过汶川地震主断裂科学钻WFSD-1反射地震采集方法研究
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摘要
横穿龙门山地震反射剖面系列探测是WFSD工程中的一项重要研究内容.通过WFSD-1先导孔区二维反射地震的观测方法研究和试验,实现了预期目标:(1)在震后恶劣的天气、陡峭地形和地表严重破裂、破碎、滑塌等困难条件下,获得了WFSD工程首条分辨率较高的二维反射地震剖面;(2)从地学研究目的出发,结合龙门山地区的复杂地震地质条件,提出了以浅、中、深部复杂反射体探测为目标的高密度时间、空间采样的数据采集方法,为后续剖面的实施提供了方法依据;(3)发现了映秀—北川断裂带地表出露位置以西5 km范围内垂向上的多层次地质体的反射;1.2 s以下的中深部反射体明显具有层状沉积岩或变质岩的特征;推断认为测线上彭灌杂岩最大厚度约3 km;(4)灌县—安县断裂带呈明显的双层结构,山前隐蔽带沉积体系完整;(5)在孔区附近800m范围内,进行了20～30 m激发点距、10 m道距的密集观测,为WFSD-1孔完钻深度以浅反射体的高精度标定提供了可靠的原始数据.
The serial reflection seismic profiles investigation across the Longmen Mountain is an important project in Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone Scientific Drilling(WFSD).The 2D artificial reflection seismic experiment in Scientific Drilling Site of WFSD-1 Pilot hole completed the prescribed task,including:(1)Successfully obtained the first 2D reflection profile of WFSD in extreme adverse environments with steep terrain,developing ruptures,fracture,slumped bodies and bad weather,right after the 5 · 12 Wenchuan earthquake;(2)Based on the study of the complex structure condition in Middle Longmenshan Fore-mountain area,seismic data acquisition methods featuring high spatial and time sampling density were proposed for detecting the complex geological reflective bodies in the shallow,middle and deep part of the area, providing the basic idea and acquisition parameters for the next observations;(3)It is the first of such studies to find multi-level geological body reflectors in the western part(5 km)to the exposed location of Yingxiu-Beichuang faults.The middle and deep reflection body below 1.2 s show obvious layer formation of sediment or metamorphosed rocks.It is estimated that the maximum thickness of Penguan Complex is about 3 km.(4)The Guanxian-Anxian faults area shows clear double-layer reflection structure.The concealed piedmont zone has complete sediment system.(5)Employing dense observation method with 20～30 m shot and 10m receiver spacing within 800 m of WFSD-1,the study acquired reliable raw data for highly-accurate calibration to reflectors within the depth of WFSD-1.
The serial reflection seismic profiles investigation across the Longmen Mountain is an important project in Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Zone Scientific Drilling(WFSD).The 2D artificial reflection seismic experiment in Scientific Drilling Site of WFSD-1 Pilot hole completed the prescribed task,including:(1)Successfully obtained the first 2D reflection profile of WFSD in extreme adverse environments with steep terrain,developing ruptures,fracture,slumped bodies and bad weather,right after the 5 · 12 Wenchuan earthquake;(2)Based on the study of the complex structure condition in Middle Longmenshan Fore-mountain area,seismic data acquisition methods featuring high spatial and time sampling density were proposed for detecting the complex geological reflective bodies in the shallow,middle and deep part of the area, providing the basic idea and acquisition parameters for the next observations;(3)It is the first of such studies to find multi-level geological body reflectors in the western part(5 km)to the exposed location of Yingxiu-Beichuang faults.The middle and deep reflection body below 1.2 s show obvious layer formation of sediment or metamorphosed rocks.It is estimated that the maximum thickness of Penguan Complex is about 3 km.(4)The Guanxian-Anxian faults area shows clear double-layer reflection structure.The concealed piedmont zone has complete sediment system.(5)Employing dense observation method with 20～30 m shot and 10m receiver spacing within 800 m of WFSD-1,the study acquired reliable raw data for highly-accurate calibration to reflectors within the depth of WFSD-1.
