汶川8.0级地震发震断层逆冲活动的地震地貌与古地震初步研究
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摘要
与河流阶地相关的地震地貌包括地震阶地和阶地断错两方面。地震阶地是古地震事件的直接反映;阶地断错则是多次古地震事件的累积效应。文章在汶川8.0级地震破裂带调查的基础上,讨论了平行断裂的河流和横穿断裂的河流两种情况下的阶地发育特征。在此基础上,应用差分GPS测量技术,分别对虹口附近的地震阶地和映秀附近阶地断错现象进行了测量。研究结果表明,虹口附近地震阶地反映了自白沙河Ⅱ级阶地形成以来发生了5次规模基本相当的断错事件;映秀附近的阶地累积位错量反映了不同级阶地经历了不同数量的地震事件,其中,Ⅱ级阶地形成以来大致经历了5次与汶川8.0级地震位错相当的地震事件。两个地点的地震阶地和阶地位错研究得到了一致的古地震次数。本文进一步讨论了前人对该区阶地的测年数据,从而推测得到汶川8.0级地震发震断层的古地震复发间隔约为4ka。
Earthquake geomorphology related to river terrace includes earthquake terrace and offset terrace. Earthquake terraces were caused directly by individual paleoearthquakes while offset terraces are cumulative displacement of several paleoearthquakes. We observed terraces of a river that goes along the fault or cross the fault after the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake. As examples, we measured earthquake terraces nearby Honkou Town and offset terraces of Minjiang nearby Yingxiu Town using Real Time Kinematic GPS technique. The result is: (1)Earthquake terraces near Hongkou Town imply about 5 severe earthquakes occurred after Terrace Ⅱ of the Baisha River was formed; (2) Offset terraces near Yingxiu Town shows that different terraces had experienced various times of palaeoearthquakes. The Terrace Ⅱ had been also cut by about 5 paleoearthquakes as severe as the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake. Based on published ages of the terraces in this region, we suggest that the recurrence interval of severe earthquakes is about 4ka in this region.
Earthquake geomorphology related to river terrace includes earthquake terrace and offset terrace. Earthquake terraces were caused directly by individual paleoearthquakes while offset terraces are cumulative displacement of several paleoearthquakes. We observed terraces of a river that goes along the fault or cross the fault after the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake. As examples, we measured earthquake terraces nearby Honkou Town and offset terraces of Minjiang nearby Yingxiu Town using Real Time Kinematic GPS technique. The result is: (1)Earthquake terraces near Hongkou Town imply about 5 severe earthquakes occurred after Terrace Ⅱ of the Baisha River was formed; (2) Offset terraces near Yingxiu Town shows that different terraces had experienced various times of palaeoearthquakes. The Terrace Ⅱ had been also cut by about 5 paleoearthquakes as severe as the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake. Based on published ages of the terraces in this region, we suggest that the recurrence interval of severe earthquakes is about 4ka in this region.
引文
1 Dramis F, Blumetti A M. Some considerations concerning seismic geomorphology and paleoseismology. Tectonophysics, 2005, 408:177-191
2 Wallace R E. Profiles and ages of young fault scarps, north-Central Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1977, 88:1267-1281
3 丁国瑜.活动走滑断裂带的断错水系与地震.地震,1982,(1) :3-8 Ding Guoyu. River offsets of active strike-slip faults and earthquakes. Earthquake, 1982, ( 1 ) : 3-8
4 Sieh K E, Jahns R H. Holocene activity of the San Andreas fault at Wallace Creek, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1984, 95:883-896
5 Matsuda T, Ota Y,Ando M et al. Fault mechanism and recurrence time of major earthquakes in Southern Kanto district, Japan, as deduced from coastal terrace data. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1978, 89:1610-1618
6 杨景春,郭正堂,曹家栋.用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况.地震地质,1985,7(4) :23-31 Yang Jingchun, Guo Zhengtang, Cao Jiadong. Investigation on the Holocene activities of the Helan Mountain piedmont fault by use of geomorphological method. Seismology and Geology, 1985,7 ( 4 ) :23-31
7 徐锡伟.闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze, Ye Jianqing et al. The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology,2008,30 ( 3 ) : 597-629
8 马保起,张世民,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :513-517 Ma Baoqi,Zhang Shimin, Tian Qinjian et al. Surface rupture of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Quaternary Scienses, 2008,28 ( 4 ) :513-517
