基于小波分析的断层检测
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摘要
断层在地震数据中显示出奇异性,经过小波变换可以得到断层位置处地震数据的奇异性属性.对包含断层的地震数据进行小波分析处理,能够得到断层的垂直和水平位置.在实际地震资料中将地震信号表示成不同尺度和不同位置的基本单元,然后对变换系数进行极值提取,检测出不同尺度下的地震信号突变特征,从而进行断层检测.对实际地震资料进行地震信号奇异性检测时,首先将地震剖面划分成层,然后在每一层内将尺度参数进行离散化,计算地震记录的小波变换系数,对于某一个尺度求取每一道小波变换系数的最大值,将每一道地震记录小波变换系数的最大值根据原地震道的位置进行排列,得到奇异性曲线.对于某一尺度,断层所在的水平位置对应着奇异性曲线的最值位置,最后绘出整个剖面的极值点检测结果.
The singularity of the seismic data caused by faults is important in geophysiccal interpretation.After wavelet transform,the singularity attribute of the seismic data can be used to estimate faults.The vertical and horizontal positions of the faults can be estimated by transformation of the seismic data.In real seismic data,the seismic signal can be decomposed into basic units of different scales and positions.Then,relative extrema can be estimated on the basis of transformation coefficient.The positions of the singularity can be interpreted as faults of different scales.When is comes to real seismic data,the seismic profiles are divided into layers,scale parameters are discreted,and wavelet transform coefficients are calculated.The maximum wavelet transform coefficients of every scale are obtained and arrayed,thus the singular curves are obtained.For a certain scale,horizon positions of the faults are related to the maximum values of the singular curve.Faults on the seismic profile can be determined.
The singularity of the seismic data caused by faults is important in geophysiccal interpretation.After wavelet transform,the singularity attribute of the seismic data can be used to estimate faults.The vertical and horizontal positions of the faults can be estimated by transformation of the seismic data.In real seismic data,the seismic signal can be decomposed into basic units of different scales and positions.Then,relative extrema can be estimated on the basis of transformation coefficient.The positions of the singularity can be interpreted as faults of different scales.When is comes to real seismic data,the seismic profiles are divided into layers,scale parameters are discreted,and wavelet transform coefficients are calculated.The maximum wavelet transform coefficients of every scale are obtained and arrayed,thus the singular curves are obtained.For a certain scale,horizon positions of the faults are related to the maximum values of the singular curve.Faults on the seismic profile can be determined.
引文
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[2] 刘彦,孟小红,胡金民,等.断层识别技术及其在MB油气田的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :515～521． Liu Y, Meng X H , Hu J M, et al. Faults identifying technique and its application in MB oil-gas field[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) ,2008,23(2) :515～521．
[3] 迟红霞.三维地震解释技术在油田开发中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2010,25(1) :16～20． Chi H X. The application of three dimensional seismic interpretation to development of oilfields [ J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) ,2010,25(1) :16～20．
[4] 李振生,刘德良.塔里木北部库车地区的断层系统及其对油气的控制作用[J].地质科学,2009,44(1) :26～34． Li Z S, Liu D L. Fault system in Kuqa area, northern Tarim and its control to oil-gas accumulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Geology, 2009,44(1) :26～34．
[5] 余一欣,周心怀,汤良杰,等.渤海湾地区X型正断层及油气意义[J].地质学报,2009,83(8) :1083～1088． Yu Y X, Zhou X H, Tang L J, et al. X-Pattern Normal Faults in the Offshore Bohai Bay Basin and Its Significance on Hydrocarbon]J]. Acta Geologic Sinica (in Chinese), 2009,82(8) :26～34．
[6] 陈文超,高静怀,包乾宗.基于连续小波变换的自适应面波压制方法[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(11) :2854～2861． Chen W C, Gao J H, Bao Q Z. Adaptive attenuation of ground roll via continuous wavelet transform [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese) ,2009,52(11) :2854～2861．
[7] 吴招才,刘天佑.地震数据去噪中的小波方法[J].地球物理学进展,2008,23(2) :493～499． Wu Z C, Liu T Y. Wavelet transform methods in seismic data noise attenuation [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2008,23(2) :493～499
[8] 杨真,冯涛,Shugang Wang.0． 9 m薄煤层SH型槽波频散特征 及波形模式[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(2) :442～449． Yang Z, Feng T, Wang S G. Dispersion characteristics and wave shape mode of SH channel wave in a 0． 9 m-thin coal seam [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese) ,2010,53(2) :442～449
[9] 王文睿,李斐,鄢建国,等.月球重力异常的小波多尺度分析[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(7) :1693～1699． Wang W R, Li F, Yan J G, et a l. Wavelet multi-scale analysis on gravity anomaly and inner structure of the Moon[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 2009,52(7) : 1693～1699．
[10] 朱振宇,吕丁友,桑淑云,等.基于物理小波的频谱分解方法及应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(8) :2152～2157． Zhu Z Y, Lu D Y, Sang S Y, et al. Research of spectrum decomposition method based on physical wavelet transform and its application [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese) ,2009,52(8) :2152～2157．
[11] 黄捍东,张如伟,郭迎春.地震信号的小波分频处理[J].石油天然气学报,2008,30(3) :87～91． HuangH D, Zhang R W, Guo Y C. Wavelet Frequencydivision Process for Seismic Signals[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 2008,30 (3) :87～91．
[12] 覃天.基于小波分频叠前相干噪声压制方法[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(4) :1426～1430． Qin T. Prestack coherent noise attenuation based on wavelet frequency-division [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2009,24(4) : 1426～ 1430．
[13] 张江华,林承焰,张江利,等.突变理论在断层检测中的应用[J].石油天然气学报,2008,30(1) :254～256． Zhang J H, Lin C Y, Zhang J L, et al. Application of Catastrophic Theory in Fault Detection[J]. Journal of Oil and Gas Technology, 2008,30(1) : 254～256．
[14] 李春峰,Christopher Liner.基于小波多尺度分析的奇性指数: 一种新地震属性[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(4) :882～888． Li C F, C Liner. Singularity exponent from wavelet-based multiscale analysis: A new seismic attribute[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 2005,48(4) : 882～888．
[15] 曹茂森,任青文,王怀洪.基于小波与分形理论的地震异常检测[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(3) :672～679． Cao M S, Ren Q W, Wang H H. A method of detecting seismic singularities using combined wavelet with fractal [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),2005,48(3) :672～679．
[16] 刘兰峰,曹思远,熊伟,等.多尺度奇异性检测及其在地震相分析中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(6) :2220～2225． Liu L F, Cao S Y, Xiong W, et al. Multi-scale singularity detection and its application to seismic facies analysis [J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 2009 , 24 (6) : 2220 ～ 2225．
[17] 曹向阳,常旭,刘伊克,等.测井曲线的奇异性特征在高分辨率层序地层学研究中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :824～832． Cao X Y, Chang X, Liu Y K, etal. Singularity properties of well log and their application in high resolution sequence stratigraphy research[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 2009,52(3) : 824～832．
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