关于地壳中存在大规模虚空区的问题
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摘要
地壳中存在大规模的虚空区。几乎所有破坏性的大地震都造成了大规模的地面下沉,正是因为虚空区的存在才使这种下沉成为可能;震碛岩的C单元则是这种地面沉陷现象的地质记录。虚空区的基本特点是其内部的实际垂向压力小于静压力。构造运动导致的这种垂向压力与周围压力之差,将使虚空区的岩石发生扩容。科拉半岛上超深钻探发现大量含自由水的裂隙带,证实了地壳中虚空区的存在。一般地说,可以通过探查地壳中的低速层来发现和研究虚空区。
There might exist large scale geo-vacuum zones in the earth's crust. Almost all destructive great earthquakes in China during history resulted in significantly extensive subsidence that could only reasonably be attributed to the existence of geo-vacuum zones in the crust. A geo-vacuum zone was basically characterized to be under a situation of lower vertical pressure than the theoretic hydrostatic pressure at the depth. Such vertical pressure decrease was induced by tectonic movements and might produce dilatancy of the rocks. Discoveries in the super-deep drilling well in the Kola Peninsula further confirmed the existence of such phenomena. Generally speaking, such geo-vacuum zones could be located and studied by investigating low velocity zones in the crust and synthesizing the data of geophysical survey. Geological evidence and implications, such as stratigraphic records of earthquake, lithological evidence and implication of fissure in oil-gas exploration, were discussed in the paper. In addition, the mechanism of geo-vacuum zone's formation was briefly discussed in the paper.
There might exist large scale geo-vacuum zones in the earth's crust. Almost all destructive great earthquakes in China during history resulted in significantly extensive subsidence that could only reasonably be attributed to the existence of geo-vacuum zones in the crust. A geo-vacuum zone was basically characterized to be under a situation of lower vertical pressure than the theoretic hydrostatic pressure at the depth. Such vertical pressure decrease was induced by tectonic movements and might produce dilatancy of the rocks. Discoveries in the super-deep drilling well in the Kola Peninsula further confirmed the existence of such phenomena. Generally speaking, such geo-vacuum zones could be located and studied by investigating low velocity zones in the crust and synthesizing the data of geophysical survey. Geological evidence and implications, such as stratigraphic records of earthquake, lithological evidence and implication of fissure in oil-gas exploration, were discussed in the paper. In addition, the mechanism of geo-vacuum zone's formation was briefly discussed in the paper.
引文
陈恩民,黄咏茵.1979.1605年海南岛琼州大地震及其发震构造的初步探讨.地震地质,1(4):37—44.Chen Enmin and Huang Yongyin.1979.Preliminary discussion on the1605Qiongzhou earthquake and its seismogenic struc-ture.Seismology and Geology,1(4):37—44.
陈绍绪.1986.前兆观测.见:河北省地震局编,一九六六年邢台地震.北京:地震出版社.158—167.Chen Shaoxu.1986.Precursory monitoring.in:Seismological Bureau of Hebei Province.ed.The1966Xingtai Earthquake.Beijing:Seismological Press.158—167.
陈世悦,袁文芳,鄢继华.2003.济阳坳陷早第三纪震积岩的发现及其意义.地质科学,38(3):377—384.Chen Shiyue,Yuan Wenfang and Yan Jihua.2003.Discovery and significance of earthquake event deposits of Early Tertiaryin the Jiyang Dapression.Chinese Jour.Geol.,38(3):377—384.
陈颙.1988.地壳岩石的力学性能.北京:地震出版社.121—123.Chen Yong.1988.Mechanical Properties of Rocks in the Earth s Crust.Beijing:Seismological Press.121—123.
郭增建,马宗晋(编).1988.中国特大地震研究(一).北京:地震出版社.6—248.Guo Zengjian and Ma Zongjin(eds.).1988.Studies on Great Earthquakes in China(1).Beijing:Seismological Press.6—248.
黄金莉,赵大鹏.2005.首都圈地区地壳三维P波速度细结构与强震孕育的深部构造环境.科学通报,50(4):348—355.Huang Jinli and Zhao Dapeng.2005.Fine three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the capital region and deep en-vironment for the nucleation of strong earthquakes.Chinese Sci.Bull.,50(6):544—552.
