能量屏蔽作用的类型、形成机制及应对方法
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摘要
对不同地区地震波传播条件进行分析,认为能量屏蔽作用的产生机制有3种:一是强反射界面引起反射型能量屏蔽;二是强黏滞层剧烈吸收损耗引起的耗散型能量屏蔽;三是粗糙面上或非均质介质中的地震波散射引起的散射型能量屏蔽。有时强能量耗散带与强反射界面伴生,产生双重能量屏蔽作用。根据3类能量屏蔽作用机制,提出克服或减少能量屏蔽作用的7种方法:①优化测线部署避开强能量耗散带和散射带;②从激发、接收方面增加透过能量;③优化观测方式避开屏蔽段;④采用高密度地震勘探增加有效接收道;⑤用处理手段消除由强反射界面衍生的多次波、折射波,以及屏蔽带衍生的其他干扰;⑥用转换横波勘探以增大强反射界面的最大透射能量窗;⑦黄土塬区适当结合弯线勘探以减少黄土层的强吸收屏蔽和黄土层底界的强反射屏蔽。
By analyzing the seismic wave transmission conditions for different areas,three types of formation mechanism of energy shielding effect were proposed.Besides the energy shielding effect caused from strong reflection interface which is named as reflecting shielding,there are two mechanisms which greatly reduce the transmission energy and greatly degrade the seismic data quality.One is named as dissipation shielding where there are one or more strong viscous dissipation layers absorbing most of seismic energy rapidly.The other is named as dispersion shielding where there are one or more strong scattering belts scattering most of seismic energy to different directions.In some cases there are intense reflection interfaces as well as dissipation layers or dispersion belts which give rise to dual shielding effect.On the basis of the mechanism of the energy shielding effect,the following countermeasures were proposed to deal with the energy shielding effect: ① optimizing the line deployment to avoid the energy shielding belt as far as possible,② increasing the transmission energy from shooting and receiving,③ selecting reasonable ways of observation on the basis of forward modeling of shielding interfaces or belts,④ introducing the high density seismic survey with small group intervals to increase the effective channels of receiving,⑤ eliminating noises such as multiples,ground roll waves derived from strong interfaces or other dispersion belts by means of seismic processing,⑥ increasing the maximum transmission windows of strong reflection interfaces by means of converted-wave seismic exploration prospecting,⑦ introducing crooking lines seismic survey to reduce the dissipation or reflection shielding in Loess areas.
By analyzing the seismic wave transmission conditions for different areas,three types of formation mechanism of energy shielding effect were proposed.Besides the energy shielding effect caused from strong reflection interface which is named as reflecting shielding,there are two mechanisms which greatly reduce the transmission energy and greatly degrade the seismic data quality.One is named as dissipation shielding where there are one or more strong viscous dissipation layers absorbing most of seismic energy rapidly.The other is named as dispersion shielding where there are one or more strong scattering belts scattering most of seismic energy to different directions.In some cases there are intense reflection interfaces as well as dissipation layers or dispersion belts which give rise to dual shielding effect.On the basis of the mechanism of the energy shielding effect,the following countermeasures were proposed to deal with the energy shielding effect: ① optimizing the line deployment to avoid the energy shielding belt as far as possible,② increasing the transmission energy from shooting and receiving,③ selecting reasonable ways of observation on the basis of forward modeling of shielding interfaces or belts,④ introducing the high density seismic survey with small group intervals to increase the effective channels of receiving,⑤ eliminating noises such as multiples,ground roll waves derived from strong interfaces or other dispersion belts by means of seismic processing,⑥ increasing the maximum transmission windows of strong reflection interfaces by means of converted-wave seismic exploration prospecting,⑦ introducing crooking lines seismic survey to reduce the dissipation or reflection shielding in Loess areas.
引文
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[15]黄中玉,孙建库,朱仕军,等.多分量地震技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007:101-108.
[2]裴正林,牟永光.火成岩区地震波传播规律研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(5):433-437.PEI Zheng-lin,MU Yong-guang.Study of seismic wavepropagation regularity in igneousrock area[J].Geophysi-cal Prospecting for Petroleum,2004,43(5):433-437.
[3]王建花,李庆忠,邱睿.浅层强反射界面的能量屏蔽作用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(6):589-596,602.WANG Jian-hua,LI Qing-zhong,QIU Rui.Energy shiel-ding action of shallow strong reflector[J].Oil GeophysicalProspecting,2003,38(6):589-596,602.
[4]张小庆,桂志先.岩石中纵横波速度关系研究[J].石油天然气学报,2006,28(4):255-257.ZHANG Xiao-qing,GUI Zhi-xian.On the relationshipbetween P-wave and S-wave in rocks[J].Journal of Oiland Gas Technology,2006,28(4):255-257.
[5]陆基孟.地震勘探原理(上、下册)[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006,上册:14-15,下册:164-185,344-345.
[6]安勇,牟永光,方朝亮.沉积岩的速度、衰减与岩石地球物理间的关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(2):188-192.AN Yong,MU Yong-guang,FANG Chao-liang.Relation-ship between attenuation,velocity of sedimentary rocksand petrophysical property[J].Oil Geophysical Prospec-ting,2006,41(2):188-192.
[7]董敏煜.地震勘探[M].东营:石油大学出版社,2000:262-263.
[8]张守伟,孙建孟,苏俊磊,等.砂砾岩弹性试验研究[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2010,34(5):63-68,76.ZHANG Shou-wei,SUN Jian-meng,SU Jun-lei,et al.Experimental investigation on elasticity of glutenite[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Nat-ural Science),2010,34(5):63-68,76.
[9]李灿苹,刘学伟,王祥春,等.地震波的散射理论和散射特征及其应用[J].勘查地球物理进展,2005,28(2):81-89.LI Can-ping,LIU Xue-wei,WANG Xiang-chun,et al.Seismic scattering theory,scattering characteristics andits applications[J].Progress in Exploration Geophysics,2005,28(2):81-89.
[10]ZENG Yue-hua,SU Feng,AKI K.Scattering wave en-ergy propagation in a random isotropic scattering medi-um:1,theory[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,B:Solid Earth and Planets,1991,96(2):607-619.
[11]WU R S.Multiple scattering and energy transfer of seis-mic waves separation of scattering effect from intrinsicattenuation I:theoretical modeling[J].Geophys J R As-tron Soc,1985,82:57-80.
[12]凌云.大地吸收衰减分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(1):1-8.LING Yun.Analysis of attenuation by earth absorption[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2001,36(1):1-8.
[13]赵邦六.多分量地震勘探技术理论与实践[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007:165-262.
[14]周芝旭,董幼瑞.火成岩区广角-转换波地震勘探方法研究[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2005:45-90.
[15]黄中玉,孙建库,朱仕军,等.多分量地震技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2007:101-108.
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