震动变形构造所表征的震积岩:以河北宣化中元古界高于庄组第三段为例
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摘要
地震变形构造主要包括小级别的张性或压性断层、不协调的软沉积物变形褶皱等,这些变形构造以震动变形作用为特点从而成为识别和定义地震岩的主要标志。在河北宣化一带的高于庄组第三段下部的白云质灰岩或灰质白云岩层之中,发育了极为典型的地震变形构造,包括层内断层、层内褶皱以及极为典型的碎裂角砾岩等。高于庄组第三段地震变形构造的发现,为探索和研究地震作用对沉积岩层的破坏和改造而区分于其他的事件沉积如海啸沉积和风暴沉积提供了极为重要的实例,也为更加深入理解高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列的产出背景提供了重要资料。
Earthquake-induced deformational structures mainly include the small-grade tensional or compressional fault,the inconsistent fold of soft sediment,which are marked by shock deformation;thus,these structures become the main discerning marks for seismites.Many typical earthquake-induced deformational structures developed in the third member of Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Xuanhua County of Hebei Province,and these structures include the obvious intrastratal fault,the intrastratal fold and the cataclastic breccia and so on.The earthquake-induced structure in the third member of Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation provides an important example for both the study on not only the reconstruction and the destruction of depositional rock beds generated by earthquake but also the distinguishability from other event deposits such as the storm and the tsunami deposits,and also provides an important information for the formation setting of the third member of Gaoyuzhuang Formation that is marked by a nonstromatolitic succession of the Precambrian.
Earthquake-induced deformational structures mainly include the small-grade tensional or compressional fault,the inconsistent fold of soft sediment,which are marked by shock deformation;thus,these structures become the main discerning marks for seismites.Many typical earthquake-induced deformational structures developed in the third member of Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Xuanhua County of Hebei Province,and these structures include the obvious intrastratal fault,the intrastratal fold and the cataclastic breccia and so on.The earthquake-induced structure in the third member of Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation provides an important example for both the study on not only the reconstruction and the destruction of depositional rock beds generated by earthquake but also the distinguishability from other event deposits such as the storm and the tsunami deposits,and also provides an important information for the formation setting of the third member of Gaoyuzhuang Formation that is marked by a nonstromatolitic succession of the Precambrian.
引文
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[2]Seilacher A.Event and their signatures:An review[M]∥Einsele G,Riccken W,Seilacher A.Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1991:222-226.
[3]Seilacher A.Fault-graded bed interpreted as seismites[J].Sedimentology,1969,13(1/2):155-159.
[4]Anamd A,Jain A K.Earthquakes and deformational struc-tures(seismites)in Holocene sediments from the Himalayan-Andaman Arc[J].Tectonophysics,1987,133:105-120.
[5]杜远生,韩欣.论地震作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):389-394.
[6]宋天锐.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列[J].科学通报,1988(8):609-611.
[7]Qiao X F,Song T R,Gao L Z,et al.Seismic sequence in carbonate rocks by vibrational liquefaction[J].Acta Geologi-ca Sinica,1994,7(3):243-265.
[8]乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.地层中的地震记录(古地震)[M].北京:地质出版社,2006:1-263.
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[13]Furniss G,Rittle J F,Winston D.Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of“MT”structure from the Late Precambrian Belt-Purcell Supergroup[J].Journal of Sedimentary Re-search,1998,68:104-114.
[14]Pollock M D,Kah L C,Bartley J K.Morphology of MT structures in Precambrian carbonates:Influence of substrate rheology and implications for genesis[J].Journal of Sedi-mentary Research,2006,76:310-323.
[15]Bishop J W,Sumner D Y.Molar tooth structures of the Neo-archean Montevielle Formation,Transvaal Supergroup,South Africa,Ⅰ:Constraints on microcrystalline CaCO 3 pre-cipitation[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(5):1049-1068.
[16]Bishop J W,Sumner D Y,Huerta N J.Molar tooth struc-tures of the Neoarchean Montevielle Formation,Transvaal Supergroup,South Africa,Ⅱ:A wave-induced fluid flow model[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(5):1069-1082.
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[22]Dawson A G,Stewart I.Tsunami deposits in the geological record[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,200:166-183.
