华北地区地震和深部构造关系及其破裂机制探讨
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摘要
华北地区的地震活动格外活跃,其地壳深部构造的独特性决定了其地震活动性。多条地学断面和地震剖面等地球物理研究表明,华北地区的地震带(即活动构造带)一般均存在低速体或上地幔上隆;华北强震区的地球物理详细勘测发现,强震区也都存在低速体或上地幔上隆。应用应力摩尔圆和库伦破裂准则,利用上涌模型和地壳减薄模型研究地壳岩石破裂机制,结果表明,存在上地幔上隆和低速体的地区的地壳岩石比其它地区更易于发生破裂。华北地区的地壳深部构造决定了地震的空间分布格局。
Seismicity in North China has been very active.The particularity of deep crustal structure determines the activity of earthquakes there.Studies of many geoscience transects and seismic survey profiles indicated that there bodies of low-velocity media in crust or the top anomalous uplifts of the upper mantle are in the seismic zone(i.e.the active tectonic zone) of North China.Detailed geophysical surveys in strong earthquake districts discovered the bodies of low-velocity media in crust or the top anomalous uplifts of the upper mantle too.Using stress Mohr circle and Coulomb failure criteria,this paper presents uplift model and crust-thinning model to study the crust fracture mechanism in North China.The result indicates that the crust would like to fracture if the uplift of the upper mantle or bodies of low-velocity media in crust exist in this region.
Seismicity in North China has been very active.The particularity of deep crustal structure determines the activity of earthquakes there.Studies of many geoscience transects and seismic survey profiles indicated that there bodies of low-velocity media in crust or the top anomalous uplifts of the upper mantle are in the seismic zone(i.e.the active tectonic zone) of North China.Detailed geophysical surveys in strong earthquake districts discovered the bodies of low-velocity media in crust or the top anomalous uplifts of the upper mantle too.Using stress Mohr circle and Coulomb failure criteria,this paper presents uplift model and crust-thinning model to study the crust fracture mechanism in North China.The result indicates that the crust would like to fracture if the uplift of the upper mantle or bodies of low-velocity media in crust exist in this region.
引文
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[36]曾融生,张少泉,周海南,等.唐山地震区的地壳结构及大陆地震成因的探讨[J].地震学报,1985,7(2):125-142.
[37]曾融生,朱露培,何正勤,等.华北盆地强震的震源模型兼论强震和盆地的成因[J].地球物理学报,1991,34(3):288-301.
[38]李炳乾,牛志仁.地壳内低速高导体在强震孕育过程中的作用的初步分析[J].中国地震,2000,22(2):139-144.
[39]刘洁,宋惠珍.低速体与深浅断裂共同孕震过程的数值模拟初步研究[J].地震地质,2002,24(3):355-367.
[40]丁志峰,曾融生.用近震资料反演京津唐地区的地壳三维速度结构[J].华北地震科学,1994,12(2):14-22.
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[44]Royden L H.Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:Implications ofstrain parti-tioning in the crust[J].Jour Geophys Res,1996.101:17 679-17 705.
[45]Waltham D C,Docherty,Tabemer C.Decoupled flexure in the South Pyrenean Foreland[J].JourGeophys Res,2000,105(B7):16 329-16 339.
[46]Brown C D,Phillips R J.Crust-mantle decoupling by flexure of continental lithosphere[J].JourGeophys Res,2000,105(B6):13 221-13 237.
[47]Savage J C.Viscoelastic-coupling model for the earthquake cycle driven from below[J].Jour Geo-phys Res,2000,105(B11):25 525-25 532.
[48]Bokelmann G H R,Beroza G C.Depth-dependent earthquake focal mechanism orientation:Evidencefor a weak zone in the lower crus[J].Jour Geophys Res,2000,105(B9):21 683-21 695.
[49]王绳祖.岩石圈下层塑性流动与板缘驱动力远程传递[J].长春科技大学学报,1999,29(1):1-8.