引文
[1] 许志琴,李海兵,吴忠良.汶川地震和科学钻探.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1613～1622 Xu Z Q,Li H B,Wu Z I.Wenchuan earthquake and scientific drilling.Acta Geologica Sinica (in Chineae),2008,82(12) :1613～1622
[2] 张巧玲,李晓明.汶川地震科学钻探:地震研究的一种新尝试.国土资源,2009,(5) :6～7 Zhang Q L,Li X M.Wenchuan earthquake and scientific drilling:A new approach method to earthquake study.Land & Resource (in Chinese),2009,(5) :6～7
[3] Scientific Rationale for Establishment of an International Program of Continental Scientific Drilling.Geoforschungs Zentrum,Germany,1995
[4] Prospectus for the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP).Geoforschungs Zentrum,Germany,1994
[5] 闵志,张良弼,杨文采.大陆科学钻探的新发现与研究主题.地球科学进展,1998,13(1) :15～21 Min Z,Zhang L B,Yang W C.Continental scientific drilling:The discoveries and key scientific subjects.Advance in Earth Sciences (in Chinese),1998,13(1) :15～21
[6] 杨文采,刘光林,杨锴等.中国大陆科学钻探孔区全观式三维地震采集.地球物理学报,2006,49(3) :735～744 Yang W C,Liu G L,Yang K,et al.All laid-out three dimensional seismic survey at the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling site.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3) :735～744
[7] 杨文采,张春贺,黄秋平等.线形区域的主辅线反射地震调查方法.地球物理学报,2005,48(6) :1325～1335 Yang W C,Zhang C H,Huang Q P,et al.Additional-observation seismic reflection method for investigation of linear areas.Chinese d.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(6) :1325～1335
[8] Pratt T L,Dolan J F,Odum J K,et al.Multiscale seismic imaging of active fault zones for hazard assessment:A case study of the Santa Monica fault zone,Los Angeles,California.Geophysics,1998,63(2) :479～489
[9] Wang C Y.Detection of a recent earthquake fault by the shallow reflection seismic method.Geophysics,2002,67(5) :1465-1473
[10] 刘树根,田小彬,李智武等.龙门山中段构造特征与汶川地震.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :388～397 Liu S G,Tian X B,Li Z W,et al.Structural features of the central Longmen Mountains and the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan,China.Journal of Chengdu Institute of Technology (Science & Technology Edition) (in Chinese),2008,35(4) :388～397
[11] 陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟等.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造的演化历史和变形机制(一).地震地质,1994,16(4) :404～412 Chen S F,Deng Q D,Zhao X L,et al.Deformational characteristics,evolutionary history,and deformation mechanism of the Middle Longmenshan Thrust Nappes and related tectonics.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1994,16(4) :404～412
[12] 贾东,陈竹新,贾承造等.龙门山前陆褶皱冲断带构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育.高校地质学报,2003,9(3) :402～410 Jia D,Chen Z X,Jia C Z,et al.Structural features of the Longmen Shan fold and thrust belt and develoment of the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin,Central China.Geological Journal of China Universities (in Chinese),2003,9 (3) :402～410
[13] 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_s8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :598～628 Xu XW,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.The M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),2008,30 (3) :598～628
[14] 林茂炳,马永旺.论龙门山彭灌杂岩体的构造属性.成都理工学院学报,1995,22(1) :42～46 Lin M B,Ma Y W.A discussion on the tectonic characteristics of Peng guan complex in Longmen mountains.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese),1995,22(1) :42～46
[15] 林茂炳.初论龙门山推覆构造带的基本结构样式.成都理工学院学报,1994,21(3) :1～7 Lin M B.A discussion on the basic textural style of the nappe tectonic belt in Longmen Mountains.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese),1994,21(3) :1～7
[16] 王国芝,刘树根,赵锡奎.龙门山中段川西前陆盆地初始盆山边界及其变迁.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :431～439 Wang G Z,Liu S G,Zhao X K.The preliminary boundary of the West Sichuan foreland basin and orogenic belt and its migration in the central Longmen Mountains,Sichuan,China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition) (in Chinese),2008,35(4) :431～439
[17] 吴山.龙门山巨型滑覆型飞来峰体系与龙门山构造活动性.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :377～382 Wu S.The large scale gliding-type klippe system in Longmen Mountains and neotectonic activity of the Longmen Orogen.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition) (in Chinese),2008,35(4) :377～382