[23]Kortekaas S,Dawson A G.Distinguishing tsunami and storm deposits:An example from Martinhal,SW Portugal[J].Sed-imentary Geology,2007,200:208-221.
[24]Mulder T,Alexander J.The physical character of subaqueous sedimentary density flows and their deposits[J].Sedimentology,48:269-299.
[25]Shanmugam G.50years of the turbidite paradigm(1950s-1990s.deep-water processes and facies models):A critical perspective[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:285-342.
[26]Le Jan Bourrouilh F G,Beck C,Gorsline D S.Catastrophic e-vents(hurricanes,tsunami and others)and their sedimentary re-cords:Introductory notes and new concepts for shallow water de-posits[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,199:1-11.
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[31]梅冥相.中元古代叠层石-非叠层石碳酸盐岩层序地层序列及其沉积特征[J].现代地质,2007,21(2):387-396.
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[33]Mei M X.Sedimentary features and implications for the Pre-cambrian non-stromatolitic carbonate succession:A case study of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou Section in Yanqing County of Beijing[J].Acta Geo-logica Sinica,2008,82(2):295-309.
[34]梅冥相,高金汉,孟庆芬.中元古界非叠层石灰岩中的MISS:以北京延庆千沟剖面高于庄组第三段为例[J].地学前缘,2009,16(5):207-218.
[35]陆松年,李惠民.蓟县长城系大红峪组火山岩中单颗锆石U-Pb法准确定年[J].地球学报,1991,22:137-145.
[36]钟富道.从燕山地区震旦地层表同位素年龄论中国震旦地质年表[J].中国科学:B辑,1977,2:151-161.
[37]王松山,桑海清,裘翼,等.蓟县雾迷山组和杨庄组形成年龄的研究[J].地质科学,1995,30(2):166-172.
[38]朱士兴,黄学光,孙菽芬.华北燕山中元古界长城系研究的新进展[J].地层学杂志,2006,29(增刊):437-449.
[39]李怀坤,朱士兴,相振群.北京延庆高于庄组凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb定年研究及其对华北克拉通中元古界划分新方案的进一步约束[J].岩石学报,2010,26(6):2131-2140.
[40]梅冥相,徐德斌.沉积地层旋回性记录中几个理论问题的认识:兼论“露头层序地层”的工作方法[J].现代地质,1996,10(3):85-92.
[41]王鸿祯,史晓颖.沉积层序及海平面变化旋回的分类级别:旋回周期的成因讨论[J].现代地质,1998,12(1):1-16.
[42]梅冥相,徐德斌,周洪瑞.米级旋回层序的成因类型及相序组构特征[J].沉积学报,2000,18(4):43-49.
[43]Osleger D A.Subtidal carbonate cycles:Implication for allo-cyclic versus autocyclic controls[J].Geology,1990,19:917-920.
[44]Cita M B,Ricci-Lucchi F.Seismicity and sedimentation[J].Marine Geology,1984,55:161-169.
[45]史晓颖,张传恒,蒋干清,等.华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩中的微生物成因构造及其生烃潜力[J].现代地质,2008,22(5):669-682.
[46]乔秀夫,高林志.燕辽裂隙槽中元古代古地震与古地理[J].古地理学报,2007,9(4):337-352.
[47]汤东杰,史晓颖,刘娟,等.华北地台串岭沟组砂脉中自生碳酸盐沉淀和自生黄铁矿:中元古代甲烷厌氧氧化的沉积证据[J].古地理学报,2009,11(4):361-374.
[48]梅冥相,高金汉,孟庆芬,等.前寒武纪与微生物席相关的粉砂岩岩墙:以天津蓟县剖面为例[J].古地理学报,2009,11(1):37-50.
[49]Pratt B R,Bordonaro O L.Tsuamis in a stormy sea:Middle Cambrian inner-shelf limestones of western Argentina[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2007,77:165-252.
[50]Owen G,Moretti M,Alfaro P.Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation:Current understanding and future di-rections[J].Sedimentary Geology,2011,235:133-140.
[51]Ettensohn F R,Zhang C,Gao L,et al.Soft-sediment de-formation in epicontinental carbonates as evidence of paleo-seismicity with evidence for a possible new seismogenic indica-tor:Accordion folds[J].Sedimentary Geology,2011,235:222-233.