9 田勤俭,刁桂玲,郝 平等.汶川8． 0级地震及余震破裂的地质构造特征.地震,2009,29(1) :141-148 Tian Qinjian, Diao Guiling, Feng Xiangdong et al. Earthquake geology of the Wenchuan M8． 0 mainshock and its aftershocks.Earthquake,2009,29(1) : 141-148
10 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等著.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006． 182 Li Yong, Zhou Rongjun, Densmore A L et al. Continental Dynamic Processes and Geological Response of the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,2006． 182
11 马保起,苏刚,侯志华等.利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率.地震地质,2005,27(2) :234-242 Ma Baoqi,Su Gang, Hou Zhihua et al. Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan Fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang River. Seismology and Geology,2005,27(2) : 234-242
12 任治坤,田勤俭,张军龙.后差分GPS测量则木河断裂地震微地 貌特征.地震,2007,27(3) :97-104 Ren Zhikun,Tian Qinjian,Zhang Junlong. Micro geomorphology of Zemuhe fault surveyed by virtue deferential GPS. Earthquake,2007,27(3) : 97-104
13 张军龙,田勤俭,李智敏等.差分GPS方法在城市活断层探测中的应用探讨.地震,2007,27(3) :74-82 Zhang.Junlong,Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin et al Use of differential GPS in detecting active faults in cities.Earthquake,2007,27(3) :74-82
14 朱照宇,丁仲礼.中国黄土高原第四纪古气候与新构造演化.北京:地质出版社,1994． 226 Zhu Zhaoyu,Ding Zhongli. The Climatic and Neotectonic Evolution in the Loess Plateau of China during the Quaternary. Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1994． 226
15 潘保田,李吉均,朱俊杰.黄河中游阶地与构造气候旋回.见:中国地理学会地貌与第四纪地质专业委员会编地貌·环境·发展.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995． 26-30 Pan Baotian, Li Jijun,Zhu Junjie. Terraces of the middle reach of Yellow River and tectonic-climatic cycles. In: The Special Committee of Geomorphology and Quaternary Studies,the Geographical Society of China ed. Geomorphology, Environment and Development. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 1995． 26-30
16 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xiwei, Wen Xueze et al. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shah active fault zone, and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, 2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008, 51(4) : 1066-1073
17 何仲太,马保起,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征.第四纪研究,2008,28(5) :789-795 He Zhong,tai,Ma Baoqi,Tian Qinjian et al. Deformation features of surface rupture of the Wenchuan earthquake( M8． 0) at the Pingtong town. Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 ( 5 ) : 789-795
18 李传友,叶建青,谢寓仁等.汶川Ms8． 0级地震地表破裂带北川以北段的基本特征.地震地质,2008,30(3) :683-696 Li Chuanyou, Ye Jianqing, Xie Furen et al. Chanracteristics of the surface rupture zone of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake, China along the segment north to Beichuan. Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) : 683-696
19 陈桂华,徐锡伟,郑荣章等.2008年汶川M_S8． 0级地震地表破裂变形定量分析--北川-映秀断裂地表破裂带.地震地质,2008,30(3) :723-738 Chen Guihua, Xu Xiwei, Zheng Rongzhang et al. Quantitative analysis of the co-seismic surface rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China along the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3 ) : 723-738
20 冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华等.汶川M_S8． 0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :630-643 Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun, Chen Guihua et al. Primary analysis of in-situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology, 2008,30(3) : 630-643
21 王林,田勤俭,马保起等.汶川8． 0级地震发震断层的累积地震位错研究.地震地质,2008,30(4) :1012-1022 Wang Lin, Tian Qinjian, Ma Baoqi et al. Research of cumulative vertical slip of the seismogenic faults of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (4) : 1012-1022
22 何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉等.汶川Ms8． 0级地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征.地震地质,2008,30(3) :658-672 He Honglin,Sun Zhaomin,Wei Zhanyu et al. Rupture of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe river. Seismology and Geology ,2008,30 ( 3 ) : 658-672
23 赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.龙门山逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4) :422-428 Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa. Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt, Western Sichuan, Southwestern China. Seismology and Geology, 1994, 16(4) : 422-428
