InSAR资料约束下震源参数的PSO混合算法反演策略
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摘要
本文分析了InSAR资料用于震源参数反演中的参数特点,提炼了适合震源反演问题的POS技术路线.InSAR资料约束下的有限断层参数反演问题中,不同参数对目标函数的敏感度存在明显差异,而且断层的面积与滑动量间存在一定的折中关系.为此,使用局部PSO算法机制进行全局搜索,利用一维参数迭代过程中分布函数描述局部极小,并将自动识别出局部极值作为Simplex算法的初始模型作更高精度搜索.新的震源参数反演策略在均一滑动矩形断层参数反演中,较少参数约束下即可确保获得较高的成功率的效果.本文将该算法成功应用于三种不同类型的地震类型:(1)2003年伊朗Bam地震(走滑型),(2)1998年张北-尚义地震(倾滑型),和(3)模拟的正断层兼右旋走滑事件.所得结果均表明该策略的实用性和可靠性.
The paper presents a Paticles Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simplex integrated approach to determine source parameters using InSAR data.In earthquake source parameter inversion, thereare differences in the sensitivity of different parameters to the objective function and a trade-off between the fault area and slip.We proposed that: (1) a local PSO algorithm is employed to perform a global search, (2) a 1-D Probability Desity Function (PDF) is utilized to describe the local minimum in the full parameters space, which is automatically recognized as the initial model in the Simplex algorithm inversion.The PSO/Simplex integrated approach has been successfully applied to three different earthquakes: the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake (strike-slip), the 1998 Zhangbei (China) earthquake (dip-slip), and a simulated event with a normal fault with right-lateral slips.All the case studies sugguest the robustness and reliability of the integrated approach.
The paper presents a Paticles Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simplex integrated approach to determine source parameters using InSAR data.In earthquake source parameter inversion, thereare differences in the sensitivity of different parameters to the objective function and a trade-off between the fault area and slip.We proposed that: (1) a local PSO algorithm is employed to perform a global search, (2) a 1-D Probability Desity Function (PDF) is utilized to describe the local minimum in the full parameters space, which is automatically recognized as the initial model in the Simplex algorithm inversion.The PSO/Simplex integrated approach has been successfully applied to three different earthquakes: the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake (strike-slip), the 1998 Zhangbei (China) earthquake (dip-slip), and a simulated event with a normal fault with right-lateral slips.All the case studies sugguest the robustness and reliability of the integrated approach.
引文
[1] Fialko Y, Simons M, Agnew D.The complete (3-D) surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine earthquake, California, from space geodetic observations[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2001, 28(16) : 3063～3066．
[2] Okada Y.Surface Deformation Due to Shear and tensile faults ina half-space[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am., 1985, 75(4) :1135～1154．
[3] Fukahata Y, Wright T J.A non-linear geodetic data inversion using ABIC for slip distribution on a fault with an unknown dip angle[J].Geophys.J.Int., 2008, 173:353～364,doi:310． 1111/j.1365-1246X.2007． 03713． x.
