地质灾害链
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摘要
用系统的普遍联系和发展的观点看待各种地质灾害之间的相互关系是地质灾害链研究的出发点。当前,地质灾害链的研究还处于起步阶段,地质灾害链的理论及其评价方法和技术还不完善。在收集相关资料的基础上,阐述了地质灾害链的定义、分类和分级,初步总结中国地质灾害链的分布规律,综合分析地质灾害链的研究现状,阐明了其发展方向,并提出地质灾害链防治的一些措施和建议。按诱发因素,地质灾害链可以分为:内动力地质灾害链、外动力地质灾害链、人类工程活动地质灾害链以及复合型地质灾害链。依据地质灾害链的规模不同,地质灾害链依次可以分为四级:一级地质灾害链,全球级别的地质灾害链;二级地质灾害链,区域地质灾害链;三级地质灾害链,流域地质灾害链;四级地质灾害链,单条冲沟地质灾害链。在中国的东部尤其是东南沿海地区台风灾害链活动频繁、影响范围广、造成的损失巨大。在青藏高原地区尤其是南北向地震带,内、外动力地质灾害链活动频繁,影响深远。地震灾害链、崩塌和滑坡转化为泥石流问题、滑坡坝溃决问题、冰湖溃决灾害链、台风灾害链等问题将是未来地质灾害链的研究重点;地质灾害链评价、预测及其风险评估将是地质灾害链研究的关键科学问题。地质灾害链的防治是地质灾害链研究的最终目标。
Geological hazards are triggered by earthquake shaking,rainstorm,rapid snowmelt and human activity.Various geohazards are related to or induced by other disastrous events in sequence,thus,it should be well understood the relationships between various geohazard and their stimuli.This article presented preliminary introduction to the framework of studying geohazard chains,for example,the concept,the type and the classification.Characteristics of geohazard chains are described,especially in case of hazardous events,such as earthquake and intense rainfall in China.Some issues are also pointed out in their mechanisms of landslides triggered by earthquake and rainfall,and transformation from landslide to debris flow.
Geological hazards are triggered by earthquake shaking,rainstorm,rapid snowmelt and human activity.Various geohazards are related to or induced by other disastrous events in sequence,thus,it should be well understood the relationships between various geohazard and their stimuli.This article presented preliminary introduction to the framework of studying geohazard chains,for example,the concept,the type and the classification.Characteristics of geohazard chains are described,especially in case of hazardous events,such as earthquake and intense rainfall in China.Some issues are also pointed out in their mechanisms of landslides triggered by earthquake and rainfall,and transformation from landslide to debris flow.
引文
[1]Monitoring and Prediction Depart ment,Chinese EarthquakeAdministration.The character ofMs8.7 large earthquake oc-curredin Sumatra,Indonesia and its effect to Chinese main-land seismic activity[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2005:50-67(in Chinese).
[2]Chai HJ,Liu H C,Zhan Z Y.Landslide dams induced byDiexi earthquake in 1933 and its environmental effect[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,1995,6(1):7-17(in Chinese).
[3]Chai HJ,Liu H C,Zhan Z Y.The catalog of Chinese land-slide damevents[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Envi-ronment preservation,1995,6(4):1-9(in Chinese).
[4]Yin G H,Li J,Zhang Y,et al.Statistical analysis and re-search of landslides caused by Nileke earthquake[J].InlandEarthquake,2001,15(1):56-63(in Chinese).
[5]Li Z S.The state of the art of research on seismic landslidehazard at home and abroad[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2003,18(4):64-70(in Chinese).
[6]Sun C S,Cai H W.Developing and distributing characteris-tics of collapses and landslides during strong historic earth-quake in China[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1997,6(1):25-30(in Chinese).
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[8]Zou J C,Shao S M,Jiang R F.Distribution and tectonic i m-plication on the Gulang seismic landslide[J].Earthquake Re-searchin China,1994,10(2):168-174(in Chinese).
[9]Sun WS.The geological safety measure under newcountry-side construction[M].Beijing:China Land Press,2006:1-20(in Chinese).
[10]Han J L,Wu S R,Li D L,et al.Distribution regularities andcontributing factor of geological hazards in Qinling-Bashanmountains[J].Geological Science and Technology Informa-tion,2007,26(1):101-108(in Chinese).
