川西坳陷中、浅层气藏储层识别技术
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摘要
川西坳陷陆相沉积领域浅、中层(深度大约在500-3000 m)天然气藏属近常规到致密砂岩远源气藏。这些气藏主要分布在侏罗系─白垩系的地层中,并形成了如新场气田、洛带气田、新都气田、马井气田等大、中型气田。川西坳陷的中、浅层气藏具有储层发育良好、输导条件较好、储层展布与构造配置关系好及封盖保存条件良好等特点。储层沉积微相以三角洲前缘毯状砂体、三角洲前缘分流河道砂体、河口坝砂体和湖底扇砂体等为主,储层地球物理特性通常表现为低波阻抗特征,与围岩具有良好的波阻抗差异。川西坳陷地震地质条件较差,地表覆盖有几米至200多米厚的卵石和沙土,高频吸收严重,原始地震记录干扰波(面波、声波及折射波)发育,信噪比较低。因此,川西坳陷中、浅层气藏储层识别成功的关键技术是卵石覆盖区高精度的三维地震采集、保持含气地震响应特征的三维地震资料处理、正演模拟指导下的储层地震属性提取及分析和储层空间展布刻划及多学科协同的综合评价等。川西中、浅层气藏的勘探开发实践表明,地震勘探技术在气藏分布范围确定、空间几何形态描述、储层物性参数反演、沉积相和储层非均质性研究以及高产富集带预测、含气性识别等方面发挥了十分关键的作用。
The non-marine shallow-middle gas reservoirs(with depth ranging from 500 m to 3000 m) in western Sichuan depression are near-normal to tight sandstone of distal facies.These reservoirs are mainly distributed in the Jurassic and Cretaceous formations where large-to medium-sized gas fields,such as Xinchang,Luodai,Xindu,Majing,and etc,are harbored.The shallow-middle reservoirs in western Sichuan depression feature in well-developed reservoirs,favorable transportation conditions,ideal matching of reservoir distribution and structure configuration,and good sealing.Sedimentary micro-facies reservoirs are mainly composed of delta front sill-like sand,delta front distributary channel sand,estuarine sand bar,and sublacustrine fan sand.The reservoirs typically show low wave impedance and large wave impedance difference with surrounding rocks.The seismogeological conditions are rather unfavorable in western Sichuan depression,where the surface is covered by unconsolidated pebble and sandy soil beds with thickness ranging from several meters to 200 meters,resulting in severe high frequency attenuation and strong interference waves,such as surface wave,acoustic wave and refraction wave,and low S/N ratio.Therefore,a successful gas reservoir recognition in the study area involves the application of high-precision 3D seismic data acquisition in areas covered by unconsolidated pebble layers,3D seismic processing with gas bearing seismic responses preserved,reservoir seismic attributes extraction and analysis based on forward modeling,and reservoir spatial delineation and multi-disciplinary integrated evaluation.The exploration and production of the shallow-middle gas reservoirs in the study area show that seismic exploration plays an important role in delineation of reservoir distribution,description of the spatial geometry of the reservoirs,inverse modeling of the reservoir parameters,study of sedimentary facies and heterogeneity,determining prolific gas-bearing zone,and recognition of gas-bearing properties.
