0.5～4.0GPa、100～300℃条件下辉长岩弹性波速及衰减特征
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摘要
报道了100～300℃、0.5～4.0GPa条件下辉长岩纵波速度(vP)和横波速度(vS),并且根据品质因子(QP、QS)的变化讨论了该条件下辉长岩的物性特征及其地震地质意义。实验结果表明:压力为0.5～4.0GPa时,固定温度下辉长岩vP、vS、QP、QS随压力增大而递增,并且在0.5～2.3GPa压力范围内它们随压力的变化率比在2.3～4.0GPa范围内的大;固定压力下,温度从100℃增至300℃时,辉长岩vP、vS、QP、QS呈线性下降趋势。进一步分析得到:在0.5～2.3GPa压力下,随着压力的增加辉长岩样品不断被压缩,样品的连续性变好,弹性加强,弹性波衰减变小,波速与Q值升高;在2.3～4.0GPa压力下,样品被压密,样品接近连续弹性介质,弹性波衰减很小,波速与Q值的变化速率变小;在温度为100～300℃条件下,辉长岩样品内部以膨胀为主,样品密度变小,弹性波速与Q值呈线性下降趋势。研究结果表明,在岩石圈内构造应力局部集中会导致岩石Q值增大,岩石破裂、热物质局部聚集会导致岩石Q值降低,这也解释了地震前后观测到的震源区Q值的类似变化。
The variations of the elastic properties of gabbro at 100～300℃ and 0.5～4.0GPa and the seismogeological application of the experimental results are discussed based on the measured wave velocities(vP,vS)and quality factors(QP,QS)of the gabbro.The values of vP,vS,QP and QS increase in the pressure range from 0.5 to 4.0GPa at the given temperatures,but decrease slightly when the temperature increase from 100 to 300℃ at the given pressures.The variations of velocities and quality factors may be mainly attributed to the compression of the gabbro sample,and the continuity and elasticity of the sample become better at 0.5～2.3GPa.The gabbro sample almost becomes continuous elastic medium at 2.3～4.0GPa,resulting in smaller change of elastic wave velocities and attenuation.The wave velocities and quality factors decrease with increasing temperature because of thermal expansion and density decrease of gabbro.The experimental results can be used to explain the observed geophysical phenomena that the quality factor are enhanced by stress aggregation in the lithosphere,the quality factors may be reduced by rock fracturation and local enrichment of hot fluids in the epicentral areas before and after earthquake occurrence.
The variations of the elastic properties of gabbro at 100～300℃ and 0.5～4.0GPa and the seismogeological application of the experimental results are discussed based on the measured wave velocities(vP,vS)and quality factors(QP,QS)of the gabbro.The values of vP,vS,QP and QS increase in the pressure range from 0.5 to 4.0GPa at the given temperatures,but decrease slightly when the temperature increase from 100 to 300℃ at the given pressures.The variations of velocities and quality factors may be mainly attributed to the compression of the gabbro sample,and the continuity and elasticity of the sample become better at 0.5～2.3GPa.The gabbro sample almost becomes continuous elastic medium at 2.3～4.0GPa,resulting in smaller change of elastic wave velocities and attenuation.The wave velocities and quality factors decrease with increasing temperature because of thermal expansion and density decrease of gabbro.The experimental results can be used to explain the observed geophysical phenomena that the quality factor are enhanced by stress aggregation in the lithosphere,the quality factors may be reduced by rock fracturation and local enrichment of hot fluids in the epicentral areas before and after earthquake occurrence.
引文
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[17]Sang Z N,Zhou Y S,He C R,et al.An Experimental Study on Partial Melting of Gabbro and Its Geological Impli-cation[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(4):385-392.(in Chinese)桑祖难,周永胜,何昌荣,等.辉长岩部分熔融实验及地质学意义[J].地质科学,2002,37(4):385-392.
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[21]Kern H,Popp T,Gorbatsevich F,et al.Pressure and Temperature Dependence ofVPandVSin Rocks fromSuperdeep Well and fromSurface Analogues at Kola and the Nature of Velocity Anisotropy[J].Tectonophysics,2001,338(2):113-134.
[22]Ou X G,Jin Z M,Jin S Y,et al.Possible Seismic Reflectorinthe Lower Crust:EvidencefromFabrics and Experiments of Seismic Velocity on Layered Gabbro at High Temperature and High Pressure[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(9):914-920.
[23]Kitamura K,Ishikawa M,Arima M.Petrological Model of the Northern Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc Crust:Constraints from High-Pressure Measurements of Elastic Wave Elocities of the Tanzawa Plutonic Rocks,Central Japan[J].Tectonophysics,2003,371(1-4):213-220.
