渤海湾盆地沉积层中X型共轭断裂的发育特征与油气意义
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摘要
X型共轭断裂作为一种张性或张扭性应力环境中的常见构造样式,在渤海湾歧口凹陷地区有着广泛的分布。本文结合渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷东部的歧东断裂带为例,详细描述了X型共轭断裂的剖面特征,对整个共轭体系的空间样式进行了归纳,并分析得出结论,歧东断裂是明化镇组沉积以来的晚期断裂(8 Ma),不控制地层沉积。42 Ma以来渤海湾盆地一直处于近东西向的区域挤压应力场之下,并由此产生了一系列南北向拉张的断裂,平面上表现为走向近东西向的张扭性断裂兼具一定的走滑分量。渤海湾盆地新生代以来的沉积地层由于成岩压实诸多方面因素的影响,地层在不同深度固结程度存在较大差异,整体上表现为地层传递应力的能力从基底到盖层逐渐减弱,大致地划分为刚性基底,半固结地层和松散未固结盖层。松散的盖层由于传递应力能力较弱,如果没有基底的带动,难以主动地发生破裂;而盆地刚性基底在当时的区域应力场之下,东西走向的张扭性断层并不是其优选的破裂方式,也就是说,像歧东断裂这样的X型正断裂也很难切穿基底地层。这使得X型断裂常常出现在盆地中部半固结的沉积物内。从这个意义上讲,X型断裂发育的半固结地层和刚性基底两者的内部应力场是不一样的,尽管大区域的东西向挤压应力是统一的。X型共轭断裂特殊的空间构造样式的识别及其构造意义的确定对寻找油气圈闭具有重要意义。由于X型断裂系是张扭性构造应力场条件下形成,体系具有相对较好的开放性,油气容易从下部油源运移到浅部形成圈闭,这是X型断裂相关油气勘探的大方向。但是X型断裂在相交区域变形的一些特点,又使得这些相关油气圈闭的勘探具有一定特殊性。
High-resolution 3D seismic data of Qikou depression in Bohai Bay Basin is analyzed and Qidong fault system in this area is studied to illustrate the geometry and kinematics evolution of X-shaped conjugate normal faults.Our analysis reveals that sediments in Bohai Bay Basin vary significantly in their strain-features in vertical scale due to the differences in diagenesis degree: Unconsolidated cover strata are inclined to absorb most of strain while rigid basement don't. Based on this fact,these supposedly later extensional faults like X-shaped conjugate normal faults do not develop in unconsolidated strata and it is not easy for them to truncate the rigid base strata.Mostly,these faults appear to "float" in the middle of the basin vertically.X-shaped conjugate normal faults are of great importance to the analysis of structural pattern and the exploration of oil trap.The extensional or transtensional stress-field in which X-shaped normal faults develop means that it is easy for oil and gas to migrate from hydrocarbon source rock to upper strata.
High-resolution 3D seismic data of Qikou depression in Bohai Bay Basin is analyzed and Qidong fault system in this area is studied to illustrate the geometry and kinematics evolution of X-shaped conjugate normal faults.Our analysis reveals that sediments in Bohai Bay Basin vary significantly in their strain-features in vertical scale due to the differences in diagenesis degree: Unconsolidated cover strata are inclined to absorb most of strain while rigid basement don't. Based on this fact,these supposedly later extensional faults like X-shaped conjugate normal faults do not develop in unconsolidated strata and it is not easy for them to truncate the rigid base strata.Mostly,these faults appear to "float" in the middle of the basin vertically.X-shaped conjugate normal faults are of great importance to the analysis of structural pattern and the exploration of oil trap.The extensional or transtensional stress-field in which X-shaped normal faults develop means that it is easy for oil and gas to migrate from hydrocarbon source rock to upper strata.
引文
① 涂继耀,季建清,李悦,龚俊峰,王振兰,何强.2008．燕山东段新生代断裂体系及发育序次研究.中国地质学会第四届全国构造会议.
邓运华.2004张-扭断裂与油气运移分析--以渤海油区为例.中国石油勘探,9(2) :33-37.Deng Yunhua.2004．Tensional-shear faults and analysis of oil and gas migration:Taking Bohai oil province for example.China Petroleum Exploration,9(2) :33-37.
