中国西北及周边地区上地幔密度异常驱动小尺度对流
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摘要
假设地震层析成像提供的地震波速异常对应于上地幔物质的密度异常分布,而该密度异常直接源于上地幔热对流相应的温度扰动.在给定边界条件下,利用三维傅里叶变换,在波数域内求解控制流体行为的运动方程和连续性方程,得到上地幔小尺度对流流场.利用密度异常驱动上地幔小尺度对流的数学-物理模型,采用胥颐、刘福田等提供的地震层析成像数据计算得到了我国西北及周边地区上地幔对流模式.结果表明,对流流场的顶部在岩石圈较薄的盆地区域呈现上升发散流动特征,如塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、哈萨克斯坦块体及准噶尔盆地;岩石圈较厚的山脉则对应了会聚下降的流动特征,如天山山脉、昆仑山山脉和祁连山山脉.同时,塔里木盆地处于拉张状态,驱动其上地幔物质南下向青藏高原北部西昆仑运动,以及北上向天山下部流动,这可能是天山隆升的原因之一.
[HJ30x]We assume that the density anomalies, which are transformed from seismic tomography data, are corresponding to temperature distribution in a convective mantle. We take density anomalies as the driving force for mantle convection and solve the basic equation with appointed boundary condition in a wave-number domain by using the FFT arithmetic. Using the physical model of upper mantle convection and the seismic tomography data supplied by Xu et al, we calculated upper mantle convection beneath northwest China and adjacent region. The flow patterns in the upper mantle show that there are upward and divergent flows in the basin regions, such as Tarim, Qaidam, Junggur and Kazakstan, where the lithosphere is thin. There are downward and convergent flows in the mountain regions, such as Tianshan, Kunlun and Qilian, where the lithosphere is thick. In addition, because of the divergent flow under the Tarim Basin the upper mantle material in this region is driven southward to the north part of Tibetan Plateau and northward to Tianshan Mountain. Maybe, it is one of the reasons for the recent uplift of the Tianshan Mountain.
[HJ30x]We assume that the density anomalies, which are transformed from seismic tomography data, are corresponding to temperature distribution in a convective mantle. We take density anomalies as the driving force for mantle convection and solve the basic equation with appointed boundary condition in a wave-number domain by using the FFT arithmetic. Using the physical model of upper mantle convection and the seismic tomography data supplied by Xu et al, we calculated upper mantle convection beneath northwest China and adjacent region. The flow patterns in the upper mantle show that there are upward and divergent flows in the basin regions, such as Tarim, Qaidam, Junggur and Kazakstan, where the lithosphere is thin. There are downward and convergent flows in the mountain regions, such as Tianshan, Kunlun and Qilian, where the lithosphere is thick. In addition, because of the divergent flow under the Tarim Basin the upper mantle material in this region is driven southward to the north part of Tibetan Plateau and northward to Tianshan Mountain. Maybe, it is one of the reasons for the recent uplift of the Tianshan Mountain.