[11]Chen X,Chen J,Wang J A.Analysis on typhoon disasterchainin Fujian:a case study of typhoon Longwang in 2005[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University:Natural ScienceEdition,2007,43(2):203-208(in Chinese).
[12]Zhu P Y,Wang C H,Tang B X.The deposition characteris-tic of supper flowin Tibet[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2000,18(5):453-456(in Chinese).
[13]Yin Y P.The characteristic and controllability measurementof geologic hazards of rapid huge landslide occurredin YigongRiver in the Bomi[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geolo-gy,2000,27(4):8-11(in Chinese).
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[23]Benda L,Dunne T.Stochastic forcing of sedi ment supply tochannel networks fromlandsliding and debris flow[J].WaterResources Research,1997,33:2849-2863.
[24]Kerle N,van Wyk,de Vries N.The 1998 debris avalanche atCasita volcano,Nicaragua:investigation of structural de-formation as the cause of slope instability using remote sens-ing[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2001,105:49-63.
[25]Shu WY,Hu S Q.General situation of landslide hazard miti-gationin Chongqing[J].Chinese Journal of Chongqing Geo-logical Hazard Study,1998,1:5-8.
[26]Chiarle M,Iannotti S,Mortara G,et al.Recent debris flowoccurrences associated with glaciers in the Alps[J].Globaland Planetary Change,2007,56:123-136.
[27]Chenga J D,Huang Y C,Wu HL,et al.Hydrometeorologi-cal and landuse attributes of debris flows and debris floodsduring typhoon Toraji,July 29-30,2001 in central Tai wan[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,306:161-173.
[28]Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,et al.Landslides trig-gered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake[J].Geo-morphology,2007(in press).
[29]Dai F C,Lee C F,Deng J H,et al.The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood onthe Dadu River,southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2005,65:205-221.
[30]Shang YJ,Park HD,Yang Z F,et al.Distribution of land-slides adjacent to the northern side of the Yarlu TsangpoGrand Canyon in Tibet,China[J].Environmental Geology,2005,48:721-741.
[31]The Editorial Committee ofA Dictionary of Earth Sciences.A dictionary of earth sciences—application subject volume[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2005:479-480(in Chinese).
[32]Chen L S.Research on the typhoon hazard and the dynamicsof the landfalling process of typhoon in China[J].ScienceTechnology and Industrial,2002,2(2):51(in Chinese).
[33]Dai F C,Deng J H,Tham L G,et al.Alarge landslide inZigui County,Three Gorges area[J].Canadian GeotechnicalJournal,2004,41(6):1233-1240.
[34]Liu HS,Bo J S,Liu D D.Reviewon study of seismic stabili-ty analysis of rock-soil slope[J].Earthquake Engineering andEngineering Vibration,2005,25(1):164-171(in Chinese).
[35]Sassa K,Hiroshi F,Wang G H,et al.Undrained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus and its application to landslidedynamics[J].Landslides,2004,1:7-9.
[36]Wang J D,Bai MX,Xiao S F.Astudy on compound mecha-nismof earthquake-related sliding displacements on gentlyin-clined loess slope[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering,2001,23(4):445-449(in Chinese).
[37]Sun J Z,Chen X,Wang Y Q.The esti mation and predictionof the slide and collapse of soil and rock triggered by earth-quakes with three steps[J].Journal of Seismological Re-search,2004,27(3):256-264(in Chinese).
[38]He K Q,An Z Y.Apreli minary analysis onthe forming con-dition and forming type of debris-flow caused by landslidesand falls[J].Journal of Hebei College of Geology,1996,19(3/4):344-351(in Chinese).
[39]Liu YJ.Study on fluidifying theory of large highspeed rock-slide[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(1):170(in Chinese).
[40]Iverson R M,Vallance J W.New views of granular massflows[J].Geology,2001,29(2):115-118.
[41]Iverson R M,Reid ME,Lahusen R G.Debris flow mobiliza-tion fromlandslides[J].Annual Reviewon Earth Planet Sci-ence,1997,25:85-138.