The non-marine shallow-middle gas reservoirs(with depth ranging from 500 m to 3000 m) in western Sichuan depression are near-normal to tight sandstone of distal facies.These reservoirs are mainly distributed in the Jurassic and Cretaceous formations where large-to medium-sized gas fields,such as Xinchang,Luodai,Xindu,Majing,and etc,are harbored.The shallow-middle reservoirs in western Sichuan depression feature in well-developed reservoirs,favorable transportation conditions,ideal matching of reservoir distribution and structure configuration,and good sealing.Sedimentary micro-facies reservoirs are mainly composed of delta front sill-like sand,delta front distributary channel sand,estuarine sand bar,and sublacustrine fan sand.The reservoirs typically show low wave impedance and large wave impedance difference with surrounding rocks.The seismogeological conditions are rather unfavorable in western Sichuan depression,where the surface is covered by unconsolidated pebble and sandy soil beds with thickness ranging from several meters to 200 meters,resulting in severe high frequency attenuation and strong interference waves,such as surface wave,acoustic wave and refraction wave,and low S/N ratio.Therefore,a successful gas reservoir recognition in the study area involves the application of high-precision 3D seismic data acquisition in areas covered by unconsolidated pebble layers,3D seismic processing with gas bearing seismic responses preserved,reservoir seismic attributes extraction and analysis based on forward modeling,and reservoir spatial delineation and multi-disciplinary integrated evaluation.The exploration and production of the shallow-middle gas reservoirs in the study area show that seismic exploration plays an important role in delineation of reservoir distribution,description of the spatial geometry of the reservoirs,inverse modeling of the reservoir parameters,study of sedimentary facies and heterogeneity,determining prolific gas-bearing zone,and recognition of gas-bearing properties.
引文
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5李书兵.川西坳陷远源气藏成藏主控因素分析[A].见:杨克明徐进,编.天然气成藏理论与勘探开发方法技术[C].北京:地质出版社,2004.42-52Li Shubing.Analysis on the main factors controlling the far-sourcegas reservoir formation in West Sichuan depression[A].In:YangKeming,Xu Jin,eds.Reservoir formation theory and explorationand production technology on natural gas[C].Beijing:GeologyPublishing House,2004.42-52
6叶军.川西坳陷天然气富集规律[A].见:杨克明徐进,编.天然气成藏理论与勘探开发方法技术[C].北京:地质出版社,2004.85-90Ye Jun.Accumulation rule of natural gas in West Sichuan depres-sion[A].In:Yang Keming,Xu Jin,eds.Reservoir formationtheory and exploration and production technology on natural gas[C].Beijing:Geology Publishing House,2004.85-90
7朱彤,叶军.川西坳陷致密碎屑岩气藏类型划分及特征[J].石油实验地质,2004,26(6):537-541,546Zhu Tong,Ye Jun.Types and characteristics of tight clastic rockgas pools in the West Sichuan depression[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2004,26(6):537-541,546
8叶军,陈昭国.川西新场大型气田地质特征与预测关键技术[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(3):384-391Ye Jun,Chen Zhaoguo.Geological characteristics of large Xin-chang gas field in Western Sichuan depression and key predictiontechnologies[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2006,27(3):384-391
9李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993.12-30Li Qingzhong.The way to obtain a better resolution in seismicprospecting[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1993.12-30
10 Knapp R W.Vertical resolution of thick beds,thin beds,and bedcyclothems[J].Geophysics,1990,55(9):1 183-1 190
11 Kallweit R S,Wood L C.The limits of resolution of zero-phasewavelets[J].Geophysics,1982,47(7):1 035-1 046
12 Ricker N.Wavelet contraction,wavelet expression,and the con-trol of seismic resolution[J].Geophysics,1953,18(6):769-792
