基于NDVI监测5.12震后岷江河谷映秀汶川段滑坡体植被恢复
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摘要
汶川5.12地震造成岷江流域生态环境严重受损,评估地震后自然植被恢复过程,对生态环境恢复和重建有着重要的意义。本研究以5.12地震前后(2007、2008及2011年)空间分辨率为30 m×30 m的TM遥感影像的NDVI指标为数据源,监测了岷江上游干旱河谷(映秀—汶川段)植被在地震前后的动态变化,并结合地形因子,分析了植被受损及地震3年后植被恢复的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)地震造成的研究区滑坡体面积约5 413.95hm2,占总面积的34.74%;(2)滑坡体发育总体上与海拔呈负相关,与坡度呈正相关,与坡向无显着相关;(3)地震3年后,受损植被的平均恢复率达66.71%,其中中等及良好恢复的面积为3 942.54 hm2,占滑坡总面积的72.82%。研究结果也显示植被恢复与坡度、海拔有很高的一致性,及植被恢复的复杂性。
The Wenchuan Earthquake(Richter scale 8) on May 12,2008 caused widespread ecosystem damages in the Minjiang River Basin.It is important to evaluate the natural vegetation recovery process and provide basic information on ecological aspects of the recovering environment after the earthquake.To circumvent weather limits of remote sensing and to meet the need for regional observation analyses,three Landsat TM images pre-and post-earthquake in the Minjiang arid valley were used for analysis.The post-earthquake vegetation cover values were compared to the pre-earthquake value to determine the extent to which the vegetation was damaged in relation to the pre-earthquake pattern,and the rate of recovery was evaluated.Spatial characteristics of vegetation loss and natural recovery pattern were analyzed in relation to elevation,slope and aspect.The results showed that(1) the landslides caused by the earthquake was 5 413.95 hm2,accounted for 34.74% of the total area;(2) there is a good correlation between recovery rate and both slope and elevation;(3) after three years,the average vegetation recovery rate reached 66.71%.Our study also showed that there was a high congruency between recovery rate and both slope and elevation,and the recovery patterns were complicated.
The Wenchuan Earthquake(Richter scale 8) on May 12,2008 caused widespread ecosystem damages in the Minjiang River Basin.It is important to evaluate the natural vegetation recovery process and provide basic information on ecological aspects of the recovering environment after the earthquake.To circumvent weather limits of remote sensing and to meet the need for regional observation analyses,three Landsat TM images pre-and post-earthquake in the Minjiang arid valley were used for analysis.The post-earthquake vegetation cover values were compared to the pre-earthquake value to determine the extent to which the vegetation was damaged in relation to the pre-earthquake pattern,and the rate of recovery was evaluated.Spatial characteristics of vegetation loss and natural recovery pattern were analyzed in relation to elevation,slope and aspect.The results showed that(1) the landslides caused by the earthquake was 5 413.95 hm2,accounted for 34.74% of the total area;(2) there is a good correlation between recovery rate and both slope and elevation;(3) after three years,the average vegetation recovery rate reached 66.71%.Our study also showed that there was a high congruency between recovery rate and both slope and elevation,and the recovery patterns were complicated.
引文
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25.Chang K T,Chiang S H,Hsu M L.Modeling typhoon-andearthquake-induced landslides in a mountainous watershedusing logistic regression[J].Geomorphology,2007,89(3-4):335-347.
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27.Khazai B,Sitar N.Evaluation of factors controlling earth-quake-induced landslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquakeand comparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events[J].Engineering Geology,2004,71(1-2):79-95.
28.Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,et al.Landslides trig-gered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake[J].Geo-morphology,2008,94(1-2):1-9.
29.Huang R Q,Li W L.Analysis of the geo-hazards triggeredby the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China[J].Bul-letin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2009,68(3):363-371.
2.Purevdorj T,Tateishi R,Ishiyama T,et al.Relationships be-tween percent vegetation cover and vegetation indices[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1998,19(18):3519-3535.
3.赵英时.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:374.
4.李辉霞,刘国华,傅伯杰.基于NDVI的三江源地区植被生长对气候变化和人类活动的响应研究[J].生态学报,2011,31(19):5495-5504.
5.Xiao XM,Boles S,Liu J Y,et al.Characterization of foresttypes in Northeastern China,using multi-temporal SPOT-4VEGETATION sensor data[J].Remote Sensing of Environ-ment,2002,82(2-3):335-348.