[4] Feigl K L, Dupre E.RNGCHN:a program to calculate displacement components from dislocations in an elastic halfspace with applications for modeling geodetic measurements of crustal deformation[J].Computers & Geosciences, 1999,25:695～704．
[5] Wright T J, Parsons B E, Jackson J A, et al.Source parameters of the 1 Octorber 1995 Dinar(Turkey) earthquake from SAR interferometry and seismic bodywave modelling[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1999, 172:23～37．
[6] Jónsson S, Zehker H, Segall P, et al.Fault Slip Distribution of the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine, California Earthquake,Estimated from Satellite Radar and GPS Measurements[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am., 2002, 92(4) :1377～1389．
[7] Lohman R B, Simons M, Savage B.Location and mechanism of the Little Skull Mountain earthquake as constrained by satellite radar interferometry and seismic waveform modeling[J].J.Geophys.Res., 2002, 107(B6) ,doi: 10． 1029/2001JB000627．
[8] Wright T J, Lu Z, Wicks C.Constraining the Slip Distribution and Fault Geometry of the M_W7． 9, November 2002, Denali Fault earthquake with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System Data[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am., 2004, 94(6B):S175～S189．
[9] Funning G J, Parsons B, Wrigth T J.Surface displacements and source paramenters of the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery[J].J.Geophys.Res., 2005, 110, B09406, doi: 10． 1029/2004JB003338．
[10] Li Z, Feng W, Xu Z, et al.The 1998 M_W5． 7 ZhangbeiShangyi (China) earthquake revisited: A buried thrust fault revealed with interferomertic synthetic aperture radar[J].Geochem.geophys.Geosyst., 2008, 9 (4) ,Q04026,doi:10． 1029/2007GC001910．
[11] Pedersen R, Jonsson S, Arnadottir T, et al.Fault slip distribution of two June 2000 M_W6． 5 earthquakes in South Iceland estimated from joint inversion of InSAR and GPS measurements[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003, 213:487～502．
[12] Nunnari G, Puglisi G, Guglielmino F.Inversion of SAR data in active volcanic areas by optimization techniques[J].Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 2005, 12 : 863～870．
[13] Fukushima Y, Cayol V, Durand P.Finding realistic dike models from interferometric synthetic aperture radar data:The February 2000 eruption at Piton de la Fournaise[J].J.Geophys.Res., 2005, 110, B03206, doi: 10． 1029/2004JB003268．
[14] Kennedy J, Eberhart R.Particle Swarm Optimization[J].IEEE Int.Conf.on Neural Networks, 1995, Ⅳ:1942～1948．
[15] 明学星,王建国,吕震中.粒子群优化算法研究[J].东南大学研究生学报,2008,5(2) :118～124．Ming M X, Wang J G, Lu Z Z.Reaserch on the Improvement of Particle Swarm Optimization.Journal of Graduate Students Southeast University.(in Chinese), 5(2) : 118～124．
[16] Clere M, Kennedy J.the particle swarm-explosion, stability,and convegence in a multidimensional complex space[J].IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2002,6(1):58～73．
[17] 马海,王延江,胡睿,等.测井岩性识别新方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :263～269． Ma H, Wang Y J, Hu R, et al.A novel method for well logging lithologic identification.Progress in Geophys.(in chinese), 2009, 24(1) :263～269．
[18] 袁三一,陈小宏.一种新的地震子波提取与层速度反演方法[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1) :198～205． Yuan S Y, Chen X H.A new method for seismic wavelet extraction and interval velocity inversion[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese), 2008, 23(1) :198～205．
[19] Shi Y H, Eberhart R C.A modified particle swarm optimizer[J].Proceedings of IEEE conference on Evolutionary Computation, Anchorage, 1998:69～73．
[20] 吕振肃,侯志荣.自适应变异的粒子群优化算法[J].电子学报,2004,3(3) :416～420． Lu Z S, Hou Z R.Particle Swarm Optimization with Adaptive Mutation[J].Acta Electronic Sinica, 2004, 32(3) :416～420．