[42]Iverson R M.Landslide triggering by rain infiltration[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36:1897-1910.
[43]Feng Z L,Cui P,He S M.Mechanismof conversion of land-slides to debris flows[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2005,14(3):8-14(in Chinese).
[44]Wu J S,Chen Z L,Geng X Y.Formation of damfromdebrisflowin the southeast Tibet[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2005,23(4):399-405(in Chinese).
[45]Liu W.Preli minary study on debris flowinduced by glacierlake outburst in Tibet[J].Hydrogeology and EngineeringGeology,2006,33(3):88-92(in Chinese).
[46]Peng S Q,Chen M D.Mechanism analysis of landslide inZhangxi which was mainly caused by Typhoon[J].Journal ofMountain Science,2005,23(6):725-728(in Chinese).
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[2]Chai HJ,Liu H C,Zhan Z Y.Landslide dams induced byDiexi earthquake in 1933 and its environmental effect[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,1995,6(1):7-17(in Chinese).
[3]Chai HJ,Liu H C,Zhan Z Y.The catalog of Chinese land-slide damevents[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and Envi-ronment preservation,1995,6(4):1-9(in Chinese).
[4]Yin G H,Li J,Zhang Y,et al.Statistical analysis and re-search of landslides caused by Nileke earthquake[J].InlandEarthquake,2001,15(1):56-63(in Chinese).
[5]Li Z S.The state of the art of research on seismic landslidehazard at home and abroad[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2003,18(4):64-70(in Chinese).
[6]Sun C S,Cai H W.Developing and distributing characteris-tics of collapses and landslides during strong historic earth-quake in China[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1997,6(1):25-30(in Chinese).
[7]Li S D,Ren X S,Yue S Y,et al.Study of earthquake-land-slide[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,8(2):24-25(in Chinese).
[8]Zou J C,Shao S M,Jiang R F.Distribution and tectonic i m-plication on the Gulang seismic landslide[J].Earthquake Re-searchin China,1994,10(2):168-174(in Chinese).
[9]Sun WS.The geological safety measure under newcountry-side construction[M].Beijing:China Land Press,2006:1-20(in Chinese).
[10]Han J L,Wu S R,Li D L,et al.Distribution regularities andcontributing factor of geological hazards in Qinling-Bashanmountains[J].Geological Science and Technology Informa-tion,2007,26(1):101-108(in Chinese).
[11]Chen X,Chen J,Wang J A.Analysis on typhoon disasterchainin Fujian:a case study of typhoon Longwang in 2005[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University:Natural ScienceEdition,2007,43(2):203-208(in Chinese).
[12]Zhu P Y,Wang C H,Tang B X.The deposition characteris-tic of supper flowin Tibet[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2000,18(5):453-456(in Chinese).
[13]Yin Y P.The characteristic and controllability measurementof geologic hazards of rapid huge landslide occurredin YigongRiver in the Bomi[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geolo-gy,2000,27(4):8-11(in Chinese).
[14]Liu W.Study on the characteristics of huge scale-super high-speed-long distance landslide chainin Yigong,Tibet[J].Chi-nese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2002,13(3):9-18(in Chinese).
[15]Wang Z H.Large scale individual landslide remote sensing[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(5):516-523(in Chi-nese).
[16]Huang R Q.Mechanism of large scale landslides in westernChina[J].Advances in Earth Science,2004,19(3):443-450(in Chinese).
[17]Huang R Q.Large-scale landslides and their sliding mecha-nisms in China since the 20th century[J].Chinese Journal ofRock mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(3):433-454(inChinese).
[18]Shedlock K M.Strong ground motion,earthquake hazard andriskin Alpine—Hi malayan and Pacific Regions[J].Tectono-physics,2004,390:1-3.
[19]Keefer D.Landslides caused by earthquakes[J].Bulletin ofthe Geological Society of America,1984,95:406-421.
[20]Yamagishi H,Ayalew L,Kato K.Characteristics of the re-cent landslides in the Mid Niigata region—comparison be-tween the landslides by the heavy rainfall on 13 July 2004,and by the intensive earthquakes on 23 October 2004[M]∥Sassa K,Fukuoka H,Wang F W,et al.Landslide risk anal-ysis and sustainable disaster management.Berlin,Heidel-berg,New York:Springer,2004:181-185.