[24]Nishimoto S,Ishikawa M,Arima M,et al.Laboratory Measurement of P-Wave Velocityin Crustal and Upper Man-tle Xenoliths fromIchino-Megata,NE Japan:Ultrabasic Hydrous Lower Crust beneath the NE Honshu Arc[J].Tectonophysics,2005,396(3-4):245-259.
[25]Punturo R,Kern H,Cirrincione R,et al.P-and S-Wave Velocities and Densitiesin Silicate and Calcite Rocks fromthe Pe-loritani Mountains,Sicily(Italy):The Effect of Pressure,Temperature and the Direction of Wave Propagation[J].Tec-tonophysics,2005,409(1-4):55-72.
[26]Ji S,Wang Q,Marcotte D.P Wave Velocities,Anisotropy and Hysteresis in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks as a Function of Confining Pressure[J].J Geophys Res,2007,112:1-24.
[27]Friedel J.Dislocation[M].Translated by Wang Y.Beijing:Science Press,1984:1-10.(in Chinese)弗里埃德尔.位错[M].王煜,译.北京:科学出版社,1984:1-10.
[28]Li S J,Shi XJ,Ye L,et al.Analysis on Relation between Rock Quality Factor and Seismic Wave Velocity in Zun-garia Basin[J].Inland Earthquake,2001,15(3):224-231.(in Chinese)李生杰,施行觉,叶林,等.准噶尔盆地岩石品质因子与速度分析[J].内陆地震,2001,15(3):224-231.
[29]Liu W,Du J G,Xie HS,et al.Elastic P Wave Velocity and Attenuationin Dunite up to4.0GPa[J].Chinese Jour-nal of High Pressure Physics,2005,19(4):293-298.(in Chinese)刘巍,杜建国,谢鸿森,等.4.0GPa压力下纯橄岩弹性纵波速度和衰减的实验研究[J].高压物理学报,2005,19(4):293-298.
[30]An Y,Mou Y G,Fang C L.The Relation between Attenuation and Physical Characters of Rocks[J].Geophysical Exploration,2006,41(2):188-192.(in Chinese)安勇,牟永光,方朝亮.沉积岩的速度、衰减与岩石物理性质间的关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(2):188-192.
[31]Liu W G,Shan Y M,Liu R H.Study on Ultrasonic Attenuation in the Process of Rock Dilatancy by Amplitude Spectrum Ratio[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2006,33(6):611-616.(in Chinese)刘维国,单钰铭,刘荣和.砂岩扩容过程中超声波衰减的实验研究[J].成都理工大学学报,2006,33(6):611-616.
[32]Du J G,Xie H S.From Atom to the Earth-Advances in High Pressure Geoscience[M].Beijing:Seimological Press,2007:127-132.(in Chinese)杜建国,谢鸿森.从原子到地球——高压地球科学研究进展[M].北京:地震出版社,2007:127-132.
[33]Xie HS,Zhang Y M,Xu HG,et al.A New Method of Measuring the Elastic Wave Velocity of Rocks and Minerals at High Pressures and High Temperatures and Its Significance[J].Sciencein China Series B:Chemistry,1993,36(10):1276-1280.
[34]Liu W,Du J G,Bai L P,et al.Ultrasonic P-Wave Velocity and Attenuation in Pyroxenite under3.0GPa up to1170℃[J].Chin Phys Lett,2003,20(1):164-166.
[35]Walsh J B.Seismic Wave Attenuationin Rock Due to Friction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1966,71:2591-2599.
[36]Toks z M N,Jackson D H,Timur A.Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Dry and Saturated Rocks:ⅠLaboratory Measurements[J].Geophysics,1979,44(4):681-690.
[37]Liu Z P,Wu X W,Chu Z H.Laboratory Study of Acoustic Parameters of Rock[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1994,37(5):659-666.(in Chinese)刘祝萍,吴小薇,楚泽涵.岩石声学参数的实验测量及研究[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(5):659-666.
[38]Wang B S,Sun D Y,Li S J.The Effect of Heterogeneity on Rock s Ultrasonic Attenuation and Its Correction[J].Earthquake Researchin China,2001,17(1):1-7.(in Chinese)王宝善,孙道远,李生杰.非均匀性对超声衰减的影响及其修正[J].中国地震,2001,17(1):1-7.
[39]Ma D Y.Noise and Vibration Control Engineering Manual[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2002:251-404.(in Chinese)马大猷.噪声与振动控制工程手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002:251-404.
[40]Christensen NI.Compressional Wave Velocities in Rocks at High Temperatures and Pressures,Critical Thermal Gradients,and Crustal Low-Velocity Zones[J].J Geophys Res,1979,84(B12):6849-6857.