[21] 曾建潮,崔志华.一种保证全局收敛的PSO算法[J].计算机研究与发展,2004,41(8) :1333～1338． Zeng J C, Cui Z H.A Guaranteed Global Convergence Particle Swarm Optimizer.Journal of Computer Research and Development.2004, 41(8) : 1333～1338．
[22] 高明正,金尚忠,张火明.改进的混合粒子群优化算法[J].中国计量学院学报,2008,19(3) :260～264． Gao M Z, Jin S Z, Zhang H M.Improved hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm[J].Journal of China Jiliang University.(in Chinese), 2008, 19(3) :260～264．
[23] 付国江,王少梅,李宁.一种新的PSO变异策略[J].武汉理工大学学报.信息与管理工程版,2005,27(2) :192～196． Fu G J, Wang S M, Li N.CPg Mutation: A new Mutaion of PSO.Journal of WUT (Information & Managerment Engineering).(in Chinese), 2005, 27(2) :192～196．
[24] 丁坚勇,陶文伟,张文涛.基于模拟退火PSO的电力系统无功优化[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2008,41(2) :94～98． Ding J Y, Tao W W, Zhang W T.Reactive power optimiation in power system based on PSO with simulated anneal.Engineering Journal of Wuhan University.(in Chinese), 2008, 41(2) :94～98．
[25] Simons M, Fialko Y, Rivera L.Coseismic Deformation from the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake as Inferred from InSAR and GPS Observations[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am., 2002,92(4) :1390～1402．
[26] Wright T J, Lu Z, Wicks C.Source model for the M_w6． 7,23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain Earthquake (Alaska)from InSAR[J].Geophys.Res.Lett., 2003, 30(18) ,doi:10． 1029/2003GL018014．
[27] Rosen P A, Henley S, Peltzer G, et al.Updated Repeat Orbit Interferometry Package Released[J].EOS,Transactions American Geophyical Union, 2004, 85(5) ,doi:10． 1029/2004EO050004．
[28] Smith P W, New W H F., Improved version of Generic Mapping Tools Releasd[J].EOS Trans.Amer.Geophys.U., 1998, 79(47) :579．
[2] Okada Y.Surface Deformation Due to Shear and tensile faults ina half-space[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am., 1985, 75(4) :1135～1154．
[3] Fukahata Y, Wright T J.A non-linear geodetic data inversion using ABIC for slip distribution on a fault with an unknown dip angle[J].Geophys.J.Int., 2008, 173:353～364,doi:310． 1111/j.1365-1246X.2007． 03713． x.
[4] Feigl K L, Dupre E.RNGCHN:a program to calculate displacement components from dislocations in an elastic halfspace with applications for modeling geodetic measurements of crustal deformation[J].Computers & Geosciences, 1999,25:695～704．
[5] Wright T J, Parsons B E, Jackson J A, et al.Source parameters of the 1 Octorber 1995 Dinar(Turkey) earthquake from SAR interferometry and seismic bodywave modelling[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1999, 172:23～37．
[6] Jónsson S, Zehker H, Segall P, et al.Fault Slip Distribution of the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine, California Earthquake,Estimated from Satellite Radar and GPS Measurements[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am., 2002, 92(4) :1377～1389．
[7] Lohman R B, Simons M, Savage B.Location and mechanism of the Little Skull Mountain earthquake as constrained by satellite radar interferometry and seismic waveform modeling[J].J.Geophys.Res., 2002, 107(B6) ,doi: 10． 1029/2001JB000627．
[8] Wright T J, Lu Z, Wicks C.Constraining the Slip Distribution and Fault Geometry of the M_W7． 9, November 2002, Denali Fault earthquake with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System Data[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am., 2004, 94(6B):S175～S189．
[9] Funning G J, Parsons B, Wrigth T J.Surface displacements and source paramenters of the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery[J].J.Geophys.Res., 2005, 110, B09406, doi: 10． 1029/2004JB003338．
[10] Li Z, Feng W, Xu Z, et al.The 1998 M_W5． 7 ZhangbeiShangyi (China) earthquake revisited: A buried thrust fault revealed with interferomertic synthetic aperture radar[J].Geochem.geophys.Geosyst., 2008, 9 (4) ,Q04026,doi:10． 1029/2007GC001910．
