天山造山带的深部结构
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摘要
天山造山带是中亚最令人瞩目的一条由陆陆汇聚而形成的陆内造山带,从古生代以来经历了长期的构造演化,尤其是新生代以来的再次活化,导致了本医复杂的构造特征,因此在全球范围内具有独特性和活动性,是全球公认的研究大陆动力学的天然实验室.从1980年以来,针对天山及周缘的深部结构特征开展了大量的深地震探测研究工作,揭示了天山造山带的深部结构,并对造山带的缩短机制、及与两侧盆地的耦合关系等问题给出了一些解答.本文通过汇总梳理前人的深地震探测工作,探讨了天山造山带不同区段以及与两侧盆地间的深部结构,结果显示西天山造山带具有薄的岩石圈、厚地壳的特征,而东天山则与之相反,揭示了天山造山带在不同区段的隆升和动力学机制的差异.
The Tienshan is one of the most spectacular and active intracontinental mountain ranges in the world caused by the convergence of the continents.It has complex geologic and tectonic settings.Since the Paleozoic,it has undergone a long tectonic evolution,especially the reactivation in the Cenozoic.It has been taken as an object of a classical model of intracontinental orogeny to understand and explain geodynamics of the mountain building process. Since 1980s,a lot of seismic detection work has been finished around the Tienshan and adjacent regions,which revealed the deep structure,and answered some questions about the uplift mechanism and the basin- range coupling. In this paper,the authors summarize the deep seismic detection systemically.and discuss the deep structure of the Tienshan orogenic belt and adjacent basins.The result showes that the western segment of the Tienshan orogenic belt has the thinner lithosphere and thicker crust compared with the middle and eastern segment.Thismay reflect the different uplift mechanism and geodynamics.
The Tienshan is one of the most spectacular and active intracontinental mountain ranges in the world caused by the convergence of the continents.It has complex geologic and tectonic settings.Since the Paleozoic,it has undergone a long tectonic evolution,especially the reactivation in the Cenozoic.It has been taken as an object of a classical model of intracontinental orogeny to understand and explain geodynamics of the mountain building process. Since 1980s,a lot of seismic detection work has been finished around the Tienshan and adjacent regions,which revealed the deep structure,and answered some questions about the uplift mechanism and the basin- range coupling. In this paper,the authors summarize the deep seismic detection systemically.and discuss the deep structure of the Tienshan orogenic belt and adjacent basins.The result showes that the western segment of the Tienshan orogenic belt has the thinner lithosphere and thicker crust compared with the middle and eastern segment.Thismay reflect the different uplift mechanism and geodynamics.
引文
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[2]Burtman V S.Structural geology of variscan Tien Shan,USSR [J].Am.J.Sci,1975,275(A):157-186.
[3]Molnar P,Tapponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:effects of a continental collision[J].Science,1975,189(4201):419-426.
[4]Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan,Mongolia,and Baykal regions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1979,84(B7):3425-3459.
[5]Abdrakhmatov K Y,Aldazhanov S A,Hager B H,et al. Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present-day crustal deformation rates [J].Nature,1996,384(6608):450-453.
[6]Thompson S C,Weldon R J,Rubin C M,et al.Late Quaternary slip rates across the central Tien Shan,Kyrgyzstan,central Asia[J].J.Geophys.Res,2002,107(B9):2203.
[7]Burbank M L,Bullen A.Partitioning of intermontane basins by thrust-related folding,Tien Shan,Kyrgyzstan[J].Basin Research,1999,11(1):75-92.
[8]张国民,汪素云,李丽等.中国大陆地震震源深度及其构造含义[J].科学通报,2002,47(9):663-668. Zhang Guomin,Wang Suyun,Li Li,et al.The epicenter and its tectonic implication of the earthquake in mainland China[J]. Science Bulletin,2002,47(9):663-668.
[9]Ni J.Contemporary tectonics in the Tien Shah region[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1978,41(3):347-354.
[10]杨主恩著.新疆天山(沙雅)-哈纳斯地学断面[M].北京:科学出版社,1996. Yang Z E.Tienshan(Shaya)-Hanas,Xinjiang Geotransect Section[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.
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[12]徐新忠,王有学,蒋亚明,等.新—甘地震测深剖面的地壳速度结构及大地构造单元划分[J].新疆地质,1992,10(2):147- 154. Xu X Z,Wang Y X,Jiang Y M,et al.Crustal velocity structure and geotectonic unit division in Xinjiang-Gansu section based on deep seismic sounding[J].Xinjiang Geology, 1992,10(2):147-154.
[13]王有学,韩果花,姜枚,等.阿尔泰-阿尔金地学断面地壳结构[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(2):240-249. Wang Y X,Han G H,Jiang M,et al.Crustal structure along the geosciences transect from Altay to Altun Tagh[J]. Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(2):240-249.
[14]卢德源,李秋生,高锐,等.横跨天山的人工爆炸地震剖面[J].科学通报,2000,45(9):982-988. Lu D Y,Li Q S,Gao R,et al.A deep seismic sounding profile across the Tianshan mountains[J].Science Bulletin,2000,45 (9):982-988.
[15]Wang Y,Mooney W D,Yuan X,et al.The crustal structure from the Altai Mountains to the Altyn Tagh fault,northwest China[J].J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108.
