代大部分时间里,龙门山和四川盆地对青藏高原的生长和抬升并没有表现出强烈的构造和沉积响应.在地壳表面水平变形速率很低的背景下,现今的龙门山却呈现出非常年轻的高峻地貌特征,其地形梯度之大甚至超过喜马拉雅山.由此可以推测青藏高原与四川盆地之间的汇聚作用可能发生在地壳深部,可能受下地壳流动的控制.晚新生代时期发源于青藏高原东缘的岷江在龙门山山前突然卸载了大量的洪积物,充填在成都平原内,是气候还是构造成因?对此存在不同的认识.汶川大地震引发了大面积的滑坡、泥石流和河流的堰塞,这些地质灾害给我们的启示是:成都平原的砾石沉积可能有相当一部分与地质历史中大地震引发的洪水有关,其中最著名的是大邑砾岩.在大邑砾岩之下还存在一套沉积特征截然不同的砾岩,其年龄可能是晚中新世(8~13Ma),这些砾岩连同上覆的大邑砾岩和下伏的中生界岩层沿安县-灌县断裂发生了强烈的褶皱,由此可以厘定青藏高原东缘大规模隆升机制和时间.
引文
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8邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟,等.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4):389—402
9唐荣昌,韩渭宾,主编.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993.1—192
10李勇,周荣军,董顺利,等.汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲走滑作用.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4):404—413
11刘树根,田小彬,李智武,等.龙门山中段构造特征与汶川地震.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4):387—397
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14Worley B A,Wilson C J L.Deformation partitioning and foliation reactivation during transpressional orogenesis,and example from the central Longmen Shan,China.J Struct Geol,1996,18:395—411
15郭正吾,邓康龄,韩永辉.四川盆地形成与演化.北京:地质出版社,1996.1—200
16刘树根,罗志立,戴苏兰.龙门上冲断带的隆升和川西前陆盆地的沉降.地质学报,1995,69(3):204—214
17Yong L,Allen P A,Densmore A L,et al.Evolution of the Longmen Shan foreland basin(western Sichuan Basin)during the Late Tri-assic Indosinian orogen.Basin Res,2003,15:117—138
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21Harrowfield M J,Wilson C J L.Indosinian deformation of the Songpan Ganzi fold belt,Northeast Tibetan Plateau.J Struc Geol,2005,27:101—117
22Roger F,Malavieille J,Leloup Ph H,et al.Timing of granite emplacement and cooling in the Songpan-Ganzêfold belt(eastern Ti-betan Plateau)with tectonic implications.J Asian Earth Sci,2004,22:465—488
23胡健民,孟庆任,石玉若,等.松潘-甘孜地体内花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP定年及其构造意义.岩石学报,2005,21(3):867—880
24Worley B A,Wilson C J L.Deformation partitioning and foliation reactivation during transpressional orogenesis,and example from the central Longmen Shan,China.J Struc Geol,1996,18:395—411
25张国伟,张本仁,袁学诚,等.秦岭造山带与大陆动力学.北京:科学出版社,2001.1—855
26Zhao X X,Coe R S.Paleomagnetic constraints on the collision and rotation of north and south China.Nature,1987,327:141—144
27Yang Z,Besse J.New Mesozoic apparent polar wander path for South China:tectonic implications.J Geophys Res,2001,106:8493—8520
28刘树根,罗志立.一种新的陆内俯冲类型—龙门山型俯冲成因机制研究.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1994.220—229
29四川省地质矿产局.四川省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,1991.1—730
30云南省地质矿产局.云南省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,1991.1—728
31陈智梁,陈世瑜.扬子地块西缘地质构造演化.重庆:重庆出版社,1987.1—172
32Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Armijo R.On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia.Geol Soc London,1986,19:113—157,doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.019.01.07
33Tapponnier P,Xu Z,Roger F,et al.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,2001,294:1671—1677
34李吉均,方小敏,潘保田,等.新生代晚期青藏高原强烈隆起及其对周边环境的影响.第四纪研究,2001,21(5):381—391
35Kirby E,Reiners P W,Krol M A,et al.Late Cenozoic evolution of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:inferences from40Ar/39Ar and(U-Th)/He thermochronology.Tectonics,2002,21:1—20
36Richardson N J,Densmore A L,Seward D,et al.Extraordinary denudation in the Sichuan Basin:insights from low temperature thermochronology adjacent to the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,2008,113:B04409,doi:10.1029/2006JB004739
37Chen Z,Burchfiel B C,Liu Y,et al.GPS measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intracontinental deformation.J Geophys Res,2000,105:16215—16227
38Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32:809—812
39李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L,等.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006.1—148
40Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King W R,et al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,1997,276:788—790
41Clark M K,Schoenbohm L M,Royden L H,et al.Surface uplift,tectonics,and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage pat-ters.Tectonics,2004,23:TC1006,doi:10.1029/2002TC001402
42Clark M K,Royden L H.Topographic ooze:building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,2000,28:703—706