刘昌铨,嘉世旭.1992.华北地震区强震深部结构与发震机制.见:马宗晋主编,大陆多震层研究.北京:地震出版社.132—141.Liu Changquan and Jia Shixu.1992.Deep structural characteristics of the North China seismic region.in:Ma Zongjin.ed.Studies on Seismogenic Layers in the Continental Crust.Beijing:Seismological Press.132—141.
卢造勋.1992.辽南地区的深部构造异常与海城7.3级地震.见:马宗晋主编,大陆多震层研究.北京:地震出版社.110—120.Lu Zaoxun.1992.Deep geophysical anomalous and Haicheng earthquake of l975.in:Ma Zongjin.ed.Studies on Seismogen-ic Layers in the Ccontinental Crust.Beijing:Seismological Press.110—120.
吕古贤,刘瑞,王方正,郭涛,舒斌,夏林,刘杜鹃.2003.关于成岩成矿深度构造校正测算的理论基础、方法和实例.地质科学,38(4):546—563.LGuxian,Liu Ruixun,Wang Fangzheng,Guo Tao,Shu Bin,Xia Lin and Liu Dujuan.2003.Theoretical basis,methodand calculation on tectono-corrected depth of petrogenesis and metallogenesis.Chinese Jour.Geol.,38(4):546—563.
乔秀夫.2002.中朝板块元古宙板内地震带与盆地格局.地学前缘,9(3):141—149.Qiao Xiufu.2002.Intraplate seismic belt and basin framework of Sino-Korean plate in Proterozoic.Earth Science Frontiers,9(3):141—149.
邱隆伟,王兴谋.2006.济阳坳陷断裂活动和CO2气藏的关系研究.地质科学,41(3):430—440.Qiu Longwei and Wang Xingmou.2006.A study on relationship between fault activity and CO2pools in the Jiyang Depres-sion.Chinese Jour.Geol.,41(3):430—440.
邱泽华,张宝红.1994.构造塌陷地震.北京:地震出版社.1—190.Qiu Zehua and Zhang Baohong.1994.Tectonic Collapse Earthquake.Beijing:Seismological Press.1—190.
邱泽华,马瑾,刘国玺.2005.新发现的唐山地震大断层.地震地质,27(4):669—677.Qiu Zehua,Ma Jin and Liu Guoxi.2005.Discovery of the great fault of the Tangshan earthquake.Seismologyand Geology,27(4):669—677.
田洪水,张增奇.2006.山东安丘地区郯庐断裂带古近纪冲积物震积岩序列.地质科学,41(2):208—216.Tian Hongshui and Zhang Zengqi.2006.Seismite succession of the Paleogene alluvium along the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zonein Anqiu area,Shandong.Chinese Jour.Geol.,41(2):208—216.
吴宗絮,Wyllie P J.1992.中国冀东壳内低速层的重力不稳定性与地震.见:马宗晋主编,大陆多震层研究.北京:地震出版社.173—182.Wu Zongxu and Wyllie P J.1992.Gravitational instability of crustal low-velocity layer and earthquakes in east Hebei,China.in:Ma Zongjin.ed.Studies on Seismogenic Layers in the Continental Crust.Beijing:Seismological Press.173—182.
叶舟,梁兴,马力,张廷山,徐克定.2006.下扬子独立地块海相残留盆地油气勘探方向探讨.地质科学,41(3):523—548.Ye Zhou,Liang Xing,Ma Li,Zhang Tingshan and Xu Keding.2006.An approach to exploration direction of oil-gas in themarine residual basins of independent Lower Yangtze Block.Chinese Jour.Geol.,41(3):523—548.
张宪依,王炳山,李元仲,杨蕊英.2006.鲁西枣庄—临沂地区新元古界震碛岩的主要特征.地质科学,41(3):489—499.Zhang Xianyi,Wang Bingshan,Li Yuanzhong and Yang Ruiying.2006.Main characters of the Neoproterozoic seismites inZaozhuang-Linyi area,western Shandong.Chinese Jour.Geol.,41(3):489—499.