[50]周永胜,何昌荣.华北地区壳内低速层与地壳流变的关系及其对强震孕育的影响[J].地震地质,2002,24(1),124-132.
[2]唐方头,邓志辉,张培震,等.由跨断层形变测量反映的华北地块近期断裂活动特征[J].中国地震,2004,20(4):399-404.
[3]郭良迁,马青,杜雪松,等.华北地壳断层形变与地震的关系[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2008,28(3):14-20.
[4]沈正康,王敏,甘卫军,等.中国大陆现今构造应变场及其动力学成因研究[J].地学前缘,2003,10(Suppl.):93-100.
[5]Zhu S,Cai Y,Shi Y.The contemporary tectonic strain rate field of continental China predicted fromGPS measurements and its geodynamics implications[J].Pure Appl Geophys,2006,163:1 477-1 493.
[6]程裕淇.中国区域地质概论[M].北京:地质出版社,1994.90-164.
[7]张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学D辑,2003,33(S):12-20.
[8]韩竹军,徐杰,冉勇康,等.华北地区活动地块与强震活动[J].中国科学D辑,2003,33(S):108-118.
[9]邓起东主编.中国活动构造图[M].北京:地震出版社,2007.
[10]李钦祖,张之立,靳雅敏,等.唐山地震的震源机制[J].地震地质,1980,2(4):59-66.
[11]国家地震局兰州地震研究所,宁夏回族自治区地震队.一九二0年海原大地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1980.
[12]Xu Jie,Han Zhujun,Wang Chunhua,et al.Preliminary study on two newly-generated seismotec-tonic zones in north and southwest China[J].Earthquake Research In China,1996,10(4):393-401.
[13]徐杰,高战武.宋长青,等.太行山山前断裂带的构造特征[J].地震地质,2000,22(2):111-122.
[14]王春墉,张先康.吴庆举,等.华北盆地滑脱构造的地震证据[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(5):613-620.
[15]滕吉文.全球地球科学大断面与地球动力学Ⅰ[J].地球物理学进展,1994,9(1):40-58.
[16]滕吉文.全球地球科学大断面与地球动力学Ⅱ[J].地球物理学进展,1994,9(2):1-16.
[17]马杏垣,刘昌铨,刘国栋.江苏响水至内蒙古满都拉地学断面[J].地质学报,1991,11(3):199-215.
[18]刘昌铨,嘉世旭,杜官恒.江苏响水—内蒙古满都拉地学断面地震折射测深结果[J].地震地质,1991,13(3):193-204.
[19]嘉世旭,张成科,赵金仁,等.华北东北部裂陷盆地与燕山隆起地壳结构[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(1):99-110.
[20]祝治平,张先康,张建狮,等.北京—怀来—丰镇剖面地壳上地幔构造与速度结构研究[J].地震学报,1997,19(5):199-505.
[21]齐诚,赵大鹏,陈颙,等.首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震的关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):805-815.
[22]刘昌铨,嘉世旭.唐山地震区地壳上地幔结构特征二维非均匀介质中理论地震图计算和结果分析[J].地震学报,1986,8(4):341-353.
[23]刘启元,王峻,陈九辉,等.1976年唐山大地震的孕震环境密集地震台阵观测得到的结果[J].地学前缘,2007,14(6):205-213.
[24]张先康,赵金仁,刘国华,等.三河—平谷8.0级大震区震源细结构的深地震反射探测研究[J].中国地震,2002,18(4):326-336.
[25]王椿镛,张先康,林中洋,等.束鹿断陷盆地及其邻近的地壳结构特征[J].地震学报,1994,16(4):472-479.
[26]嘉世旭,刘昌铨.邢台震源区波速比异常与地震的关系[J].地球物理学报,1996,39(S1):205-215.
[27]王椿镛,王贵美,林中洋,等.用深地震反射方法研究邢台地震区地壳细结构[J].地球物理学报,1993,36(4):445-452.