[2]Wei S Z,Li Y P.Variation ofQ-Value in the Crust and Stress-Drop of Small Shocks around Datong Earthquake[J].Earthquake,1992,(2):30-38.(in Chinese)韦士忠,李玉萍.大同地震前后介质Q值及小震震源参数的变化[J].地震,1992,(2):30-38.
[3]Wang WD,Zhang YZ,Di X L,et al.CodaQAnomalies of1998LinyiML5.0Earthquake[J].Journal of Catastro-phology,2004,19(4):25-29.(in Chinese)王卫东,张永志,狄秀玲,等.1998年临猗5.0级地震前Q值的前兆异常[J].灾害学,2004,19(4):25-29.
[4]Guo A X,Diao S Z,Xue G.Quality Factors of the Inshore Mediums and Characters of the Earthquakes in Jiaodong Region[J].Journal of Seismology,1990,(3):65-69.(in Chinese)郭爱香,刁守中,薛革.胶东及其沿海介质品质因子Q值及地震活动特征[J].地震学刊,1990,(3):65-69.
[5]Christensen NI.Compressional Wave Velocities in Possible Mantle Rocks to Pressures of30kbar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1974,79(24):407-412.
[6]Jackson I,Paterson MS,Niesler H,et al.Rock Anelasticity Measurements at High Pressure,LowStrain Amplitude and Seismic Frequency[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1982,11(12):1235-1238.
[7]Zhao Z D,Gao S,Luo T C,et al.Origin of the Crustal Low Velocity Layer of Qinling and North China:Evidence from Compressional Wave Velocities in Rocks at HighPTConditions[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1997,40(2):251-259.
[8]Darot M,Reuschle T.Acoustic Wave Velocity and Permeability Evolution during Pressure Cycles on a ThermallyCracked Granite[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2000,37(7):1019-1026.
[9]Bai L P.The Experimental Studies on Electrical Conductivities and P-Wave Velocities of Gabbro and Anorthosite at High Pressure and High Temperature[D].Beijing:Institute of Earthquake Science,China Earthquake Administra-tion,2001:1-20.(in Chinese)白利平.高温高压下辉长岩、斜长岩纵波速度与电学性质实验研究[D].北京:中国地震局分析预报中心,2001:1-20.
[10]Bai L P,Du J G,Liu W,et al.The Experimental Studies on Electrical Conductivities and P-Wave Velocities of Anorthosite at High Pressure and High Temperature[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2002,15(6):667-676.
[11]Bai L P,Du J G,Liu W,et al.P-Wave Velocities and Conductivity of Gabbro at High Pressures and High Tempera-tures[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2003,46(9):895-908.
[12]Liu W,Du J G,Bai L P,et al.Compressional Elastic Wave Velocities of Serpentinized Pyroxenite at High Pressures and Temperatures and Its Geological Significance[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2002,15(4):456-461.
[13]Butt S D,Frempong P K,Mukherjee C,et al.Characterization of the Permeability and Acoustic Properties of an Outburst-Prone Sandstone[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2006,58(1):1-12.
[14]Wu Z X,Guo C H.Experimental Measurement ofvPon the Crust Rocks of Hebei Province at High Temperature and Pressure[J].Progress of Geophysics,1993,8(4):206-213.(in Chinese)吴宗絮,郭才华.冀东陆壳岩石在高温高压下波速的实验研究[J].地球物理学进展,1993,8(4):206-213.
[15]Christensen NI,Mooney W.Seismic Velocity Structure and Composition of the Continental Crust:A Global View[J].J Geophys Res,1995,100(B7):9761-9788.
[16]Gao S,Kern H,Jin Z M,et al.Poisson s Ratio of Eclogite:The Role of Retrogression[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2001,192(4):523-531.
[17]Sang Z N,Zhou Y S,He C R,et al.An Experimental Study on Partial Melting of Gabbro and Its Geological Impli-cation[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(4):385-392.(in Chinese)桑祖难,周永胜,何昌荣,等.辉长岩部分熔融实验及地质学意义[J].地质科学,2002,37(4):385-392.
[18]Kern H.P-and S-Wave Velocityin Crustal and Mantle Rocks under the Simultaneous Action of High Confining Pressure and High Temperature and the Rock Microstructure[A]//High-Pressure Research in Geoscience[C].Schweizerbart,Stuttgart,1982:15-45.
[19]Kern H,Schenk V.Elastic Wave Velocities in Rocks froma Lower Crustal Sectionin Southern Calabria[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1985,40(3):147-160.
[20]Kern H,Burlini L,Ashchepkov I.Fabric-Relate Seismic Anisotropy in Upper-Mantle Xenoliths:Evidence from Measurements and Calculation[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1996,95(3-4):195-209.