[2]Seilacher A.Event and their signatures:An review[M]∥Einsele G,Riccken W,Seilacher A.Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1991:222-226.
[3]Seilacher A.Fault-graded bed interpreted as seismites[J].Sedimentology,1969,13(1/2):155-159.
[4]Anamd A,Jain A K.Earthquakes and deformational struc-tures(seismites)in Holocene sediments from the Himalayan-Andaman Arc[J].Tectonophysics,1987,133:105-120.
[5]杜远生,韩欣.论地震作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):389-394.
[6]宋天锐.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列[J].科学通报,1988(8):609-611.
[7]Qiao X F,Song T R,Gao L Z,et al.Seismic sequence in carbonate rocks by vibrational liquefaction[J].Acta Geologi-ca Sinica,1994,7(3):243-265.
[8]乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.地层中的地震记录(古地震)[M].北京:地质出版社,2006:1-263.
[9]Pratt B R.Molar-tooth structures in Proterozoic carbonates:Origin from synsedimentary earthquakes,and implication for the nature and evolution of basin and marine sediments[J].GAS Bulletin,1998,110:1028-1045.
[10]张传恒,武振杰,高林志等.华北中元古界雾迷山组地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(1):6-8.
[11]梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏等.北京房山世界地质公园中元古界雾迷山组地震-海啸序列及地质特征-以野山坡为例[J].地质通报,2009,28(1):30-37.
[12]Rossetti D F,Goes A M.Deciphering the sedimentological imprint of paleoseismic events:An example from the Aptian Codo Gormation,Northern Brazil[J].Sedimentary Geology,2000,135:137-145.
[13]Furniss G,Rittle J F,Winston D.Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of“MT”structure from the Late Precambrian Belt-Purcell Supergroup[J].Journal of Sedimentary Re-search,1998,68:104-114.
[14]Pollock M D,Kah L C,Bartley J K.Morphology of MT structures in Precambrian carbonates:Influence of substrate rheology and implications for genesis[J].Journal of Sedi-mentary Research,2006,76:310-323.
[15]Bishop J W,Sumner D Y.Molar tooth structures of the Neo-archean Montevielle Formation,Transvaal Supergroup,South Africa,Ⅰ:Constraints on microcrystalline CaCO 3 pre-cipitation[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(5):1049-1068.
[16]Bishop J W,Sumner D Y,Huerta N J.Molar tooth struc-tures of the Neoarchean Montevielle Formation,Transvaal Supergroup,South Africa,Ⅱ:A wave-induced fluid flow model[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(5):1069-1082.
[17]葛铭,孟祥化,旷宏伟,等.臼齿碳酸盐岩:21世纪全球沉积学研究的新热点[J].沉积学报,2003,21(1):81-89.
[18]Mei M X.Origin of molar-tooth structure based on sequence-stratigraphic position and macroscopic features:Example from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at Jixian section,Tianjin,North China[J].Journal of China Universi-ty of Geosciences,2006,17:201-208.
[19]梅冥相.前寒武纪“臼齿状构造谜”的一些认识:来自天津蓟县剖面中元古代高于庄中的一些信息[J].古地理学报,2007,9(6):587-609.
[20]任国选,孟祥化,葛铭,等.蓟县地区雾迷山组风暴硅质岩沉积序列[J].地质科技情报,2007,26(5):11-16.
[21]Myrow P M,Southard J B.Tempestite deposition[J].Jour-nal of Sedimentary Research,1996,66:875-887.
[22]Dawson A G,Stewart I.Tsunami deposits in the geological record[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,200:166-183.
[23]Kortekaas S,Dawson A G.Distinguishing tsunami and storm deposits:An example from Martinhal,SW Portugal[J].Sed-imentary Geology,2007,200:208-221.
[24]Mulder T,Alexander J.The physical character of subaqueous sedimentary density flows and their deposits[J].Sedimentology,48:269-299.
[25]Shanmugam G.50years of the turbidite paradigm(1950s-1990s.deep-water processes and facies models):A critical perspective[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:285-342.
[26]Le Jan Bourrouilh F G,Beck C,Gorsline D S.Catastrophic e-vents(hurricanes,tsunami and others)and their sedimentary re-cords:Introductory notes and new concepts for shallow water de-posits[J].Sedimentary Geology,2007,199:1-11.