[28]刘昌铨,嘉世旭,李长法,等.1966年邢台6.8级地震的深部结构背景[J].华北地震科学,1997,15(2):17-24.
[29]祝治平,张先康,盖玉杰,等.邢台震源区及相邻地区地壳上地幔速度结构研究[J].地震学报,1995,17(3):328-334.
[30]嘉世旭,刘昌铨.华北裂谷盆地南部菏泽—长治地震测深剖面结果解释[J].华北地震科学,1991,9(2):11-20.
[31]任青芳,张先康,张成科.汤阴地堑及邻区的壳幔结构与地震危险性[J].中国地震,1998,14(2):157-166.
[32]卢造勋.海城震区的深部地球物理探测[J].中国地震,1985,1(1):56-65.
[33]卢造勋,刘国栋,魏梦华,等.中国辽南地区地壳与上地幔介质的横向不均匀性与海城7.3级地震[J].地震学报,1990,12(4):367-378.
[34]卢造勋.中国海城地震与地壳上地幔异常结构[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),1992,22(4):454-459.
[35]滕吉文,魏斯禹,李金森,等.华北平原邢台地震活动地区的上地幔结构和地幔低速层[J].地球物理学报,1982,25(1):58-64.
[36]曾融生,张少泉,周海南,等.唐山地震区的地壳结构及大陆地震成因的探讨[J].地震学报,1985,7(2):125-142.
[37]曾融生,朱露培,何正勤,等.华北盆地强震的震源模型兼论强震和盆地的成因[J].地球物理学报,1991,34(3):288-301.
[38]李炳乾,牛志仁.地壳内低速高导体在强震孕育过程中的作用的初步分析[J].中国地震,2000,22(2):139-144.
[39]刘洁,宋惠珍.低速体与深浅断裂共同孕震过程的数值模拟初步研究[J].地震地质,2002,24(3):355-367.
[40]丁志峰,曾融生.用近震资料反演京津唐地区的地壳三维速度结构[J].华北地震科学,1994,12(2):14-22.
[41]Roy M,Royden L H.Crustal rheology and faulting at strike-slip plate boundaries 1.An analyticmodel[J].Jour Geophys Res,2000,105(B3):5 583-5 597.
[42]Roy M,Royden L H.Crustal rheology and faulting at strike-slip plate boundaries 2.Effects of low-er crustal flow[J].Jour Geophys Res,2000,105(B3):5 599-5 613.
[43]Bourne S J,England P C,Parsons B.The motion of crustal blocks driven by flow of the lower litho-sphere and implications for slip rates of continental strike-slip faults[J].Nature,1998,391:655-659.
[44]Royden L H.Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:Implications ofstrain parti-tioning in the crust[J].Jour Geophys Res,1996.101:17 679-17 705.
[45]Waltham D C,Docherty,Tabemer C.Decoupled flexure in the South Pyrenean Foreland[J].JourGeophys Res,2000,105(B7):16 329-16 339.
[46]Brown C D,Phillips R J.Crust-mantle decoupling by flexure of continental lithosphere[J].JourGeophys Res,2000,105(B6):13 221-13 237.
[47]Savage J C.Viscoelastic-coupling model for the earthquake cycle driven from below[J].Jour Geo-phys Res,2000,105(B11):25 525-25 532.
[48]Bokelmann G H R,Beroza G C.Depth-dependent earthquake focal mechanism orientation:Evidencefor a weak zone in the lower crus[J].Jour Geophys Res,2000,105(B9):21 683-21 695.
[49]王绳祖.岩石圈下层塑性流动与板缘驱动力远程传递[J].长春科技大学学报,1999,29(1):1-8.
[50]周永胜,何昌荣.华北地区壳内低速层与地壳流变的关系及其对强震孕育的影响[J].地震地质,2002,24(1),124-132.
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