[11] Pedersen R, Jonsson S, Arnadottir T, et al.Fault slip distribution of two June 2000 M_W6． 5 earthquakes in South Iceland estimated from joint inversion of InSAR and GPS measurements[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003, 213:487～502．
[12] Nunnari G, Puglisi G, Guglielmino F.Inversion of SAR data in active volcanic areas by optimization techniques[J].Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 2005, 12 : 863～870．
[13] Fukushima Y, Cayol V, Durand P.Finding realistic dike models from interferometric synthetic aperture radar data:The February 2000 eruption at Piton de la Fournaise[J].J.Geophys.Res., 2005, 110, B03206, doi: 10． 1029/2004JB003268．
[14] Kennedy J, Eberhart R.Particle Swarm Optimization[J].IEEE Int.Conf.on Neural Networks, 1995, Ⅳ:1942～1948．
[15] 明学星,王建国,吕震中.粒子群优化算法研究[J].东南大学研究生学报,2008,5(2) :118～124．Ming M X, Wang J G, Lu Z Z.Reaserch on the Improvement of Particle Swarm Optimization.Journal of Graduate Students Southeast University.(in Chinese), 5(2) : 118～124．
[16] Clere M, Kennedy J.the particle swarm-explosion, stability,and convegence in a multidimensional complex space[J].IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2002,6(1):58～73．
[17] 马海,王延江,胡睿,等.测井岩性识别新方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(1) :263～269． Ma H, Wang Y J, Hu R, et al.A novel method for well logging lithologic identification.Progress in Geophys.(in chinese), 2009, 24(1) :263～269．
[18] 袁三一,陈小宏.一种新的地震子波提取与层速度反演方法[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(1) :198～205． Yuan S Y, Chen X H.A new method for seismic wavelet extraction and interval velocity inversion[J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese), 2008, 23(1) :198～205．
[19] Shi Y H, Eberhart R C.A modified particle swarm optimizer[J].Proceedings of IEEE conference on Evolutionary Computation, Anchorage, 1998:69～73．
[20] 吕振肃,侯志荣.自适应变异的粒子群优化算法[J].电子学报,2004,3(3) :416～420． Lu Z S, Hou Z R.Particle Swarm Optimization with Adaptive Mutation[J].Acta Electronic Sinica, 2004, 32(3) :416～420．
[21] 曾建潮,崔志华.一种保证全局收敛的PSO算法[J].计算机研究与发展,2004,41(8) :1333～1338． Zeng J C, Cui Z H.A Guaranteed Global Convergence Particle Swarm Optimizer.Journal of Computer Research and Development.2004, 41(8) : 1333～1338．
[22] 高明正,金尚忠,张火明.改进的混合粒子群优化算法[J].中国计量学院学报,2008,19(3) :260～264． Gao M Z, Jin S Z, Zhang H M.Improved hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm[J].Journal of China Jiliang University.(in Chinese), 2008, 19(3) :260～264．
[23] 付国江,王少梅,李宁.一种新的PSO变异策略[J].武汉理工大学学报.信息与管理工程版,2005,27(2) :192～196． Fu G J, Wang S M, Li N.CPg Mutation: A new Mutaion of PSO.Journal of WUT (Information & Managerment Engineering).(in Chinese), 2005, 27(2) :192～196．
[24] 丁坚勇,陶文伟,张文涛.基于模拟退火PSO的电力系统无功优化[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2008,41(2) :94～98． Ding J Y, Tao W W, Zhang W T.Reactive power optimiation in power system based on PSO with simulated anneal.Engineering Journal of Wuhan University.(in Chinese), 2008, 41(2) :94～98．
[25] Simons M, Fialko Y, Rivera L.Coseismic Deformation from the 1999 M_w7． 1 Hector Mine, California, Earthquake as Inferred from InSAR and GPS Observations[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Am., 2002,92(4) :1390～1402．
[26] Wright T J, Lu Z, Wicks C.Source model for the M_w6． 7,23 October 2002, Nenana Mountain Earthquake (Alaska)from InSAR[J].Geophys.Res.Lett., 2003, 30(18) ,doi:10． 1029/2003GL018014．
[27] Rosen P A, Henley S, Peltzer G, et al.Updated Repeat Orbit Interferometry Package Released[J].EOS,Transactions American Geophyical Union, 2004, 85(5) ,doi:10． 1029/2004EO050004．
[28] Smith P W, New W H F., Improved version of Generic Mapping Tools Releasd[J].EOS Trans.Amer.Geophys.U., 1998, 79(47) :579．
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