樊敬亮,黄志全,樊卫花.2004．歧口凹陷新生代构造演化与油气.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),34(4) :536-541.Fan Jingliang,Huang Zhiquan and Fan Weihua.2004．Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qikou sag and its relations to hydrocarbon traps in Bohai Bay Basin of east China.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),34(4) :536-541.
李大伟.2006．新构造运动与黄骅坳陷油气成藏.北京:中国地质大学出版社.1-133.Li Dawei.2006．New Tectonic Movement and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Huanghua Depression.Beijing:China University of Geosciences Press.1-133.
陶涛,季建清,周立宏,王金铎,付立新,袁淑琴,包项.2010．逆序断裂的发育特征与地震反射识别.地质科学,45(2) :380-394 Taotao,Ji Jianqing,Zhou Lihong,Wang Jinduo,Fu Lixin,Yuan Shuqin and Bao Xiang.2010．Development characteristics and identification from the seismic reflection profiles of the reverse grading faults.Chinese Journal of Geology,45(2) :380-394.
王光奇,漆家福,岳云福.2003．歧口凹陷及周缘新生代构造的成因和演化.地质科学,38(2) :230-240.Wang Guangqi,Qi Jiafu and Yue Yunfu.2003．Formation and evolution of the Cenozoic tectonics within and surrounding the Qikou sag.Chinese Journal of Geology,38(2) :230-240.
王振兰,王金铎,季建清,韩文功,于建国,张新钰.2008．鲁西隆起与济阳坳陷箕状断陷形成时代研究.石油学报,29(2) :206-212.Wang Zhenlan,Wang Jinduo,Ji Jianqing,Han Wengong,Yu Jianguo and Zhang Xinyu.2008．Research on formation age of dustpan fault depression in Luxi uplift and Jiyang depression.Acta Petrolei Sinica,29(2) :206-212.
漆家福.2004．渤海湾新生代盆地的两种构造系统及其成因解释.中国地质,31(1) :15-22.Qi Jiafu.2004．Two tectonic systems in the Cenozoic Bohai Bay Basin and their genetic interpretation.Geology in China,31(1) :15-22.
于俊峰,夏斌,许静.2006．对渤海湾盆地张扭、压扭性构造的一点认识.天然气地球科学,17(4) :473-476.Yu Junfeng,Xia Bin and Xu Jing.2006．An understanding of tense-shearing and compresso-shearing structures in Bohai Bay Basin.Natural Gas Geoscience,17(4) :473-476.
周天伟,周建勋.2008．南堡凹陷晚新生代X型断层形成机制及其对油气运聚的控制.大地构造与成矿学,32(1) :20-27.Zhou Tianwei and Zhou Jianxun.2008．Formation mechanism of X-pattern normal faults during Late Cenozoic and their impact on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Nanpu sag of Bohai Bay Basin.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,32(1) :20-27.
Anderson E M.1951．The Dynamics of Faulting(2~(nd).de.).Oliver & Boyd,Edinburgh.208.
Antonellini M and Aydin A.1994．Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sandstones;petrophysical properties.AAPG Bulletin,78(3) :355-377.
Baudon C and Cartwright J.2008a.3D seismic characterisation of an array of blind normal faults in the Levant Basin,eastern Mediterranean.Journal of Structural Geology,30(6) :746-760.
Baudon C and Cartwright J.2008b.Early stage evolution of growth faults:3D seismic insights from the Levant Basin,eastern Mediterranean.Journal of structural geology,30(7) :888-898.
Caine J S,Evans J P and Forster C B.1996．Fault zone architecture and permeability structure.Geology,24(11) :1025-1028.
Cartwright J A,Trudgill B D and Mansfield C S.1995．Fault growth by segment linkage:An explanation for scatter in maximum displacement and trace length data from the Canyonlands Grabens of SE Utah.Journal of Structural Geology,17(9) :1319-1326.
Ferrill D A,Morris A P,Stamatakos J A and Sims D W.2000．Crossing conjugate normal fault.AAPG Bulletin,84(10) :1543-1559.