24 周荣军,李勇,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘活动构造.矿物 岩石,2006,26(2) :40-51 Zhou Rongjun,Li Yong,Densmore A L et al. Active tectonics of the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2006,26(2) : 40-51
25 潘保田,苏 怀,刘小丰等.兰州东盆地最近1． 2Ma的黄河阶地序列与形成原因.第四纪研究,2007,27(2) :172-180 Pan Baotian, Su Huai, Liu Xiaofeng et al. River terraces of the Yellow River and their genesis in Eastern Lanzhou Basin during last 1． 2Ma. Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(2) : 172-180
26 朱照宇,周厚云,欧阳婷萍等.华南红土阶地与中更新世地貌事件.第四纪研究,2002,22(6) :596 Zhu Zhaoyu,Zhou Huoyun, Ouyang Tingping. Red-soil terrace and Middle Pleistocene events in South China. Quaternary Sciences,2002,22(6) : 596
27 王萍,蒋汉朝,苏旭等.末次间冰期以来西宁市河谷沉积与环境第四纪研究,2008,28(2) :253-263 Wang Ping,Jiang Hanchao,Su Xu et al. Deposition in the river valley of Xining and its bearing on environmental character since the last interglacial period. Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(2) : 253-263
28 邱维理,张家富,周力平等.山西河曲黄河阶地序列初步研究.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :544-552 Qiu Weili,Zhang Jiafu,Zhou Liping et al. Preliminary study of the terrace sequence of the Huanghe River in Hequ area,Shanxi,China.Quaternary Sciences ,2008 ,28 ( 4 ) : 544-552
2 Wallace R E. Profiles and ages of young fault scarps, north-Central Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1977, 88:1267-1281
3 丁国瑜.活动走滑断裂带的断错水系与地震.地震,1982,(1) :3-8 Ding Guoyu. River offsets of active strike-slip faults and earthquakes. Earthquake, 1982, ( 1 ) : 3-8
4 Sieh K E, Jahns R H. Holocene activity of the San Andreas fault at Wallace Creek, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1984, 95:883-896
5 Matsuda T, Ota Y,Ando M et al. Fault mechanism and recurrence time of major earthquakes in Southern Kanto district, Japan, as deduced from coastal terrace data. Geological Society of America Bulletin,1978, 89:1610-1618
6 杨景春,郭正堂,曹家栋.用地貌学方法研究贺兰山山前断层全新世活动状况.地震地质,1985,7(4) :23-31 Yang Jingchun, Guo Zhengtang, Cao Jiadong. Investigation on the Holocene activities of the Helan Mountain piedmont fault by use of geomorphological method. Seismology and Geology, 1985,7 ( 4 ) :23-31
7 徐锡伟.闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze, Ye Jianqing et al. The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology,2008,30 ( 3 ) : 597-629
8 马保起,张世民,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :513-517 Ma Baoqi,Zhang Shimin, Tian Qinjian et al. Surface rupture of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Quaternary Scienses, 2008,28 ( 4 ) :513-517
9 田勤俭,刁桂玲,郝 平等.汶川8． 0级地震及余震破裂的地质构造特征.地震,2009,29(1) :141-148 Tian Qinjian, Diao Guiling, Feng Xiangdong et al. Earthquake geology of the Wenchuan M8． 0 mainshock and its aftershocks.Earthquake,2009,29(1) : 141-148
10 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等著.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006． 182 Li Yong, Zhou Rongjun, Densmore A L et al. Continental Dynamic Processes and Geological Response of the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,2006． 182
11 马保起,苏刚,侯志华等.利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率.地震地质,2005,27(2) :234-242 Ma Baoqi,Su Gang, Hou Zhihua et al. Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan Fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang River. Seismology and Geology,2005,27(2) : 234-242
12 任治坤,田勤俭,张军龙.后差分GPS测量则木河断裂地震微地 貌特征.地震,2007,27(3) :97-104 Ren Zhikun,Tian Qinjian,Zhang Junlong. Micro geomorphology of Zemuhe fault surveyed by virtue deferential GPS. Earthquake,2007,27(3) : 97-104
13 张军龙,田勤俭,李智敏等.差分GPS方法在城市活断层探测中的应用探讨.地震,2007,27(3) :74-82 Zhang.Junlong,Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin et al Use of differential GPS in detecting active faults in cities.Earthquake,2007,27(3) :74-82
14 朱照宇,丁仲礼.中国黄土高原第四纪古气候与新构造演化.北京:地质出版社,1994． 226 Zhu Zhaoyu,Ding Zhongli. The Climatic and Neotectonic Evolution in the Loess Plateau of China during the Quaternary. Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1994． 226