[16]Zhao J,Liu G,Lu Z,et al.Lithospheric structure and dynamic processes of the Tianshan orogenic belt and the Junggar basin [J].Tectonophysics,2003,376(3-4):199-239.
[17]李秋生,卢德源,高锐,等.新疆地学断面(泉水沟—独山子)深地震测深成果综合研究[J].地球学报,2001,22(6):534- 540. Li Q S,Lu D Y,Gao R,et al.An integrated study ot deep seismic sounding profiling along Xinjiang Global Geosciences Transect(Quanshuigou-Dushanzi )[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2001,22(6 ):534-540.
[18]张先康,赵金仁,张成科,等.帕米尔东北侧地壳结构研究[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(5):665-671. Zhang X K,Zhao J R,Zhang C K,et al.Crustal structure at the northeast side of the Pamirs[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(5):665 - 671.
[19]Zhao J,Cheng H,Pei S,et al.Deep structure at northern margin of Tarim Basin[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53 (10):1544-1554.
[20]Zhao J,Mooney W D,Zhang X,et al.Crustal structure across the Altyn Tagh Range at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and tectonic implications[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,241(3-4):804-814.
[21]张先康,曲国胜,赵金仁.准噶尔盆地深部构造人工地震探测[J].新疆石油地质,2008,29(6):675-679. Zhang X K,Qu G S,Zhao J R.Seismic detection of deep structures in Junggar basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2008,29(6):675-679.
[22]Wang C Y,Lou H,Wei X C,et al.Crustal structure in northern margin of Tianshan mountains and seismotectonics of the 1906 manas earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2001,14(5):491-502.
[23]刘保金,沈军,张先康,等.深地震反射剖面揭示的天山北缘乌鲁木齐坳陷地壳结构和构造[J].地球物理学报,2007,50(5): 1464-1472. Liu B J,Shen J,Zhang X K,et al.The crust structures and tectonic of Urumqi depression revealed by deep seismic reflection profile in the northern margin of Tianshan mountains[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50 (5):1464-1472.
[24]杨卓欣,张先康,嘉世旭,等.伽师强震群区震源细结构的深地震反射探测研究[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(6):1701- 1708. Yang Z X,Zhang X K,Jia S X,et al.Fine crustal structure around the Jiashi earthquake swarm region by deep reflection profiling[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(6): 1701-1708.
[25]高锐,贺日政,侯贺晟,等.西南天山与塔里木结合带盆山结构与油气远景[R].2008. Gao R,He R Z,Hou H S,et al.The range-basin structure and hydrocarbon petential of southeastern Tienshan and Tarim basin[R].2008.
[26]Makarov V I,Alekseev D V,Batalev V Y,et al.Underthrusting of Tarim beneath the Tien Shah and deep structure of their junction zone:Main results of seismic experiment along MANAS Profile Kashgar-Song-Kol[J].Geotectonics,2010,44 (2):102-126.
[27]邵学钟,徐树宝,周东延,等.塔里木盆地地壳结构特征[J].石油勘探与开发,1997,24(2):1-5. Shao X Z,Xu S B,Zhou D Y,et al.Structural feature of earth crust in Tarim basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,1997,24(2):1-5.
[28]邵学钟,张家茹,范会吉,等.天山造山带地壳结构与构造:乌鲁木齐——库尔勒地震转换波测深剖面[J].地球物理学报, 1996,39(3):336-346. Shao X Z,Zhang J R,Fan H J,et al.The crust structures of Tianshan orogenic belt:a deep sounding work by converted waves of earthquakes along Urumqi Korla profile[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1996,39(3):336-346.
[29]张家茹,邵学钟,范会吉.塔里木盆地中部地震转换波测深及其解释[J].地震地质,1998,20(001):34-42. Zhang J R,Shao X Z,Fan H J.Deep sounding survey by converted waves of earthquakes in central part of the Tarim basin and its interpretation[J].Seismology and Geology, 1996,39(3):336-346.
[30]G.Poupinet,Avouac J P,Jiang M,et al.Intracontinental subduction and Palaeozoic inheritance of the lithosphere suggested by a teleseismic experiment across the Chinese Tien Shan[J].Terra Nova,2002,14(1):18-24.
[31]姜枚,许志琴,薛光琦,等.青海茫崖—新疆若羌地震探测剖面及其深部构造的研究[J].地质学报,1999,73(2):153-161. Jiang M,Xu Z Q,Xue G Q,et al.Seismic profiling between Mangnai,Qinghai and Ruoqiang,Xinjiang and infrastructure study[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,1999,73(2):153-161.
[32]Mi N,Wang L,Li H,et al.Velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in the boundary area of the Tianshan Mountains and the Tarim Basin[J].Chinese Science Bulletin, 2005,50(3):270-275.
[33]Wittlinger G,Vergne J,Tapponnier P,et al.Teleseismic imaging of subducting lithosphere and Moho offsets beneath western Tibet[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,221(1～4):117-130.
[34]Li Y,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle underneath the tianshan orogenic belt[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences, 2007,50(3):321-330.
[35]Liu Q,Chen J,Li S,et al.Passive seismic experiment in Xinjiang-Jiashi strong earthquake region and discussion on its seismic genesis[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2000,43(3):356- 365.
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