13 Widess M B.How thin is a thin bed[J].Geophysics,1973,38(6):1 176-1 180
14 Gochioco L M.Tuning effect and interference reflections from thinbeds and coal seams[J].Geophysics,1991,56(8):1 288-1 295
15 Sheriff R E.Limitations on resolution of seismic reflection andgeologic detail derivable from them[J].AAPG Memoir 26,1977:3-14
16 Guangming Z,Qingchun L.Using the wavelet transform to detectsingularities of the thin bed seismic signals[J].SEG ExpandedAbstracts,2000:50-54
17云美厚.地震分辨率[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(1):12-18Yun Meihou.On seismic resolution[J].Progress in ExplorationGeophysics,2005,28(1):12-18
18云美厚,丁伟,王新红.地震水平分辨力研究与应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(2):102-107Yun Meihou,Ding Wei,Wang Xinhong.Study and application ofseismic horizontal resolution[J].Progress in Exploration Geo-physics,2005,28(2):102-107
19李显贵,绍吉华,张涛.波阻抗模型正演技术在砂岩储层预测中的应用[J].石油物探,2004,43(6):584-586Li Xiangui,Shao Jihua,Zhang Tao.Using forward impedance mo-deling to trace the sandstone reservoir[J].Geophysical Prospec-ting for Petroleum,2004,43(6):584-586
20 Greg P,James G,John L.Interpretational applications of spectraldecomposition in reservoir characterization[J].The LeadingEdge,1999,18(3):353-360
21 Lynn P,Rich B,Greg P.Interpretation of incised valleys usingnew3-D seismic techniques:a case history using spectral decom-position and coherency[J].The Leading Edge,1998,17(9):1294-1 298
22蔡刚,吕锡敏,苏明军,等.频谱分解技术在准噶尔盆地油气勘探中的作用[J].天然气工业,2006,26(4):35-37Cai Gang,Lv¨Ximing,Su Mingjun,et al.Application of spectrumdecomposition technique in exploration in Junggar basin[J].Na-tural Gas Industry,2006,26(4):35-37
23刘雯林.油藏描述原理与方法技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1995.7-147Liu Wenlin.Theory and technology on reservoir characterization[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1995.7-147
24冉建斌,李建雄,刘亚村.基于三维地震资料的油藏描述技术和方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(1):102-112Ran Jianbin,Li Jianxiong,Liu Yacun.3-D seismic-data-basedreservoir description technology and methods[J].Oil GeophysicalProspecting,2004,39(1):102-112
25谢用量,唐建明,杨振武.地震地层反演在川西致密砂岩气藏描述中的应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,35(2):228-235Xie Yongliang,Tang Jianming,Yang Zhenwu.Application ofseismic strata inversion in tight sandstone reservoir characterizationin Western Sichuan depression[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2004,35(2):228-235
2冉隆辉,谢姚祥,王兰生.从四川盆地解读中国南方海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(3):289-294Ran Longhui,Xie Yaoxiang,Wang Lansheng.Understanding ex-ploration of marine carbonate reservoirs in South China through Si-chuan basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2006,27(3):289-294
3郭正吾.四川盆地西部致密碎屑岩含气领域勘探理论与实践[A].见:杨克明,徐进,编.天然气成藏理论与勘探开发方法技术[C].北京:地质出版社,2004.17-21Guo Zhengwu.Exploratory theory and practice of gas-bearing fieldtight clastic in West Sichuan basin[A].In:Yang Keming,XuJin,eds.Reservoir formation theory and exploration and produc-tion technology on natural gas[C].Beijing:Geology PublishingHouse,2004.17-21
4曹烈,安凤山,王信.川西坳陷须家河组气藏与古构造关系[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(2):224-229Cao Lie,An Fengshan,Wang Xin.Relationship between palaeo-structure and gas reservoirs in Xujiahe formation in Western Si-chuan depression[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(2):224-229
5李书兵.川西坳陷远源气藏成藏主控因素分析[A].见:杨克明徐进,编.天然气成藏理论与勘探开发方法技术[C].北京:地质出版社,2004.42-52Li Shubing.Analysis on the main factors controlling the far-sourcegas reservoir formation in West Sichuan depression[A].In:YangKeming,Xu Jin,eds.Reservoir formation theory and explorationand production technology on natural gas[C].Beijing:GeologyPublishing House,2004.42-52