引文
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傅容珊,黄建华,徐耀民,等.1998.青藏高原—天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制[J].地球物理学报,41(5):658~668
傅容珊,王景赟,常筱华,等.2005.上地幔密度异常驱动小尺度地幔对流及实验模型[J].地震学报,27(1):25~32
黄培华,傅容珊.1983.中国岩石层底面地幔对流状态的探讨[J].地球物理学报,26(1):39~47
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汤良杰.1994.塔里木盆地构造演化与构造样式[J].地球科学中国地质大学学报,19(6):742~754
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赵俊猛,刘国栋,卢造勋,等.2001.天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳幔过渡带及其动力学含义[J].中国科学(D辑),31(4):272~282
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Hayes D E,Kane K A.1994.Long-lived mid-ocean ridge segmentation of the Pacific-Antarctic ridge and the southeastIndian ridge[J].J Geophys Res,99:19679~19692
Hoernle K,Schmincke H U.1993.The role of partial melting in the15-Ma geochemical evolution of Gran-Canaria-Ablob model for the Canary Hotspot[J].J Petrol,34:599~626
Honda S,Balachandar S,Yuen D A,et al.1993.Three-di mensional mantle dynamics with an endothermic phase transi-tion[J].Geophys Res Lett,20:221~224
Ito G,McNutt M,Gibson R L.1995.Crustal structure of the Tuamotu Plateau,15°S,andi mplications forits origin[J].J Geophys Res,100:8097~8114
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Koch M,Yuen D A.1985.Surface deformation and geoid anomalies over single and double layered convective systems[J].Geophy Res Lett,12:701~704
Lambeck K,Johnson P,Nakada M.1990.Hiolocene glacier rebound and sea-level change in NWEurope[J].Geophy JInt,103:451~468
Macdonald K CJr,Fox PJ,PerramLJ,et al.1988.Anewviewof the mid-ocean ridge fromthe behaviour of ridge-axisdiscontinuities[J].Nature,335:217~225
Machetel P,Weber P.1991.Intermittent layered convection on a normal mantle with an endothermic phase change at670km[J].Nature,350:55~57
Maquart G,Schemling H.1989.Topography and geoid undulations caused by small-scale convection beneath continetallithosphere of various elastic thickness[J].Geophys J Inter,97:511~527
Masters G,Jordan T H,Silver P G,et al.1982.Aspherical earth structure fromfundamental spherical-mode data[J].Nature,298:609~613
McKenzie D P,Bowin C.1976.The relationship between bathymetry and gravity in the Atlantic Ocean[J].J GeophysRes,81:1903~1915
Muller R T,Royer J,Lawver AL.1991.Evidence for hotspot group motioninthe Late Cretaceous,Early Tertiary[A].Abstracts with Programs[C].Geol Soc Amer,A318
Parsons B,Daly S.1983.The Relationship between surface topography,gravity anomalies,and the temperature struc-ture of convection[J].J Geophys Res,88:1129~1144
Petronotis K E,Jurdy D M.1990.Pacific plate reconstructions and uncertainties[J].Tectonophysics,182:383~391
Pringle MS.1993.Age progressive volcanismin the Musicians Seamounts:Atest of the hotspot hypothesis for the LateCretaceous Pacific[A].In:Pringle M,Sager W,Sliter Wet aleds.The Mesozoic Pacific:Geology Tectonics andVolcanism.American Geophysics Union Geophys Monograph77[C].Washington D C:AGU,187~215
Pringle MS,Dalrymple G B,Hess Rise.1993.Wentworth seamount chain[A].In:The Mesozoic Pacific:Geology,Tectonics and Volcanism.American Geophysical Union Geophys Monograph77[C].Washington D C:AGU,263
Runcorn S K.1964.Satellite gravity measurements and alaminar viscous flow model of the earth′s mantle[J].J GeophysRes,69(20):4389~4394
Sager R A,Duncan R A,Handschumacher D.1993.Japanese and Marcus-Wake seamounts,west Pacific Ocean[A].In:The Mesozoic Pacific:Geology,Tectonics and Volcanism.American Geophysical Union Geophys Monograph77[C].Washington D C:AGU,401