Ferrill D A,Morris A P and Smart K J.2007．Stratigraphic control on extensional fault propagation folding:Big Brushy Canyon monocline,Sierra Del Carmen,Texas.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,292:203-217.
Ferrill D A and Morris A P.2008．Fault zone deformation controlled by carbonate mechanical stratigraphy,Balcones fault system,Texas.AAPG Bulletin,92(3) :359-380.
Freund R.1974．Kinematics of transform and transcurrent faults.Tectonophysics,21(1-2) :93-134.
Horsfield W T.1980．Contemporaneous movement along crossing conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,2(3) :305-310.
Maerten L,Willemse,E J M,Pollard D D and Rawnsley K.1999．Slip distributions on intersecting normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,21(3) :259-272.
Mansfield C and Cartwright J.2001．Fault growth by linkage:Observations and implications from analogue models.Journal of Structural Geology,23(5) :745-763.
Marcussen ,Thyberg B I,Peltonen C,Jahren J,Bjrlykke K and Faleide J I.2009．Physical properties of Cenozoic mudstones from the northern North Sea:Impact of clay mineralogy on compaction trends.AAPG Bulletin,93(1) :127-150.
Nicol A,Walsh J J,Watterson J and Bretan P G.1995．Three-dimensional geometry and growth of conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,17(6) :847-862.
Nicol A,Watterson J,Walsh J J and Childs C.1996．The shapes,major axis orientations and displacement patterns of fault surfaces.Journal of Structural Geology,18(2-3) :235-248.
Ramsay J G and Huber M I.1987．The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology Volume 2:Folds and Fractures.London:Academics Press.309-700.
Watterson J,Nicol A,Walsh J J and Meier D.1998．Strains at the intersections of synchronous conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,20(4) :363-370.
Zhao G Z and Johnson A M.1991．Sequential and incremental formation of conjugate sets of faults.Journal of Structural Geology,13(8) :887-895．
邓运华.2004张-扭断裂与油气运移分析--以渤海油区为例.中国石油勘探,9(2) :33-37.Deng Yunhua.2004．Tensional-shear faults and analysis of oil and gas migration:Taking Bohai oil province for example.China Petroleum Exploration,9(2) :33-37.
樊敬亮,黄志全,樊卫花.2004．歧口凹陷新生代构造演化与油气.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),34(4) :536-541.Fan Jingliang,Huang Zhiquan and Fan Weihua.2004．Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qikou sag and its relations to hydrocarbon traps in Bohai Bay Basin of east China.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),34(4) :536-541.
李大伟.2006．新构造运动与黄骅坳陷油气成藏.北京:中国地质大学出版社.1-133.Li Dawei.2006．New Tectonic Movement and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Huanghua Depression.Beijing:China University of Geosciences Press.1-133.
陶涛,季建清,周立宏,王金铎,付立新,袁淑琴,包项.2010．逆序断裂的发育特征与地震反射识别.地质科学,45(2) :380-394 Taotao,Ji Jianqing,Zhou Lihong,Wang Jinduo,Fu Lixin,Yuan Shuqin and Bao Xiang.2010．Development characteristics and identification from the seismic reflection profiles of the reverse grading faults.Chinese Journal of Geology,45(2) :380-394.
王光奇,漆家福,岳云福.2003．歧口凹陷及周缘新生代构造的成因和演化.地质科学,38(2) :230-240.Wang Guangqi,Qi Jiafu and Yue Yunfu.2003．Formation and evolution of the Cenozoic tectonics within and surrounding the Qikou sag.Chinese Journal of Geology,38(2) :230-240.
王振兰,王金铎,季建清,韩文功,于建国,张新钰.2008．鲁西隆起与济阳坳陷箕状断陷形成时代研究.石油学报,29(2) :206-212.Wang Zhenlan,Wang Jinduo,Ji Jianqing,Han Wengong,Yu Jianguo and Zhang Xinyu.2008．Research on formation age of dustpan fault depression in Luxi uplift and Jiyang depression.Acta Petrolei Sinica,29(2) :206-212.