15 潘保田,李吉均,朱俊杰.黄河中游阶地与构造气候旋回.见:中国地理学会地貌与第四纪地质专业委员会编地貌·环境·发展.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1995． 26-30 Pan Baotian, Li Jijun,Zhu Junjie. Terraces of the middle reach of Yellow River and tectonic-climatic cycles. In: The Special Committee of Geomorphology and Quaternary Studies,the Geographical Society of China ed. Geomorphology, Environment and Development. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 1995． 26-30
16 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xiwei, Wen Xueze et al. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shah active fault zone, and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, 2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008, 51(4) : 1066-1073
17 何仲太,马保起,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征.第四纪研究,2008,28(5) :789-795 He Zhong,tai,Ma Baoqi,Tian Qinjian et al. Deformation features of surface rupture of the Wenchuan earthquake( M8． 0) at the Pingtong town. Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 ( 5 ) : 789-795
18 李传友,叶建青,谢寓仁等.汶川Ms8． 0级地震地表破裂带北川以北段的基本特征.地震地质,2008,30(3) :683-696 Li Chuanyou, Ye Jianqing, Xie Furen et al. Chanracteristics of the surface rupture zone of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake, China along the segment north to Beichuan. Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) : 683-696
19 陈桂华,徐锡伟,郑荣章等.2008年汶川M_S8． 0级地震地表破裂变形定量分析--北川-映秀断裂地表破裂带.地震地质,2008,30(3) :723-738 Chen Guihua, Xu Xiwei, Zheng Rongzhang et al. Quantitative analysis of the co-seismic surface rupture of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China along the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3 ) : 723-738
20 冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华等.汶川M_S8． 0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :630-643 Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun, Chen Guihua et al. Primary analysis of in-situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology, 2008,30(3) : 630-643
21 王林,田勤俭,马保起等.汶川8． 0级地震发震断层的累积地震位错研究.地震地质,2008,30(4) :1012-1022 Wang Lin, Tian Qinjian, Ma Baoqi et al. Research of cumulative vertical slip of the seismogenic faults of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake. Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (4) : 1012-1022
22 何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉等.汶川Ms8． 0级地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征.地震地质,2008,30(3) :658-672 He Honglin,Sun Zhaomin,Wei Zhanyu et al. Rupture of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe river. Seismology and Geology ,2008,30 ( 3 ) : 658-672
23 赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.龙门山逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4) :422-428 Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa. Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt, Western Sichuan, Southwestern China. Seismology and Geology, 1994, 16(4) : 422-428
24 周荣军,李勇,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘活动构造.矿物 岩石,2006,26(2) :40-51 Zhou Rongjun,Li Yong,Densmore A L et al. Active tectonics of the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2006,26(2) : 40-51
25 潘保田,苏 怀,刘小丰等.兰州东盆地最近1． 2Ma的黄河阶地序列与形成原因.第四纪研究,2007,27(2) :172-180 Pan Baotian, Su Huai, Liu Xiaofeng et al. River terraces of the Yellow River and their genesis in Eastern Lanzhou Basin during last 1． 2Ma. Quaternary Sciences,2007,27(2) : 172-180
26 朱照宇,周厚云,欧阳婷萍等.华南红土阶地与中更新世地貌事件.第四纪研究,2002,22(6) :596 Zhu Zhaoyu,Zhou Huoyun, Ouyang Tingping. Red-soil terrace and Middle Pleistocene events in South China. Quaternary Sciences,2002,22(6) : 596
27 王萍,蒋汉朝,苏旭等.末次间冰期以来西宁市河谷沉积与环境第四纪研究,2008,28(2) :253-263 Wang Ping,Jiang Hanchao,Su Xu et al. Deposition in the river valley of Xining and its bearing on environmental character since the last interglacial period. Quaternary Sciences,2008,28(2) : 253-263
28 邱维理,张家富,周力平等.山西河曲黄河阶地序列初步研究.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :544-552 Qiu Weili,Zhang Jiafu,Zhou Liping et al. Preliminary study of the terrace sequence of the Huanghe River in Hequ area,Shanxi,China.Quaternary Sciences ,2008 ,28 ( 4 ) : 544-552
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