Schilling J G.1991.Fluxes and excess temperatures of mantle plumesinferredfromtheirinteraction with migrating mido-cean ridges[J].Nature,352:397
Smith S W,Knapp J S,McPhersom R C.1993.Seismicity of the Gorda Plate,structure of the continental margin,andan eastward jump of the Mendocino Triple Junction[J].J Geophys Res,98:8153~8171
Smith R B,Braile L W.1994.The Yellowstone hotspot[J].J Volcanol Geotherm Res,61:121~187
Tackley P J,Stevenson DJ,Glatzmaier G A,et al.1994.Effects of multiple phase-transitionsin a3-di mensional spheri-cal model of convectionin earth′s mantle[J].J Geophys Res,99:15877~15901
Tarduno J A,Gee J.1995.Large-scale motion between Pacific and Atlantic hotspots[J].Nature,378:477~480
Vogt P R.1972.Evidence for global synchronismin mantle plume convection,and possible significance for geology[J].Nature,240:338~342
Zoback ML,McKee E H,Blakely RJ.1994.The northern Nevada rift-regional tectonomagmatic relations and mid-dleMiocene stress direction[J].Geol Soc Amer Bull,106(3):371~382
傅容珊,黄建华,徐耀民,等.1998.青藏高原—天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制[J].地球物理学报,41(5):658~668
傅容珊,王景赟,常筱华,等.2005.上地幔密度异常驱动小尺度地幔对流及实验模型[J].地震学报,27(1):25~32
黄培华,傅容珊.1983.中国岩石层底面地幔对流状态的探讨[J].地球物理学报,26(1):39~47
李京昌,金之钧,刘国臣.1998.论塔里木盆地构造反转的周期性[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),22(3):11~25
李秋声,高锐,卢德源,等.2002.塔里木地壳俯冲在西昆仑山之下宽角地震测量的证据(摘要)[J].地球学报,23(5):442
李志中.1994.阿尔金山及其毗邻地区构造地貌的形成和演化[J].地理研究,13(3):35~43
楼海,王椿镛,王飞.2000.卫星中立资料揭示的新疆天山地区构造动力学状态[J].地震学报,22(5):482~490
汤良杰.1994.塔里木盆地构造演化与构造样式[J].地球科学中国地质大学学报,19(6):742~754
胥颐,刘福田,刘建华,等.2000.中国大陆西北造山带及其毗邻盆地的地震层析成像[J].中国科学(D辑),30(2):113~122
胥颐,刘福田,刘建华,等.2001.中国西北大陆碰撞带的深部特征及其动力学意义[J].地球物理学报,44(1):40~47
赵俊猛,刘国栋,卢造勋,等.2001.天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳幔过渡带及其动力学含义[J].中国科学(D辑),31(4):272~282
Atwater T,Schlater J,Sandwell D,et al.1993.Fracture zone traces across the N.Pacific Cretaceous Quiet Zone andtheir tectonic i mplications[A].In:Pringle M,Sager W,Sliter W,et aleds.The Mesozoic Pacific:Geology,Tec-tonics and Volcanism.American Geophysical Union Geophysics Monograph77[C].Washington D C:AGU,137~154
Calcagno P,Cazenave A.1993.Present and past regional ridge segmentation:Evidence in geoid data[J].Geophys ResLett,20:1995~1998
Chandrasekhar U.1961.Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability[M].New York:Oxford Clarendon Press,625
Duncan R A,Storey M.1992.The life cycle of Indian Ocean hotspots[A].In:Duncan R A ed.Synthesis of Resultsfrom Scientific Drillingin the Indian Ocean[C].Washington D C:AGU,91~103
Haxby M H,Weissil J K.1986.Evidence for small-scale mantle convectionfromSEASATalti meter data[J].J GeophysRes,91:3507~3520
Hayes D E,Kane K A.1994.Long-lived mid-ocean ridge segmentation of the Pacific-Antarctic ridge and the southeastIndian ridge[J].J Geophys Res,99:19679~19692
Hoernle K,Schmincke H U.1993.The role of partial melting in the15-Ma geochemical evolution of Gran-Canaria-Ablob model for the Canary Hotspot[J].J Petrol,34:599~626
Honda S,Balachandar S,Yuen D A,et al.1993.Three-di mensional mantle dynamics with an endothermic phase transi-tion[J].Geophys Res Lett,20:221~224
Ito G,McNutt M,Gibson R L.1995.Crustal structure of the Tuamotu Plateau,15°S,andi mplications forits origin[J].J Geophys Res,100:8097~8114
Joseph D,Taylor B,Shor A,et al.1993.The Nova Canton Trough and the Late Cretaceous evolution of the cental Pa-cific[A].In:Pringle M,Sager W,Sliter W,et aleds.The Mesozoic Pacific:Geology,Tectonics and Volcanism.American Geophysical Union Geophysics Monograph77[C].Washington D C:AGU,171~185