[21]Lin C W,Liu S H,Lee S Y,et al.I mpacts of the Chi-Chiearthquake on subsequent rainfall-induced landslides in cen-tral Tai wan[J].Engineering Geology,2004,86:87-101.
[22]Wang HB,Sassa K,Xu WY.Analysis of a spatial distribu-tion of landslides triggered by the 2004 Chuetsu earthquakesof Niigata Prefecture,Japan[J].Natural hazards,2007,41:43-60.
[23]Benda L,Dunne T.Stochastic forcing of sedi ment supply tochannel networks fromlandsliding and debris flow[J].WaterResources Research,1997,33:2849-2863.
[24]Kerle N,van Wyk,de Vries N.The 1998 debris avalanche atCasita volcano,Nicaragua:investigation of structural de-formation as the cause of slope instability using remote sens-ing[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,2001,105:49-63.
[25]Shu WY,Hu S Q.General situation of landslide hazard miti-gationin Chongqing[J].Chinese Journal of Chongqing Geo-logical Hazard Study,1998,1:5-8.
[26]Chiarle M,Iannotti S,Mortara G,et al.Recent debris flowoccurrences associated with glaciers in the Alps[J].Globaland Planetary Change,2007,56:123-136.
[27]Chenga J D,Huang Y C,Wu HL,et al.Hydrometeorologi-cal and landuse attributes of debris flows and debris floodsduring typhoon Toraji,July 29-30,2001 in central Tai wan[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,306:161-173.
[28]Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,et al.Landslides trig-gered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake[J].Geo-morphology,2007(in press).
[29]Dai F C,Lee C F,Deng J H,et al.The 1786 earthquake-triggered landslide dam and subsequent dam-break flood onthe Dadu River,southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2005,65:205-221.
[30]Shang YJ,Park HD,Yang Z F,et al.Distribution of land-slides adjacent to the northern side of the Yarlu TsangpoGrand Canyon in Tibet,China[J].Environmental Geology,2005,48:721-741.
[31]The Editorial Committee ofA Dictionary of Earth Sciences.A dictionary of earth sciences—application subject volume[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2005:479-480(in Chinese).
[32]Chen L S.Research on the typhoon hazard and the dynamicsof the landfalling process of typhoon in China[J].ScienceTechnology and Industrial,2002,2(2):51(in Chinese).
[33]Dai F C,Deng J H,Tham L G,et al.Alarge landslide inZigui County,Three Gorges area[J].Canadian GeotechnicalJournal,2004,41(6):1233-1240.
[34]Liu HS,Bo J S,Liu D D.Reviewon study of seismic stabili-ty analysis of rock-soil slope[J].Earthquake Engineering andEngineering Vibration,2005,25(1):164-171(in Chinese).
[35]Sassa K,Hiroshi F,Wang G H,et al.Undrained dynamic-loading ring-shear apparatus and its application to landslidedynamics[J].Landslides,2004,1:7-9.
[36]Wang J D,Bai MX,Xiao S F.Astudy on compound mecha-nismof earthquake-related sliding displacements on gentlyin-clined loess slope[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering,2001,23(4):445-449(in Chinese).
[37]Sun J Z,Chen X,Wang Y Q.The esti mation and predictionof the slide and collapse of soil and rock triggered by earth-quakes with three steps[J].Journal of Seismological Re-search,2004,27(3):256-264(in Chinese).
[38]He K Q,An Z Y.Apreli minary analysis onthe forming con-dition and forming type of debris-flow caused by landslidesand falls[J].Journal of Hebei College of Geology,1996,19(3/4):344-351(in Chinese).
[39]Liu YJ.Study on fluidifying theory of large highspeed rock-slide[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(1):170(in Chinese).
[40]Iverson R M,Vallance J W.New views of granular massflows[J].Geology,2001,29(2):115-118.
[41]Iverson R M,Reid ME,Lahusen R G.Debris flow mobiliza-tion fromlandslides[J].Annual Reviewon Earth Planet Sci-ence,1997,25:85-138.
[42]Iverson R M.Landslide triggering by rain infiltration[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36:1897-1910.
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