6叶军.川西坳陷天然气富集规律[A].见:杨克明徐进,编.天然气成藏理论与勘探开发方法技术[C].北京:地质出版社,2004.85-90Ye Jun.Accumulation rule of natural gas in West Sichuan depres-sion[A].In:Yang Keming,Xu Jin,eds.Reservoir formationtheory and exploration and production technology on natural gas[C].Beijing:Geology Publishing House,2004.85-90
7朱彤,叶军.川西坳陷致密碎屑岩气藏类型划分及特征[J].石油实验地质,2004,26(6):537-541,546Zhu Tong,Ye Jun.Types and characteristics of tight clastic rockgas pools in the West Sichuan depression[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2004,26(6):537-541,546
8叶军,陈昭国.川西新场大型气田地质特征与预测关键技术[J].石油与天然气地质,2006,27(3):384-391Ye Jun,Chen Zhaoguo.Geological characteristics of large Xin-chang gas field in Western Sichuan depression and key predictiontechnologies[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2006,27(3):384-391
9李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993.12-30Li Qingzhong.The way to obtain a better resolution in seismicprospecting[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1993.12-30
10 Knapp R W.Vertical resolution of thick beds,thin beds,and bedcyclothems[J].Geophysics,1990,55(9):1 183-1 190
11 Kallweit R S,Wood L C.The limits of resolution of zero-phasewavelets[J].Geophysics,1982,47(7):1 035-1 046
12 Ricker N.Wavelet contraction,wavelet expression,and the con-trol of seismic resolution[J].Geophysics,1953,18(6):769-792
13 Widess M B.How thin is a thin bed[J].Geophysics,1973,38(6):1 176-1 180
14 Gochioco L M.Tuning effect and interference reflections from thinbeds and coal seams[J].Geophysics,1991,56(8):1 288-1 295
15 Sheriff R E.Limitations on resolution of seismic reflection andgeologic detail derivable from them[J].AAPG Memoir 26,1977:3-14
16 Guangming Z,Qingchun L.Using the wavelet transform to detectsingularities of the thin bed seismic signals[J].SEG ExpandedAbstracts,2000:50-54
17云美厚.地震分辨率[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(1):12-18Yun Meihou.On seismic resolution[J].Progress in ExplorationGeophysics,2005,28(1):12-18
18云美厚,丁伟,王新红.地震水平分辨力研究与应用[J].勘探地球物理进展,2005,28(2):102-107Yun Meihou,Ding Wei,Wang Xinhong.Study and application ofseismic horizontal resolution[J].Progress in Exploration Geo-physics,2005,28(2):102-107
19李显贵,绍吉华,张涛.波阻抗模型正演技术在砂岩储层预测中的应用[J].石油物探,2004,43(6):584-586Li Xiangui,Shao Jihua,Zhang Tao.Using forward impedance mo-deling to trace the sandstone reservoir[J].Geophysical Prospec-ting for Petroleum,2004,43(6):584-586
20 Greg P,James G,John L.Interpretational applications of spectraldecomposition in reservoir characterization[J].The LeadingEdge,1999,18(3):353-360
21 Lynn P,Rich B,Greg P.Interpretation of incised valleys usingnew3-D seismic techniques:a case history using spectral decom-position and coherency[J].The Leading Edge,1998,17(9):1294-1 298
22蔡刚,吕锡敏,苏明军,等.频谱分解技术在准噶尔盆地油气勘探中的作用[J].天然气工业,2006,26(4):35-37Cai Gang,Lv¨Ximing,Su Mingjun,et al.Application of spectrumdecomposition technique in exploration in Junggar basin[J].Na-tural Gas Industry,2006,26(4):35-37
23刘雯林.油藏描述原理与方法技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1995.7-147Liu Wenlin.Theory and technology on reservoir characterization[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1995.7-147
24冉建斌,李建雄,刘亚村.基于三维地震资料的油藏描述技术和方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(1):102-112Ran Jianbin,Li Jianxiong,Liu Yacun.3-D seismic-data-basedreservoir description technology and methods[J].Oil GeophysicalProspecting,2004,39(1):102-112
25谢用量,唐建明,杨振武.地震地层反演在川西致密砂岩气藏描述中的应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2004,35(2):228-235Xie Yongliang,Tang Jianming,Yang Zhenwu.Application ofseismic strata inversion in tight sandstone reservoir characterizationin Western Sichuan depression[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2004,35(2):228-235
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