Koch M,Yuen D A.1985.Surface deformation and geoid anomalies over single and double layered convective systems[J].Geophy Res Lett,12:701~704
Lambeck K,Johnson P,Nakada M.1990.Hiolocene glacier rebound and sea-level change in NWEurope[J].Geophy JInt,103:451~468
Macdonald K CJr,Fox PJ,PerramLJ,et al.1988.Anewviewof the mid-ocean ridge fromthe behaviour of ridge-axisdiscontinuities[J].Nature,335:217~225
Machetel P,Weber P.1991.Intermittent layered convection on a normal mantle with an endothermic phase change at670km[J].Nature,350:55~57
Maquart G,Schemling H.1989.Topography and geoid undulations caused by small-scale convection beneath continetallithosphere of various elastic thickness[J].Geophys J Inter,97:511~527
Masters G,Jordan T H,Silver P G,et al.1982.Aspherical earth structure fromfundamental spherical-mode data[J].Nature,298:609~613
McKenzie D P,Bowin C.1976.The relationship between bathymetry and gravity in the Atlantic Ocean[J].J GeophysRes,81:1903~1915
Muller R T,Royer J,Lawver AL.1991.Evidence for hotspot group motioninthe Late Cretaceous,Early Tertiary[A].Abstracts with Programs[C].Geol Soc Amer,A318
Parsons B,Daly S.1983.The Relationship between surface topography,gravity anomalies,and the temperature struc-ture of convection[J].J Geophys Res,88:1129~1144
Petronotis K E,Jurdy D M.1990.Pacific plate reconstructions and uncertainties[J].Tectonophysics,182:383~391
Pringle MS.1993.Age progressive volcanismin the Musicians Seamounts:Atest of the hotspot hypothesis for the LateCretaceous Pacific[A].In:Pringle M,Sager W,Sliter Wet aleds.The Mesozoic Pacific:Geology Tectonics andVolcanism.American Geophysics Union Geophys Monograph77[C].Washington D C:AGU,187~215
Pringle MS,Dalrymple G B,Hess Rise.1993.Wentworth seamount chain[A].In:The Mesozoic Pacific:Geology,Tectonics and Volcanism.American Geophysical Union Geophys Monograph77[C].Washington D C:AGU,263
Runcorn S K.1964.Satellite gravity measurements and alaminar viscous flow model of the earth′s mantle[J].J GeophysRes,69(20):4389~4394
Sager R A,Duncan R A,Handschumacher D.1993.Japanese and Marcus-Wake seamounts,west Pacific Ocean[A].In:The Mesozoic Pacific:Geology,Tectonics and Volcanism.American Geophysical Union Geophys Monograph77[C].Washington D C:AGU,401
Schilling J G.1991.Fluxes and excess temperatures of mantle plumesinferredfromtheirinteraction with migrating mido-cean ridges[J].Nature,352:397
Smith S W,Knapp J S,McPhersom R C.1993.Seismicity of the Gorda Plate,structure of the continental margin,andan eastward jump of the Mendocino Triple Junction[J].J Geophys Res,98:8153~8171
Smith R B,Braile L W.1994.The Yellowstone hotspot[J].J Volcanol Geotherm Res,61:121~187
Tackley P J,Stevenson DJ,Glatzmaier G A,et al.1994.Effects of multiple phase-transitionsin a3-di mensional spheri-cal model of convectionin earth′s mantle[J].J Geophys Res,99:15877~15901
Tarduno J A,Gee J.1995.Large-scale motion between Pacific and Atlantic hotspots[J].Nature,378:477~480
Vogt P R.1972.Evidence for global synchronismin mantle plume convection,and possible significance for geology[J].Nature,240:338~342
Zoback ML,McKee E H,Blakely RJ.1994.The northern Nevada rift-regional tectonomagmatic relations and mid-dleMiocene stress direction[J].Geol Soc Amer Bull,106(3):371~382
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