43Densmore A L,Ellis M A Y,Li R,et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC4005,doi:10.1029/2006TC001987
44Harris N.Channel flow and the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen:a critical review.J Geol Soc London,2007,164:511—523
45Yao H,Beghein C,van der Hilst R D.Surface-wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analy-sis—ⅡCrustal and upper mantle structure.Geophys J Int,2008,173:205—219
46Meng Q,Hu J,Wang E,et al.Late Cenozoic denudation by large-magnitude landslides in the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,243:252—267
47许志琴,李化启,侯立玮,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏造山带的崛起-大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26:1262—1276
48李勇,曾允孚,伊海生.龙门山前陆盆地沉积及构造演化.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1995.1—91
49李承三.龙门山南段东坡及其山前带第四纪冰川遗迹.中国第四纪冰川遗迹研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1964.5—15
50王兰生,杨立铮,王小群,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现.成都理工大学学部报(自然科学版),2005,32(1):1—11
51Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:implications for mechanisms driving Quaternary defor-mation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau.GSA Bull,2000,112(3):375—393
52张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066—1073
53Zheng D,Zhang P,Wan J,et al.Rapid exhumation at~8Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochro-nology:implications for growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,248:198—208
54Fang X,Yan M,van der Voo R Rea D K,et al.Late Cenozoic deformation and uplift of the NE Tibetan plateau:evidence from high-resolution magnetostratigraphy of the Guide basin,Qinghai Province,China.Geol Soc Amer Bull,2005,117:1208—1225,doi:102230/B25727.1
2罗志立,赵锡奎,刘树根,等.龙门山造山带的崛起和四川盆地的形成与演化.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1994.1—564
3潘桂棠,陈智樑,李兴振,等.东特提斯地质构造形成演化.北京:地质出版社,1997.1—218
4Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Liu Y,et al.Tectonics of Longmen Shan and adjacent regions,Central China.Int Geol Rev,1995,37:661—735
5Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People’s Republic of China.GSA Today,2008,18:4—11
6许志琴,侯立玮,王宗秀.中国松潘-甘孜造山带的造山过程.北京:地质出版社,1992.1—190
7Wang E,Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,et al.Late Cenozoic Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang,Red River,and Dali fault systems of southwestern Sichuan and central Yunnan,China.Geol Soc Amer,1998,327,doi:10.1130/0-8137-2327-2.1
8邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟,等.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4):389—402
9唐荣昌,韩渭宾,主编.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993.1—192
10李勇,周荣军,董顺利,等.汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲走滑作用.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4):404—413
11刘树根,田小彬,李智武,等.龙门山中段构造特征与汶川地震.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4):387—397
12孟庆任,渠洪杰,胡健民.西秦岭-松潘地体三叠系深水沉积作用.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(增刊Ⅰ):209—223
13Dirks P H G M,Wilson C G L,Chen S F,et al.Tectonic evolution of the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau:evidence from the cen-tral Longmen Mountains,Sichuan Province,China.J Southeast Asian Earth Sci,1994,9:181—192
14Worley B A,Wilson C J L.Deformation partitioning and foliation reactivation during transpressional orogenesis,and example from the central Longmen Shan,China.J Struct Geol,1996,18:395—411
15郭正吾,邓康龄,韩永辉.四川盆地形成与演化.北京:地质出版社,1996.1—200
16刘树根,罗志立,戴苏兰.龙门上冲断带的隆升和川西前陆盆地的沉降.地质学报,1995,69(3):204—214
17Yong L,Allen P A,Densmore A L,et al.Evolution of the Longmen Shan foreland basin(western Sichuan Basin)during the Late Tri-assic Indosinian orogen.Basin Res,2003,15:117—138
18Meng Q R,Wang E,Hu J M.Mesozoic sedimentary evolution of the northwest Sichuan basin:implication for continued clockwise rotation of the South China block.Geol Soc Amer Bull,2005,117:396—410
19樊春,王二七,王刚,等.龙门山断裂带北段晚新近纪以来的右行走滑运动及其构造变换研究.地质科学,2008,43(3):417—443
20王二七,孟庆任,陈智梁.龙门山构造带印支期左旋走滑运动及其大地构造成因.地学前缘,2001,8(2):375—384
21Harrowfield M J,Wilson C J L.Indosinian deformation of the Songpan Ganzi fold belt,Northeast Tibetan Plateau.J Struc Geol,2005,27:101—117
22Roger F,Malavieille J,Leloup Ph H,et al.Timing of granite emplacement and cooling in the Songpan-Ganzêfold belt(eastern Ti-betan Plateau)with tectonic implications.J Asian Earth Sci,2004,22:465—488