曾融生,陆涵行,丁志峰.1988.从地震折射和反射剖面结果讨论唐山地震成因.地球物理学报,31(4):383—397.Zeng Rongsheng,Lu Hanxing and Ding Zhifeng.1988.Seismic refraction and reflection profilings across Tangshan epicentralregion and their implication to seismogenic processes.Acta Geophysica Sinica,31(4):383—397.
张祖胜.1982.地形变背景与异常分析.见:国家地震局编辑组编,一九七六年唐山地震.北京:地震出版社.131—170.Zhang Zusheng.1982.Deformation background and anomaly analysis.in:State Seismological Bureau.ed.The1976Tang-shan Earthquake.Beijing:Seismological Press.131—170.
朱凤鸣,吴戈,等(编).1982.一九七五年海城地震.北京:地震出版社.23—33.Zhu Fengming,Wu Ge,et al(eds.).1982.The1975Haicheng Earthquake.Beijing:Seismological Press.23—33.
Brace W F.1968.Current laboratory studies pertaining to earthquake prediction.Tectonophysics,6(1):75—87.
Brace W F,Pauding B W and Scholz C.1966.Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks.Jour.Geophys.Res.,71:3939—3953.
GutenbergB.1959.Physics of the Earth s Interior(中译本由王子昌译.1965.地球内部物理学.北京:科学出版社.38—42).
Kozlovsky Y A(ed.).1987.The Super Well of the Kola Peninsula(中译本由张秋生和毛成云译.1989.科拉超深钻井(下).北京:地质出版社.70—80).
Landisman M,Mueller S and Mitchell B J.1971.Reviewof evidence for velocity inversions in the continental crust.in:HeacokJ G.ed.The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth s Crust.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union.101—120.
Mishra O P and Zhao D.2003.Crack density,saturation rate and porosity at the2001Bhuj,India,earthquake hypocenter:Afluid-driven earthquake?Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,212:393—405.
Mueller S and Landisman M.1966.Seismic studies of the earth s crust in continents:Evidence for a low-velocity zone in theupper part of the lithosphere.Geophys.Jour.Int.,10(5):525—538.
Nur Aand Simmons G.1969.The effect of saturation on velocity in lowporosity rocks.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,7:183—197.
Qiu Zehua,Ma Jin and Liu Guoxi.2005.The newly discovered major fault of the1976Tangshan earthquake.Episodes,28(3):201—204.
Sibson R H.1983.Continental fault structure and the shallow earthquake source.Jour.Geol.Soc.London,140:741—767.
Zhao D and Negishi H.1998.The1995Kobe earthquake:Seismic image of the source zone and its implications for the rupturenucleation.Jour.Geophys.Res.,103(B5):9967—9986.
Zhao D,Kanamori H,Negishi Hand Wiens D.1996.Tomography of the source area of the1995Kobe earthquake:Evidence forfluids at the hypocenter?Science,274:1891—1894.
Zhao D,Mishra O P and Sanda R.2002.Influence of fluids and magma on earthquakes:seismological evidence.Physics oftheEarth and Planetary Interiors,132:249—267.
ЩукинЮКиСемовВН.1987.ГлубинноеСтроениеСлабосейсмичныхРегионовСССР(中译本由林中洋和张魁林译,高文学校.1990.苏联弱震区深部结构.北京:地震出版社.5—7,24—35,43—46).
陈绍绪.1986.前兆观测.见:河北省地震局编,一九六六年邢台地震.北京:地震出版社.158—167.Chen Shaoxu.1986.Precursory monitoring.in:Seismological Bureau of Hebei Province.ed.The1966Xingtai Earthquake.Beijing:Seismological Press.158—167.
陈世悦,袁文芳,鄢继华.2003.济阳坳陷早第三纪震积岩的发现及其意义.地质科学,38(3):377—384.Chen Shiyue,Yuan Wenfang and Yan Jihua.2003.Discovery and significance of earthquake event deposits of Early Tertiaryin the Jiyang Dapression.Chinese Jour.Geol.,38(3):377—384.