漆家福.2004．渤海湾新生代盆地的两种构造系统及其成因解释.中国地质,31(1) :15-22.Qi Jiafu.2004．Two tectonic systems in the Cenozoic Bohai Bay Basin and their genetic interpretation.Geology in China,31(1) :15-22.
于俊峰,夏斌,许静.2006．对渤海湾盆地张扭、压扭性构造的一点认识.天然气地球科学,17(4) :473-476.Yu Junfeng,Xia Bin and Xu Jing.2006．An understanding of tense-shearing and compresso-shearing structures in Bohai Bay Basin.Natural Gas Geoscience,17(4) :473-476.
周天伟,周建勋.2008．南堡凹陷晚新生代X型断层形成机制及其对油气运聚的控制.大地构造与成矿学,32(1) :20-27.Zhou Tianwei and Zhou Jianxun.2008．Formation mechanism of X-pattern normal faults during Late Cenozoic and their impact on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Nanpu sag of Bohai Bay Basin.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,32(1) :20-27.
Anderson E M.1951．The Dynamics of Faulting(2~(nd).de.).Oliver & Boyd,Edinburgh.208.
Antonellini M and Aydin A.1994．Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sandstones;petrophysical properties.AAPG Bulletin,78(3) :355-377.
Baudon C and Cartwright J.2008a.3D seismic characterisation of an array of blind normal faults in the Levant Basin,eastern Mediterranean.Journal of Structural Geology,30(6) :746-760.
Baudon C and Cartwright J.2008b.Early stage evolution of growth faults:3D seismic insights from the Levant Basin,eastern Mediterranean.Journal of structural geology,30(7) :888-898.
Caine J S,Evans J P and Forster C B.1996．Fault zone architecture and permeability structure.Geology,24(11) :1025-1028.
Cartwright J A,Trudgill B D and Mansfield C S.1995．Fault growth by segment linkage:An explanation for scatter in maximum displacement and trace length data from the Canyonlands Grabens of SE Utah.Journal of Structural Geology,17(9) :1319-1326.
Ferrill D A,Morris A P,Stamatakos J A and Sims D W.2000．Crossing conjugate normal fault.AAPG Bulletin,84(10) :1543-1559.
Ferrill D A,Morris A P and Smart K J.2007．Stratigraphic control on extensional fault propagation folding:Big Brushy Canyon monocline,Sierra Del Carmen,Texas.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,292:203-217.
Ferrill D A and Morris A P.2008．Fault zone deformation controlled by carbonate mechanical stratigraphy,Balcones fault system,Texas.AAPG Bulletin,92(3) :359-380.
Freund R.1974．Kinematics of transform and transcurrent faults.Tectonophysics,21(1-2) :93-134.
Horsfield W T.1980．Contemporaneous movement along crossing conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,2(3) :305-310.
Maerten L,Willemse,E J M,Pollard D D and Rawnsley K.1999．Slip distributions on intersecting normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,21(3) :259-272.
Mansfield C and Cartwright J.2001．Fault growth by linkage:Observations and implications from analogue models.Journal of Structural Geology,23(5) :745-763.
Marcussen ,Thyberg B I,Peltonen C,Jahren J,Bjrlykke K and Faleide J I.2009．Physical properties of Cenozoic mudstones from the northern North Sea:Impact of clay mineralogy on compaction trends.AAPG Bulletin,93(1) :127-150.
Nicol A,Walsh J J,Watterson J and Bretan P G.1995．Three-dimensional geometry and growth of conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,17(6) :847-862.
Nicol A,Watterson J,Walsh J J and Childs C.1996．The shapes,major axis orientations and displacement patterns of fault surfaces.Journal of Structural Geology,18(2-3) :235-248.
Ramsay J G and Huber M I.1987．The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology Volume 2:Folds and Fractures.London:Academics Press.309-700.
Watterson J,Nicol A,Walsh J J and Meier D.1998．Strains at the intersections of synchronous conjugate normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,20(4) :363-370.
Zhao G Z and Johnson A M.1991．Sequential and incremental formation of conjugate sets of faults.Journal of Structural Geology,13(8) :887-895．
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