[18] 丁成明,康家光,钱光萍.探索龙门山前缘物探采集技术.中外能源,2006,11(1) :31～33 Ding C M,Kang J G,Qian G P.Study on seismic data acquisition for the frontal region of Longmen Mountain.China Foreign Energy (in Chinese),2006,11(1) :31～33
[19] 赵军国,宋玉龙,魏福吉等.山前带地震采集技术研究--新疆和田桑株地区采集实例.石油物探,2003,13(2) :224～236 Zhao J G,Song Y L,Wei F J,et al.Study of seismic acquisition in piedmont zone:A case study in Sangzhu of Hetian,Xinjiang Autonomous Region.Geophysical Prospecting For Petroleum (in Chinese),2003,13(2) :224～236
[20] 吕公河,尹成,周星合等.基于采集目标的地震照明度的精确模拟.石油地球物理勘探.2006,41(3) :258～261 L(u|¨) G H,Yin C,Zhou X H,et al.Precious simulation of seismic illumination based on acquired targets.Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),2006,41(3) :258～261
[21] 钱荣钧.关于地震采集空间采样密度和均匀性分析.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(2) :235～243 Qian R J.Analysis on spatial sampling density and uniformity of seismic acquisition.Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),2007,42(2) :235～243
[22] Ostmo S,Maa F.Seismic illumination from finite-difference modeling.In:Expanded Abstracts of 65th Conference &.Technical Exhibition,EAGE.2003． 147
[23] 刘保林,周芝旭,殷厚成等.山前带地震勘探实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2005． 34～35 Liu B L,Zhou Z X,Yin H C,et al.Seismic Prospection in Piedmont Belt (in Chinese).Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2005． 34～35
[24] 李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社,1993． 99～105 Li Q Z.Advancing Towards Precise Prospecting (in Chinese).Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1993． 99～105
[25] 李书兵,陈伟,简高明等.龙门山前中段地震剖面的构造分析.西南石油学院学报,2006,28(2) :20～24 Li S B,Chen W,Jian G M,et al.The structure analysis of two-dimensional seismic profile to the middle section of Longmen mountain anterior margin.Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute (in Chinese),2006,28(2) :20～24
[26] 何鲤,刘莉萍,罗 潇等.川西龙门山推覆构造特征及有 利油气勘探区块预测.石油实验地质,2007,29(3) :247～252 He L,Liu L P,Luo X,et al.Nappe structure characteristics nd exploration potential forecast in Longmenshan,the West of Sichuan Province.Petroleum Geology & Experiment (in Chinese),2007,29(3) :247～252
[27] 刘树根,罗志立,戴苏兰等.龙门山冲断带的隆升和川西前陆盆地的沉降.地质学报,1995,69(3) :205～214 Liu S G,Luo Z L,Dai S L,et al.The uplift of the Longmenshan thrust belt and subsidence of the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica (in Chinese),1995,69(3) :205～214
[2] 张巧玲,李晓明.汶川地震科学钻探:地震研究的一种新尝试.国土资源,2009,(5) :6～7 Zhang Q L,Li X M.Wenchuan earthquake and scientific drilling:A new approach method to earthquake study.Land & Resource (in Chinese),2009,(5) :6～7
[3] Scientific Rationale for Establishment of an International Program of Continental Scientific Drilling.Geoforschungs Zentrum,Germany,1995
[4] Prospectus for the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP).Geoforschungs Zentrum,Germany,1994
[5] 闵志,张良弼,杨文采.大陆科学钻探的新发现与研究主题.地球科学进展,1998,13(1) :15～21 Min Z,Zhang L B,Yang W C.Continental scientific drilling:The discoveries and key scientific subjects.Advance in Earth Sciences (in Chinese),1998,13(1) :15～21
[6] 杨文采,刘光林,杨锴等.中国大陆科学钻探孔区全观式三维地震采集.地球物理学报,2006,49(3) :735～744 Yang W C,Liu G L,Yang K,et al.All laid-out three dimensional seismic survey at the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling site.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3) :735～744
[7] 杨文采,张春贺,黄秋平等.线形区域的主辅线反射地震调查方法.地球物理学报,2005,48(6) :1325～1335 Yang W C,Zhang C H,Huang Q P,et al.Additional-observation seismic reflection method for investigation of linear areas.Chinese d.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(6) :1325～1335
[8] Pratt T L,Dolan J F,Odum J K,et al.Multiscale seismic imaging of active fault zones for hazard assessment:A case study of the Santa Monica fault zone,Los Angeles,California.Geophysics,1998,63(2) :479～489
[9] Wang C Y.Detection of a recent earthquake fault by the shallow reflection seismic method.Geophysics,2002,67(5) :1465-1473
[10] 刘树根,田小彬,李智武等.龙门山中段构造特征与汶川地震.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :388～397 Liu S G,Tian X B,Li Z W,et al.Structural features of the central Longmen Mountains and the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan,China.Journal of Chengdu Institute of Technology (Science & Technology Edition) (in Chinese),2008,35(4) :388～397
