裂隙等效TTI介质qP波反射特征研究
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摘要
研究倾斜裂隙介质的qP波反射特征对于裂隙储层预测具有指导意义.本文基于Hudson等效理论,推导了倾斜裂隙等效TTI介质PP波反射系数公式,该公式直观地建立了反射系数与裂隙参数之间的关系,反应了裂隙密度、裂隙充填物以及裂隙倾角对反射系数的影响.基于该公式研究了裂隙等效TTI介质PP波反射系数对裂隙充填物和裂隙密度的敏感性,并对其随裂隙倾角的变化情况进行了研究和总结.结果表明,裂隙充填物的性质对于PP波反射系数具有很大的影响,含饱和气的裂隙介质的PP波反射系数曲线较无裂隙介质的反射系数曲线变化较大,无论是反射系数的梯度还是截距均发生了大的改变,而且随裂隙倾角成反比变化,而当裂隙介质含饱和水时,其反射系数曲线相对于无裂隙介质的反射系数曲线变化很小;裂隙密度同样受到裂隙倾角的影响,当裂隙介质的裂隙密度越大时,其PP波反射系数随裂隙倾角变化也越大.
The study of qP-wave reflectivity for titled fracture media has directive significance to predict the fractural reservoir.This paper derives PP-wave reflection coefficient in fracture equivalent TTI media referring to Hudson's theory.This formula intuitively built the relationship between reflection coefficient and fracture parameters including fracture density,filling and dip.On the basis of this formula,this paper analyzes PP-wave reflection coefficient sensitivities with filling and fracture density and summarizes the change of PP-wave reflection coefficient with fracture dip.Results show that the difference between PP-wave reflection coefficient of dry fracture and that of unfractured reservoir is strong including gradient and intercept of reflection coefficient,and it is inversely proportional to the fracture dip.However,there is little change in reflection coefficient of water-filled fracture.Meanwhile fracture density is also affected by fracture dip.The bigger the fracture density,the more PP-wave reflection coefficient of fracture media versus with the fracture dip will alter.
The study of qP-wave reflectivity for titled fracture media has directive significance to predict the fractural reservoir.This paper derives PP-wave reflection coefficient in fracture equivalent TTI media referring to Hudson's theory.This formula intuitively built the relationship between reflection coefficient and fracture parameters including fracture density,filling and dip.On the basis of this formula,this paper analyzes PP-wave reflection coefficient sensitivities with filling and fracture density and summarizes the change of PP-wave reflection coefficient with fracture dip.Results show that the difference between PP-wave reflection coefficient of dry fracture and that of unfractured reservoir is strong including gradient and intercept of reflection coefficient,and it is inversely proportional to the fracture dip.However,there is little change in reflection coefficient of water-filled fracture.Meanwhile fracture density is also affected by fracture dip.The bigger the fracture density,the more PP-wave reflection coefficient of fracture media versus with the fracture dip will alter.
引文
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[5]梁锴,印兴耀,吴国忱.TTI介质qP波入射精确和近似反射透射系数[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(1):208-217.Liang K,Yin X Y,Wu G C.Exact and approximate reflectionand transmission coefficient for incident qP wave in TTI media[J].Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),2011,54(1):208-217.
[6]Dewangan P,TsvankinⅠ.Modeling and inversion of PS-wavemove out asymmetry for tilted TI media:PartⅠ-HorizontalTTI layer[J].Geophysics,2006,71(4):D107-D122.
[7]Chu C L,Macy B K,Anno P D.Approximation of pure acousticseismic wave propagation in TTI media[J].Geophysics,2011,76(5):WB97-WB107.
[8]Tsvankin I.Moveout analysis for transversely isotropic mediawith a tilted symmetry axis[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1997,45(3):479-512.
[9]Jenner E.Combining VTI and HTI anisotropy in prestack timemigration:Work flow and data examples[J].The leadingedge,2011,30:732-739.
[10]Wang X X,Tsvankin I.Moveout inversion of wide-azimuth P-wave data for tilted TI media[J].Geophysics,2011,76(3),WA23-WA29.