[27]邢裕盛,高振家,刘桂枝,等.中国的上前寒武系[M].北京:地质出版社,1989:69-119.
[28]陈晋镳,武铁山.华北区区域地层[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1997:20-44.
[29]朱士兴,邢裕盛,张鹏远.华北地台中上元古界生物地层序列[M].北京:地质出版社,1994:1-232.
[30]梅冥相.燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义[J].现代地质,2007,22(1):1-10.
[31]梅冥相.中元古代叠层石-非叠层石碳酸盐岩层序地层序列及其沉积特征[J].现代地质,2007,21(2):387-396.
[32]Mei M X.Implications of the Precambrian non-stromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of Meso-proterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Yanshan Area of North China[J].Journal of China University of Geosciences,2007,18(3):191-209.
[33]Mei M X.Sedimentary features and implications for the Pre-cambrian non-stromatolitic carbonate succession:A case study of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou Section in Yanqing County of Beijing[J].Acta Geo-logica Sinica,2008,82(2):295-309.
[34]梅冥相,高金汉,孟庆芬.中元古界非叠层石灰岩中的MISS:以北京延庆千沟剖面高于庄组第三段为例[J].地学前缘,2009,16(5):207-218.
[35]陆松年,李惠民.蓟县长城系大红峪组火山岩中单颗锆石U-Pb法准确定年[J].地球学报,1991,22:137-145.
[36]钟富道.从燕山地区震旦地层表同位素年龄论中国震旦地质年表[J].中国科学:B辑,1977,2:151-161.
[37]王松山,桑海清,裘翼,等.蓟县雾迷山组和杨庄组形成年龄的研究[J].地质科学,1995,30(2):166-172.
[38]朱士兴,黄学光,孙菽芬.华北燕山中元古界长城系研究的新进展[J].地层学杂志,2006,29(增刊):437-449.
[39]李怀坤,朱士兴,相振群.北京延庆高于庄组凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb定年研究及其对华北克拉通中元古界划分新方案的进一步约束[J].岩石学报,2010,26(6):2131-2140.
[40]梅冥相,徐德斌.沉积地层旋回性记录中几个理论问题的认识:兼论“露头层序地层”的工作方法[J].现代地质,1996,10(3):85-92.
[41]王鸿祯,史晓颖.沉积层序及海平面变化旋回的分类级别:旋回周期的成因讨论[J].现代地质,1998,12(1):1-16.
[42]梅冥相,徐德斌,周洪瑞.米级旋回层序的成因类型及相序组构特征[J].沉积学报,2000,18(4):43-49.
[43]Osleger D A.Subtidal carbonate cycles:Implication for allo-cyclic versus autocyclic controls[J].Geology,1990,19:917-920.
[44]Cita M B,Ricci-Lucchi F.Seismicity and sedimentation[J].Marine Geology,1984,55:161-169.
[45]史晓颖,张传恒,蒋干清,等.华北地台中元古代碳酸盐岩中的微生物成因构造及其生烃潜力[J].现代地质,2008,22(5):669-682.
[46]乔秀夫,高林志.燕辽裂隙槽中元古代古地震与古地理[J].古地理学报,2007,9(4):337-352.
[47]汤东杰,史晓颖,刘娟,等.华北地台串岭沟组砂脉中自生碳酸盐沉淀和自生黄铁矿:中元古代甲烷厌氧氧化的沉积证据[J].古地理学报,2009,11(4):361-374.
[48]梅冥相,高金汉,孟庆芬,等.前寒武纪与微生物席相关的粉砂岩岩墙:以天津蓟县剖面为例[J].古地理学报,2009,11(1):37-50.
[49]Pratt B R,Bordonaro O L.Tsuamis in a stormy sea:Middle Cambrian inner-shelf limestones of western Argentina[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2007,77:165-252.
[50]Owen G,Moretti M,Alfaro P.Recognising triggers for soft-sediment deformation:Current understanding and future di-rections[J].Sedimentary Geology,2011,235:133-140.
[51]Ettensohn F R,Zhang C,Gao L,et al.Soft-sediment de-formation in epicontinental carbonates as evidence of paleo-seismicity with evidence for a possible new seismogenic indica-tor:Accordion folds[J].Sedimentary Geology,2011,235:222-233.
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