6.Nemani R R,Keeling C D,Hashimoto H,et al.Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary productionfrom 1982 to 1999[J].Science,2003,300(5625):1560-1563.
7.Ratana P,Yin Y,Huete A R,et al.Interrelationship amongamong MODIS vegetation products across an amazon eco-climatic gradient[C].//Processing of IEEE InternationalGeoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.Seoul:SouthKorea,2005:3009-3012.
8.Piao S,Mohammat A,Fang J,et al.NDVI-based increase ingrowth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climatechanges in China[J].Global Environmental Change-Hu-man and Policy Dimensions,2006,16(4):340-348.
9.de Jong R,de Bruin S.Analysis of monotonic greening andbrowning trends from global NDVI time-series[J].RemoteSensing of Environment,2011,115(2):692-702.
10.张学俭,冯仲科.RS和GIS支持下的我国农牧交错生态脆弱区LUCC研究—以宁夏盐池县为例[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(1):32-38.
11.刘纪远,徐新良,邵全琴.近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征[J].地理学报,2008,63(4):364-376.
12.中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队,横断山区干旱河谷[M].北京:科学出版社,1992.
13.梁小军,江洪,王可,等.基于SWAT模型的岷江上游干旱河谷区水文特征情景模拟研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(8):79-84.
14.Yang X J,Chen L D.Using multi-temporal remote sensorimagery to detect earthquake-triggered landslides[J].Inter-national Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinfor-mation,2010,12(6):487-495.
15.Zhang W,Lin J,Peng J,et al.Estimating Wenchuan Earth-quake induced landslides based on remote sensing[J].In-ternational Journal of Remote Sensing,2010,31(13):3495-3508.
16.Ge Y,Xu J,Liu Q,et al.Image interpretation and statisticalanalysis of vegetation damage caused by the Wenchuanearthquake and related secondary disasters[J].Journal ofApplied Remote Sensing,2009,3(1):031660.
17.Lu T,Zeng H,Luo Y,et al.Monitoring vegetation recoveryafter China’s May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using Land-sat TM time-series data:A case study in Mao County[J].Ecological Research,2012,DOI:10.1007/s11284-012-0976-y.
18.Ju J C,Roy D P.The availability of cloud-free Landsat ETMplus data over the conterminous United States and globally[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2008,112(3):1196-1211.
19.张文辉,卢涛,马克明,等.岷江上游干旱河谷植物群落分布的环境与空间因素分析[J].生态学报,2004,24(3):552-559.
20.杨兆平,常禹,杨孟,等.岷江上游干旱河谷景观边界动态及其影响域[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(9):1972-1976.
21.Lin W T,Chou W C,Lin C Y,et al.Vegetation recoverymonitoring and assessment at landslides caused by earth-quake in Central Taiwan[J].Forest Ecology and Manage-ment,2005,210(1-3):55-66.
22.Matsushita B,Yang W,Chen J,et al.Sensitivity of the En-hanced Vegetation Index(EVI)and Normalized DifferenceVegetation Index(NDVI)to topographic effects:A casestudy in high-density cypress forest[J].Sensors,2007,7(11):2636-2651.
23.Dai F C,Lee C F.Landslide characteristics and,slope in-stability modeling using GIS,Lantau Island,Hong Kong[J].Geomorphology,2002,42(3-4):213-228.
24.Lee S.Application of logistic regression model and its vali-dation for landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS andremote sensing data journals[J].International Journal ofRemote Sensing,2005,26(7):1477-1491.
25.Chang K T,Chiang S H,Hsu M L.Modeling typhoon-andearthquake-induced landslides in a mountainous watershedusing logistic regression[J].Geomorphology,2007,89(3-4):335-347.
26.Wang H B,Sassa K,Xu W Y.Analysis of a spatial distribu-tion of landslides triggered by the 2004 Chuetsu earth-quakes of Niigata Prefecture[J],Japan Natural Hazards,2007,41(1):43-60.
27.Khazai B,Sitar N.Evaluation of factors controlling earth-quake-induced landslides caused by Chi-Chi earthquakeand comparison with the Northridge and Loma Prieta events[J].Engineering Geology,2004,71(1-2):79-95.
28.Owen L A,Kamp U,Khattak G A,et al.Landslides trig-gered by the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake[J].Geo-morphology,2008,94(1-2):1-9.
29.Huang R Q,Li W L.Analysis of the geo-hazards triggeredby the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake,China[J].Bul-letin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2009,68(3):363-371.
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