[11]Qin Y L,Zhang Z J,Li S L.CDP mapping in tilted transverselyisotropic(TTI)media.PartⅠ:Method and effectiveness[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2003,51(4):315-324.
[12]郝重涛,姚陈.任意空间取向TI介质中体波速度特征[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(2):546-555.Hao C T,Yao C.Analysis of body-wave velocity characteristicfor TI medium with arbitrary spatial orientation[J].ChineseJ.Geophys(in Chinese),2007,50(2):546-555.
[13]Hudson J.A.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves inmaterial containing cracks[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,1981,64(1):133-150.
[14]Hudson J.A.A higher order approximation to the wavepropagation constants for a cracked solid[J].GeophysicalJournal International,1986,87(1):265-274.
[15]Hudson J.A.Overall elastic properties of isotropic materialwith arbitrary[J].Geophysical Journal International,1990,102(2):465-469.
[16]Hudson J.A,Liu E.Effective elastic properties of heavilyfaulted structures[J].Geophysics,1999,64(2),479-485.
[17]Schoenberg M.Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1980,68(5):1516-1521.
[18]Schoenberg M,Sayers C M.Seismic anisotropy of fracturedrocks[J].Geophysics,1995,60(1):204-211.
[19]Thomsen L.Weak elastic anisotropy[J].Geophysics,1986,51(10):1954-1966.
[20]Thomsen L.Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks in porousrock[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1995,43(6):805-829.
[21]王连山,王彦春,钟德盈,等.裂缝预测技术在砾岩体气藏评价中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(4):1343-1349.Wang L S,Wang Y C,Zhong D Y,et al.Application offractures forecast technique in conglomerate gas reservoirevaluation[J].Progress in Geophysics.(in Chinese),2011,26(4):1343-1349.
[22]丁亮,刘洋.逆时偏移成像技术研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(3):1085-1100.Ding L,Liu Y.Progress in reverse time migration imaging[J].Progress in Geophysics.(in Chinese),2011,26(3):1085-1100.
[23]苑闻京,徐萍.三维各向异性介质弹性波模拟的透射边界条件[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(3):1010-1014.Yuan W J,Xu P.Transparent boundary for modeling ofelastic waves in three-dimensional anisotropic media[J].Progress in Geophysics.(in Chinese),2011,26(3):1010-1014.
[24]杨文军,孙福利.旋转轴对称介质中的qP波射线追踪[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(1):246-256.Yang W J,Sun F L.Ray-tracing for qP waves in media withrotated axis of symmetry[J].Progress in Geophysics.(inChinese),2011,26(1):246-256.
[25]Crampin S.Evidence for aligned cracks in the earth’s crust[J].First Break,1985,3(3):12-15.
[26]刘恩儒,曾新吾.裂缝介质的有效弹性常数[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(1):37-44.Liu E R,Zeng X W.Effective elastic constant of fracturedmedium[J].OGP(in Chinese),2001,36(1):37-44.
[27]Andrey B,Vladimir G,IIya T.Estimation of fracture parametersfrom reflection seismic data-part1:HTI model due to a singlefracture set[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1788-1802.
[28]Andrey B,Vladimir G,IIya T.Estimation of fracture parametersfrom reflection seismic data-part2:Fractured models withorthorhombic symmetry[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1802-1817.
[29]Andrey B,Vladimir G,IIya T.Estimation of fracture parametersfrom reflection seismic data-part3:Fractured models withmonoclinic symmetry[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1818-1830.
[30]V.Grechka.Penny-shaped fractures revisited[J].Studia Geophysical et Geodaetica,2005,49(3):365-381.
[31]桂志先,贺振华,张小庆.基于Hudson理论的裂隙参数对纵波的影响[J].江汉石油学院学报,2004,26(1):45-47.Gui Z X,He Z H,Zhang X Q.Effect of fracture parameteron compressional wave based on Hudson theory[J].Journalof Jianghan Petroleum Institute(in Chinese),2004,26(1):45-47.