[11] 陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟等.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造的演化历史和变形机制(一).地震地质,1994,16(4) :404～412 Chen S F,Deng Q D,Zhao X L,et al.Deformational characteristics,evolutionary history,and deformation mechanism of the Middle Longmenshan Thrust Nappes and related tectonics.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1994,16(4) :404～412
[12] 贾东,陈竹新,贾承造等.龙门山前陆褶皱冲断带构造解析与川西前陆盆地的发育.高校地质学报,2003,9(3) :402～410 Jia D,Chen Z X,Jia C Z,et al.Structural features of the Longmen Shan fold and thrust belt and develoment of the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin,Central China.Geological Journal of China Universities (in Chinese),2003,9 (3) :402～410
[13] 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_s8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :598～628 Xu XW,Wen X Z,Ye J Q,et al.The M_s8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),2008,30 (3) :598～628
[14] 林茂炳,马永旺.论龙门山彭灌杂岩体的构造属性.成都理工学院学报,1995,22(1) :42～46 Lin M B,Ma Y W.A discussion on the tectonic characteristics of Peng guan complex in Longmen mountains.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese),1995,22(1) :42～46
[15] 林茂炳.初论龙门山推覆构造带的基本结构样式.成都理工学院学报,1994,21(3) :1～7 Lin M B.A discussion on the basic textural style of the nappe tectonic belt in Longmen Mountains.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (in Chinese),1994,21(3) :1～7
[16] 王国芝,刘树根,赵锡奎.龙门山中段川西前陆盆地初始盆山边界及其变迁.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :431～439 Wang G Z,Liu S G,Zhao X K.The preliminary boundary of the West Sichuan foreland basin and orogenic belt and its migration in the central Longmen Mountains,Sichuan,China.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition) (in Chinese),2008,35(4) :431～439
[17] 吴山.龙门山巨型滑覆型飞来峰体系与龙门山构造活动性.成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,35(4) :377～382 Wu S.The large scale gliding-type klippe system in Longmen Mountains and neotectonic activity of the Longmen Orogen.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition) (in Chinese),2008,35(4) :377～382
[18] 丁成明,康家光,钱光萍.探索龙门山前缘物探采集技术.中外能源,2006,11(1) :31～33 Ding C M,Kang J G,Qian G P.Study on seismic data acquisition for the frontal region of Longmen Mountain.China Foreign Energy (in Chinese),2006,11(1) :31～33
[19] 赵军国,宋玉龙,魏福吉等.山前带地震采集技术研究--新疆和田桑株地区采集实例.石油物探,2003,13(2) :224～236 Zhao J G,Song Y L,Wei F J,et al.Study of seismic acquisition in piedmont zone:A case study in Sangzhu of Hetian,Xinjiang Autonomous Region.Geophysical Prospecting For Petroleum (in Chinese),2003,13(2) :224～236
[20] 吕公河,尹成,周星合等.基于采集目标的地震照明度的精确模拟.石油地球物理勘探.2006,41(3) :258～261 L(u|¨) G H,Yin C,Zhou X H,et al.Precious simulation of seismic illumination based on acquired targets.Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),2006,41(3) :258～261
[21] 钱荣钧.关于地震采集空间采样密度和均匀性分析.石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(2) :235～243 Qian R J.Analysis on spatial sampling density and uniformity of seismic acquisition.Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),2007,42(2) :235～243
[22] Ostmo S,Maa F.Seismic illumination from finite-difference modeling.In:Expanded Abstracts of 65th Conference &.Technical Exhibition,EAGE.2003． 147
[23] 刘保林,周芝旭,殷厚成等.山前带地震勘探实践.北京:石油工业出版社,2005． 34～35 Liu B L,Zhou Z X,Yin H C,et al.Seismic Prospection in Piedmont Belt (in Chinese).Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2005． 34～35
[24] 李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社,1993． 99～105 Li Q Z.Advancing Towards Precise Prospecting (in Chinese).Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1993． 99～105
[25] 李书兵,陈伟,简高明等.龙门山前中段地震剖面的构造分析.西南石油学院学报,2006,28(2) :20～24 Li S B,Chen W,Jian G M,et al.The structure analysis of two-dimensional seismic profile to the middle section of Longmen mountain anterior margin.Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute (in Chinese),2006,28(2) :20～24
[26] 何鲤,刘莉萍,罗 潇等.川西龙门山推覆构造特征及有 利油气勘探区块预测.石油实验地质,2007,29(3) :247～252 He L,Liu L P,Luo X,et al.Nappe structure characteristics nd exploration potential forecast in Longmenshan,the West of Sichuan Province.Petroleum Geology & Experiment (in Chinese),2007,29(3) :247～252
[27] 刘树根,罗志立,戴苏兰等.龙门山冲断带的隆升和川西前陆盆地的沉降.地质学报,1995,69(3) :205～214 Liu S G,Luo Z L,Dai S L,et al.The uplift of the Longmenshan thrust belt and subsidence of the Western Sichuan Foreland Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica (in Chinese),1995,69(3) :205～214
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