陈颙.1988.地壳岩石的力学性能.北京:地震出版社.121—123.Chen Yong.1988.Mechanical Properties of Rocks in the Earth s Crust.Beijing:Seismological Press.121—123.
郭增建,马宗晋(编).1988.中国特大地震研究(一).北京:地震出版社.6—248.Guo Zengjian and Ma Zongjin(eds.).1988.Studies on Great Earthquakes in China(1).Beijing:Seismological Press.6—248.
黄金莉,赵大鹏.2005.首都圈地区地壳三维P波速度细结构与强震孕育的深部构造环境.科学通报,50(4):348—355.Huang Jinli and Zhao Dapeng.2005.Fine three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the capital region and deep en-vironment for the nucleation of strong earthquakes.Chinese Sci.Bull.,50(6):544—552.
刘昌铨,嘉世旭.1992.华北地震区强震深部结构与发震机制.见:马宗晋主编,大陆多震层研究.北京:地震出版社.132—141.Liu Changquan and Jia Shixu.1992.Deep structural characteristics of the North China seismic region.in:Ma Zongjin.ed.Studies on Seismogenic Layers in the Continental Crust.Beijing:Seismological Press.132—141.
卢造勋.1992.辽南地区的深部构造异常与海城7.3级地震.见:马宗晋主编,大陆多震层研究.北京:地震出版社.110—120.Lu Zaoxun.1992.Deep geophysical anomalous and Haicheng earthquake of l975.in:Ma Zongjin.ed.Studies on Seismogen-ic Layers in the Ccontinental Crust.Beijing:Seismological Press.110—120.
吕古贤,刘瑞,王方正,郭涛,舒斌,夏林,刘杜鹃.2003.关于成岩成矿深度构造校正测算的理论基础、方法和实例.地质科学,38(4):546—563.LGuxian,Liu Ruixun,Wang Fangzheng,Guo Tao,Shu Bin,Xia Lin and Liu Dujuan.2003.Theoretical basis,methodand calculation on tectono-corrected depth of petrogenesis and metallogenesis.Chinese Jour.Geol.,38(4):546—563.
乔秀夫.2002.中朝板块元古宙板内地震带与盆地格局.地学前缘,9(3):141—149.Qiao Xiufu.2002.Intraplate seismic belt and basin framework of Sino-Korean plate in Proterozoic.Earth Science Frontiers,9(3):141—149.
邱隆伟,王兴谋.2006.济阳坳陷断裂活动和CO2气藏的关系研究.地质科学,41(3):430—440.Qiu Longwei and Wang Xingmou.2006.A study on relationship between fault activity and CO2pools in the Jiyang Depres-sion.Chinese Jour.Geol.,41(3):430—440.
邱泽华,张宝红.1994.构造塌陷地震.北京:地震出版社.1—190.Qiu Zehua and Zhang Baohong.1994.Tectonic Collapse Earthquake.Beijing:Seismological Press.1—190.
邱泽华,马瑾,刘国玺.2005.新发现的唐山地震大断层.地震地质,27(4):669—677.Qiu Zehua,Ma Jin and Liu Guoxi.2005.Discovery of the great fault of the Tangshan earthquake.Seismologyand Geology,27(4):669—677.
田洪水,张增奇.2006.山东安丘地区郯庐断裂带古近纪冲积物震积岩序列.地质科学,41(2):208—216.Tian Hongshui and Zhang Zengqi.2006.Seismite succession of the Paleogene alluvium along the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zonein Anqiu area,Shandong.Chinese Jour.Geol.,41(2):208—216.
吴宗絮,Wyllie P J.1992.中国冀东壳内低速层的重力不稳定性与地震.见:马宗晋主编,大陆多震层研究.北京:地震出版社.173—182.Wu Zongxu and Wyllie P J.1992.Gravitational instability of crustal low-velocity layer and earthquakes in east Hebei,China.in:Ma Zongjin.ed.Studies on Seismogenic Layers in the Continental Crust.Beijing:Seismological Press.173—182.