[32]韩开锋,曾新吾.Hudson理论中裂隙参数的适用性研究[J].石油物探,2006,45(5):435-440.Han K F,Zeng X W.Study of the boundary element methodon applicability of fracture parameters in Hudson theory[J].GPP(in Chinese),2006,45(5):435-440.
[33]Henneke E G.Reflection refraction of a stress wave at a planeboundary between anisotropic media[J].Journal of theAcoustical Society of America,1972,51(1B):210-217.
[34]Keith C M,Crampin S.Seismic body waves in anisotropicmedia:Reflection and refraction at a plane interface[J].Geophys.J.Roy.Astr.Soc.,1977,49(1):181-208.
[35]Daley P F,Hron F.Reflection and transmission coefficientsof transversely isotropic media[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1977,67(3):661-675.
[36]Ruger A.Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset andazimuth in anisotropic media[J].Geophysics,1998,63(3):935-947.
[37]Aki K,Richards P.G.Quantitative seismology:Theoryand methods,1:W.H.Treeman&Co.1980.
[2]王赟,石瑛,杨德义.弱度比在裂隙含流体检测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1152-1115.Wang Y,Shi Y,Yang D Y.Application of the weakness ratioin fracture medium fluid detection[J].Chinese J.Geophys(inChinese),2008,51(4):1152-1155.
[3]李佩,朱生旺,曲寿利,等.垂直裂隙P波响应特征分析[J].石油物探,2010,49(2):125-132.Li P,Zhu S W,Qu S L,et al.The P-wave response forvertical fracture medium[J].GPP(in Chinese),2010,49(2):125-132.
[4]肖鹏飞,王世星,曲寿利,等.倾角对裂缝密度反演的影响分析[J].石油物探,2009,48(6):544-551.Xiao P F,Wang S X,Qu S L,et al.Analysis on the impact ofdip on fracture density inversion[J].GPP(in Chinese),2009,48(6):544-551.
[5]梁锴,印兴耀,吴国忱.TTI介质qP波入射精确和近似反射透射系数[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(1):208-217.Liang K,Yin X Y,Wu G C.Exact and approximate reflectionand transmission coefficient for incident qP wave in TTI media[J].Chinese J.Geophys(in Chinese),2011,54(1):208-217.
[6]Dewangan P,TsvankinⅠ.Modeling and inversion of PS-wavemove out asymmetry for tilted TI media:PartⅠ-HorizontalTTI layer[J].Geophysics,2006,71(4):D107-D122.
[7]Chu C L,Macy B K,Anno P D.Approximation of pure acousticseismic wave propagation in TTI media[J].Geophysics,2011,76(5):WB97-WB107.
[8]Tsvankin I.Moveout analysis for transversely isotropic mediawith a tilted symmetry axis[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1997,45(3):479-512.
[9]Jenner E.Combining VTI and HTI anisotropy in prestack timemigration:Work flow and data examples[J].The leadingedge,2011,30:732-739.
[10]Wang X X,Tsvankin I.Moveout inversion of wide-azimuth P-wave data for tilted TI media[J].Geophysics,2011,76(3),WA23-WA29.
[11]Qin Y L,Zhang Z J,Li S L.CDP mapping in tilted transverselyisotropic(TTI)media.PartⅠ:Method and effectiveness[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2003,51(4):315-324.
[12]郝重涛,姚陈.任意空间取向TI介质中体波速度特征[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(2):546-555.Hao C T,Yao C.Analysis of body-wave velocity characteristicfor TI medium with arbitrary spatial orientation[J].ChineseJ.Geophys(in Chinese),2007,50(2):546-555.
[13]Hudson J.A.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves inmaterial containing cracks[J].Geophysical JournalInternational,1981,64(1):133-150.
[14]Hudson J.A.A higher order approximation to the wavepropagation constants for a cracked solid[J].GeophysicalJournal International,1986,87(1):265-274.
[15]Hudson J.A.Overall elastic properties of isotropic materialwith arbitrary[J].Geophysical Journal International,1990,102(2):465-469.
[16]Hudson J.A,Liu E.Effective elastic properties of heavilyfaulted structures[J].Geophysics,1999,64(2),479-485.