[21]Kern H,Popp T,Gorbatsevich F,et al.Pressure and Temperature Dependence ofVPandVSin Rocks fromSuperdeep Well and fromSurface Analogues at Kola and the Nature of Velocity Anisotropy[J].Tectonophysics,2001,338(2):113-134.
[22]Ou X G,Jin Z M,Jin S Y,et al.Possible Seismic Reflectorinthe Lower Crust:EvidencefromFabrics and Experiments of Seismic Velocity on Layered Gabbro at High Temperature and High Pressure[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(9):914-920.
[23]Kitamura K,Ishikawa M,Arima M.Petrological Model of the Northern Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc Crust:Constraints from High-Pressure Measurements of Elastic Wave Elocities of the Tanzawa Plutonic Rocks,Central Japan[J].Tectonophysics,2003,371(1-4):213-220.
[24]Nishimoto S,Ishikawa M,Arima M,et al.Laboratory Measurement of P-Wave Velocityin Crustal and Upper Man-tle Xenoliths fromIchino-Megata,NE Japan:Ultrabasic Hydrous Lower Crust beneath the NE Honshu Arc[J].Tectonophysics,2005,396(3-4):245-259.
[25]Punturo R,Kern H,Cirrincione R,et al.P-and S-Wave Velocities and Densitiesin Silicate and Calcite Rocks fromthe Pe-loritani Mountains,Sicily(Italy):The Effect of Pressure,Temperature and the Direction of Wave Propagation[J].Tec-tonophysics,2005,409(1-4):55-72.
[26]Ji S,Wang Q,Marcotte D.P Wave Velocities,Anisotropy and Hysteresis in Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks as a Function of Confining Pressure[J].J Geophys Res,2007,112:1-24.
[27]Friedel J.Dislocation[M].Translated by Wang Y.Beijing:Science Press,1984:1-10.(in Chinese)弗里埃德尔.位错[M].王煜,译.北京:科学出版社,1984:1-10.
[28]Li S J,Shi XJ,Ye L,et al.Analysis on Relation between Rock Quality Factor and Seismic Wave Velocity in Zun-garia Basin[J].Inland Earthquake,2001,15(3):224-231.(in Chinese)李生杰,施行觉,叶林,等.准噶尔盆地岩石品质因子与速度分析[J].内陆地震,2001,15(3):224-231.
[29]Liu W,Du J G,Xie HS,et al.Elastic P Wave Velocity and Attenuationin Dunite up to4.0GPa[J].Chinese Jour-nal of High Pressure Physics,2005,19(4):293-298.(in Chinese)刘巍,杜建国,谢鸿森,等.4.0GPa压力下纯橄岩弹性纵波速度和衰减的实验研究[J].高压物理学报,2005,19(4):293-298.
[30]An Y,Mou Y G,Fang C L.The Relation between Attenuation and Physical Characters of Rocks[J].Geophysical Exploration,2006,41(2):188-192.(in Chinese)安勇,牟永光,方朝亮.沉积岩的速度、衰减与岩石物理性质间的关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(2):188-192.
[31]Liu W G,Shan Y M,Liu R H.Study on Ultrasonic Attenuation in the Process of Rock Dilatancy by Amplitude Spectrum Ratio[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2006,33(6):611-616.(in Chinese)刘维国,单钰铭,刘荣和.砂岩扩容过程中超声波衰减的实验研究[J].成都理工大学学报,2006,33(6):611-616.
[32]Du J G,Xie H S.From Atom to the Earth-Advances in High Pressure Geoscience[M].Beijing:Seimological Press,2007:127-132.(in Chinese)杜建国,谢鸿森.从原子到地球——高压地球科学研究进展[M].北京:地震出版社,2007:127-132.
[33]Xie HS,Zhang Y M,Xu HG,et al.A New Method of Measuring the Elastic Wave Velocity of Rocks and Minerals at High Pressures and High Temperatures and Its Significance[J].Sciencein China Series B:Chemistry,1993,36(10):1276-1280.
[34]Liu W,Du J G,Bai L P,et al.Ultrasonic P-Wave Velocity and Attenuation in Pyroxenite under3.0GPa up to1170℃[J].Chin Phys Lett,2003,20(1):164-166.
[35]Walsh J B.Seismic Wave Attenuationin Rock Due to Friction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1966,71:2591-2599.
[36]Toks z M N,Jackson D H,Timur A.Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Dry and Saturated Rocks:ⅠLaboratory Measurements[J].Geophysics,1979,44(4):681-690.
[37]Liu Z P,Wu X W,Chu Z H.Laboratory Study of Acoustic Parameters of Rock[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1994,37(5):659-666.(in Chinese)刘祝萍,吴小薇,楚泽涵.岩石声学参数的实验测量及研究[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(5):659-666.
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