23胡健民,孟庆任,石玉若,等.松潘-甘孜地体内花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP定年及其构造意义.岩石学报,2005,21(3):867—880
24Worley B A,Wilson C J L.Deformation partitioning and foliation reactivation during transpressional orogenesis,and example from the central Longmen Shan,China.J Struc Geol,1996,18:395—411
25张国伟,张本仁,袁学诚,等.秦岭造山带与大陆动力学.北京:科学出版社,2001.1—855
26Zhao X X,Coe R S.Paleomagnetic constraints on the collision and rotation of north and south China.Nature,1987,327:141—144
27Yang Z,Besse J.New Mesozoic apparent polar wander path for South China:tectonic implications.J Geophys Res,2001,106:8493—8520
28刘树根,罗志立.一种新的陆内俯冲类型—龙门山型俯冲成因机制研究.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1994.220—229
29四川省地质矿产局.四川省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,1991.1—730
30云南省地质矿产局.云南省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,1991.1—728
31陈智梁,陈世瑜.扬子地块西缘地质构造演化.重庆:重庆出版社,1987.1—172
32Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Armijo R.On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia.Geol Soc London,1986,19:113—157,doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.019.01.07
33Tapponnier P,Xu Z,Roger F,et al.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau.Science,2001,294:1671—1677
34李吉均,方小敏,潘保田,等.新生代晚期青藏高原强烈隆起及其对周边环境的影响.第四纪研究,2001,21(5):381—391
35Kirby E,Reiners P W,Krol M A,et al.Late Cenozoic evolution of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:inferences from40Ar/39Ar and(U-Th)/He thermochronology.Tectonics,2002,21:1—20
36Richardson N J,Densmore A L,Seward D,et al.Extraordinary denudation in the Sichuan Basin:insights from low temperature thermochronology adjacent to the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,2008,113:B04409,doi:10.1029/2006JB004739
37Chen Z,Burchfiel B C,Liu Y,et al.GPS measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India/Eurasia intracontinental deformation.J Geophys Res,2000,105:16215—16227
38Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32:809—812
39李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L,等.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006.1—148
40Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King W R,et al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,1997,276:788—790
41Clark M K,Schoenbohm L M,Royden L H,et al.Surface uplift,tectonics,and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage pat-ters.Tectonics,2004,23:TC1006,doi:10.1029/2002TC001402
42Clark M K,Royden L H.Topographic ooze:building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,2000,28:703—706
43Densmore A L,Ellis M A Y,Li R,et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC4005,doi:10.1029/2006TC001987
44Harris N.Channel flow and the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen:a critical review.J Geol Soc London,2007,164:511—523
45Yao H,Beghein C,van der Hilst R D.Surface-wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analy-sis—ⅡCrustal and upper mantle structure.Geophys J Int,2008,173:205—219
46Meng Q,Hu J,Wang E,et al.Late Cenozoic denudation by large-magnitude landslides in the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,243:252—267
47许志琴,李化启,侯立玮,等.青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏造山带的崛起-大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26:1262—1276
48李勇,曾允孚,伊海生.龙门山前陆盆地沉积及构造演化.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1995.1—91
49李承三.龙门山南段东坡及其山前带第四纪冰川遗迹.中国第四纪冰川遗迹研究文集.北京:科学出版社,1964.5—15
50王兰生,杨立铮,王小群,等.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现.成都理工大学学部报(自然科学版),2005,32(1):1—11
51Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:implications for mechanisms driving Quaternary defor-mation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau.GSA Bull,2000,112(3):375—393
52张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066—1073
53Zheng D,Zhang P,Wan J,et al.Rapid exhumation at~8Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochro-nology:implications for growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,248:198—208
54Fang X,Yan M,van der Voo R Rea D K,et al.Late Cenozoic deformation and uplift of the NE Tibetan plateau:evidence from high-resolution magnetostratigraphy of the Guide basin,Qinghai Province,China.Geol Soc Amer Bull,2005,117:1208—1225,doi:102230/B25727.1
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