[17]Schoenberg M.Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1980,68(5):1516-1521.
[18]Schoenberg M,Sayers C M.Seismic anisotropy of fracturedrocks[J].Geophysics,1995,60(1):204-211.
[19]Thomsen L.Weak elastic anisotropy[J].Geophysics,1986,51(10):1954-1966.
[20]Thomsen L.Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks in porousrock[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1995,43(6):805-829.
[21]王连山,王彦春,钟德盈,等.裂缝预测技术在砾岩体气藏评价中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(4):1343-1349.Wang L S,Wang Y C,Zhong D Y,et al.Application offractures forecast technique in conglomerate gas reservoirevaluation[J].Progress in Geophysics.(in Chinese),2011,26(4):1343-1349.
[22]丁亮,刘洋.逆时偏移成像技术研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(3):1085-1100.Ding L,Liu Y.Progress in reverse time migration imaging[J].Progress in Geophysics.(in Chinese),2011,26(3):1085-1100.
[23]苑闻京,徐萍.三维各向异性介质弹性波模拟的透射边界条件[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(3):1010-1014.Yuan W J,Xu P.Transparent boundary for modeling ofelastic waves in three-dimensional anisotropic media[J].Progress in Geophysics.(in Chinese),2011,26(3):1010-1014.
[24]杨文军,孙福利.旋转轴对称介质中的qP波射线追踪[J].地球物理学进展,2011,26(1):246-256.Yang W J,Sun F L.Ray-tracing for qP waves in media withrotated axis of symmetry[J].Progress in Geophysics.(inChinese),2011,26(1):246-256.
[25]Crampin S.Evidence for aligned cracks in the earth’s crust[J].First Break,1985,3(3):12-15.
[26]刘恩儒,曾新吾.裂缝介质的有效弹性常数[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(1):37-44.Liu E R,Zeng X W.Effective elastic constant of fracturedmedium[J].OGP(in Chinese),2001,36(1):37-44.
[27]Andrey B,Vladimir G,IIya T.Estimation of fracture parametersfrom reflection seismic data-part1:HTI model due to a singlefracture set[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1788-1802.
[28]Andrey B,Vladimir G,IIya T.Estimation of fracture parametersfrom reflection seismic data-part2:Fractured models withorthorhombic symmetry[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1802-1817.
[29]Andrey B,Vladimir G,IIya T.Estimation of fracture parametersfrom reflection seismic data-part3:Fractured models withmonoclinic symmetry[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1818-1830.
[30]V.Grechka.Penny-shaped fractures revisited[J].Studia Geophysical et Geodaetica,2005,49(3):365-381.
[31]桂志先,贺振华,张小庆.基于Hudson理论的裂隙参数对纵波的影响[J].江汉石油学院学报,2004,26(1):45-47.Gui Z X,He Z H,Zhang X Q.Effect of fracture parameteron compressional wave based on Hudson theory[J].Journalof Jianghan Petroleum Institute(in Chinese),2004,26(1):45-47.
[32]韩开锋,曾新吾.Hudson理论中裂隙参数的适用性研究[J].石油物探,2006,45(5):435-440.Han K F,Zeng X W.Study of the boundary element methodon applicability of fracture parameters in Hudson theory[J].GPP(in Chinese),2006,45(5):435-440.
[33]Henneke E G.Reflection refraction of a stress wave at a planeboundary between anisotropic media[J].Journal of theAcoustical Society of America,1972,51(1B):210-217.
[34]Keith C M,Crampin S.Seismic body waves in anisotropicmedia:Reflection and refraction at a plane interface[J].Geophys.J.Roy.Astr.Soc.,1977,49(1):181-208.
[35]Daley P F,Hron F.Reflection and transmission coefficientsof transversely isotropic media[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,1977,67(3):661-675.
[36]Ruger A.Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset andazimuth in anisotropic media[J].Geophysics,1998,63(3):935-947.
[37]Aki K,Richards P.G.Quantitative seismology:Theoryand methods,1:W.H.Treeman&Co.1980.
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