叶舟,梁兴,马力,张廷山,徐克定.2006.下扬子独立地块海相残留盆地油气勘探方向探讨.地质科学,41(3):523—548.Ye Zhou,Liang Xing,Ma Li,Zhang Tingshan and Xu Keding.2006.An approach to exploration direction of oil-gas in themarine residual basins of independent Lower Yangtze Block.Chinese Jour.Geol.,41(3):523—548.
张宪依,王炳山,李元仲,杨蕊英.2006.鲁西枣庄—临沂地区新元古界震碛岩的主要特征.地质科学,41(3):489—499.Zhang Xianyi,Wang Bingshan,Li Yuanzhong and Yang Ruiying.2006.Main characters of the Neoproterozoic seismites inZaozhuang-Linyi area,western Shandong.Chinese Jour.Geol.,41(3):489—499.
曾融生,陆涵行,丁志峰.1988.从地震折射和反射剖面结果讨论唐山地震成因.地球物理学报,31(4):383—397.Zeng Rongsheng,Lu Hanxing and Ding Zhifeng.1988.Seismic refraction and reflection profilings across Tangshan epicentralregion and their implication to seismogenic processes.Acta Geophysica Sinica,31(4):383—397.
张祖胜.1982.地形变背景与异常分析.见:国家地震局编辑组编,一九七六年唐山地震.北京:地震出版社.131—170.Zhang Zusheng.1982.Deformation background and anomaly analysis.in:State Seismological Bureau.ed.The1976Tang-shan Earthquake.Beijing:Seismological Press.131—170.
朱凤鸣,吴戈,等(编).1982.一九七五年海城地震.北京:地震出版社.23—33.Zhu Fengming,Wu Ge,et al(eds.).1982.The1975Haicheng Earthquake.Beijing:Seismological Press.23—33.
Brace W F.1968.Current laboratory studies pertaining to earthquake prediction.Tectonophysics,6(1):75—87.
Brace W F,Pauding B W and Scholz C.1966.Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks.Jour.Geophys.Res.,71:3939—3953.
GutenbergB.1959.Physics of the Earth s Interior(中译本由王子昌译.1965.地球内部物理学.北京:科学出版社.38—42).
Kozlovsky Y A(ed.).1987.The Super Well of the Kola Peninsula(中译本由张秋生和毛成云译.1989.科拉超深钻井(下).北京:地质出版社.70—80).
Landisman M,Mueller S and Mitchell B J.1971.Reviewof evidence for velocity inversions in the continental crust.in:HeacokJ G.ed.The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth s Crust.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union.101—120.
Mishra O P and Zhao D.2003.Crack density,saturation rate and porosity at the2001Bhuj,India,earthquake hypocenter:Afluid-driven earthquake?Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,212:393—405.
Mueller S and Landisman M.1966.Seismic studies of the earth s crust in continents:Evidence for a low-velocity zone in theupper part of the lithosphere.Geophys.Jour.Int.,10(5):525—538.
Nur Aand Simmons G.1969.The effect of saturation on velocity in lowporosity rocks.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,7:183—197.
Qiu Zehua,Ma Jin and Liu Guoxi.2005.The newly discovered major fault of the1976Tangshan earthquake.Episodes,28(3):201—204.
Sibson R H.1983.Continental fault structure and the shallow earthquake source.Jour.Geol.Soc.London,140:741—767.
Zhao D and Negishi H.1998.The1995Kobe earthquake:Seismic image of the source zone and its implications for the rupturenucleation.Jour.Geophys.Res.,103(B5):9967—9986.
Zhao D,Kanamori H,Negishi Hand Wiens D.1996.Tomography of the source area of the1995Kobe earthquake:Evidence forfluids at the hypocenter?Science,274:1891—1894.
Zhao D,Mishra O P and Sanda R.2002.Influence of fluids and magma on earthquakes:seismological evidence.Physics oftheEarth and Planetary Interiors,132:249—267.
ЩукинЮКиСемовВН.1987.ГлубинноеСтроениеСлабосейсмичныхРегионовСССР(中译本由林中洋和张魁林译,高文学校.1990.苏联弱震区深部结构.北京:地震出版社.5—7,24—35,43—46).
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