水库气枪震源产生的S波及其分裂
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摘要
人工气枪震源在陆地水库可以有效激发S波,S波能量较强,与ML1.6天然地震相当。气枪可用于S波分裂研究,对布置在燕山隆起带的流动地震台的气枪信号进行了S波分裂参数分析,结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向为NWW和NNE向,偏振方向和断裂的性质密切相关。气枪是高度可重复性人工震源,利用气枪定点激发和定点接收有可能精确获取S波分裂参数随时间的变化规律,为地震预测探索实践提供可靠的物理途径。
Shear wave splitting is a possible method for earthquake stress-forecasting.We applied shear wave splitting analysis to a seismic dataset generated by airguns in a reservoir.We found that the seismic data contains shear waves(Sg and SmS).The shear waves are converted at the water-solid interface from P-waves generated by the airgun source,and the energy of the converted shear wave is equivalent to the energy released by a ML 1.6 earthquake.We analyzed the data recorded by a seismic line deployed over the Yanshan uplift.The results show that the predominant polarizations of the fast shear wave are in the directions of NWW and NEE,which are affected by the characteristics of the local fault system.Using an airgun as a repeatable seismic source and recording the data at a fixed point,the variation of shear wave splitting parameters can indicate the variation of local stress-strain fields,and hence provides a method for earthquake stress-forecasting.
Shear wave splitting is a possible method for earthquake stress-forecasting.We applied shear wave splitting analysis to a seismic dataset generated by airguns in a reservoir.We found that the seismic data contains shear waves(Sg and SmS).The shear waves are converted at the water-solid interface from P-waves generated by the airgun source,and the energy of the converted shear wave is equivalent to the energy released by a ML 1.6 earthquake.We analyzed the data recorded by a seismic line deployed over the Yanshan uplift.The results show that the predominant polarizations of the fast shear wave are in the directions of NWW and NEE,which are affected by the characteristics of the local fault system.Using an airgun as a repeatable seismic source and recording the data at a fixed point,the variation of shear wave splitting parameters can indicate the variation of local stress-strain fields,and hence provides a method for earthquake stress-forecasting.
引文
陈颙,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.2007a.建立地震发射台的建议[J].地球科学进展,22(5):441—446.CHEN Yong,WANG Bao-shan,GE Hong-kui,et al.2007a.Proposed transmitted seismic stations[J].Advances inEarth Science,22(5):441—446(in Chinese).
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高原.1995.唐山地区近震S波分裂的观测与研究[J].地震,15(3):208—213.GAO Yuan.1995.Observation and research on local earthquake S-wave splitting in Tangshan region[J].Earth-quake,15(3):208—213(in Chinese).
高原,藤吉文.2005.中国大陆地壳与上地幔地震各向异性研究[J].地球物理学进展,20(1):180—185.GAO Yuan,TENG Ji-wen.2005.Studies on seismic anisotropy in the crust and mantle on Chinese mainland[J].Progress in Geophysics,20(1):180—185(in Chinese).
高原,郑斯华,孙勇.1995.唐山地区地壳裂隙各向异性[J].地震学报,17(3):283—293.GAO Yuan,ZHENG Si-hua,SUN-Yong.1995.Crustal crack anisotropy in Tangshan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,17(3):283—293(in Chinese).
高原,郑斯华,周蕙兰.1999.唐山地区快剪切波偏振图像及其变化[J].地球物理学报,42:228—232.GAO Yuan,ZHENG Si-hua,ZHOU Hui-lan.1999.Polarization patterns of fast shear wave in Tangshan region and their variations[J].Chinese J Geophys,42:228—232(in Chinese).
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林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.2008.大容量气枪震源特征及深部介质中传播的震相分析[J].地球物理学报,51(1):206—212.LIN Jin-min,WANG Bao-shan,GE Hong-kui,et al.2008.Study on large volume airgun source characteristics andseismic phase analysis[J].Chinese J Geophys,51(1):206—212(in Chinese).
刘志,张先康,嘉世旭,等.2000.泰安—忻州剖面S波分裂计算及介质各向异性与深部构造相关性探讨[J].地球物理学进展,15(3):61—69.LIUZhi,ZHANG Xian-kang,JIAShi-xu,et al.2000.S-wave splitting calculation and discussion about the correlativ-ity between medium anisotropy and deep structure from the Tai an-Xianzhou DSS profile[J].Progress in Geo-physics,15(3):61—69(in Chinese).
王椿镛,丁志峰,陈学波,等.1997a.大别造山带地壳S波分裂和介质各向异性[J].科学通报,42(23):2539—2542.WANG Chun-yong,DING Zhi-feng,CHEN Xue-bo,et al.1997a.Shear-wave splitting and anisotropy in crust of Da-bieshan orogenic belt[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,43(9):738—742.
王椿镛,丁志峰,宋建立,等.1997b.大别造山带地壳S波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,40(3):337—346.WANG Chun-yong,DING Zhi-feng,SONG Jian-li,et al.1997b.Shear wave velocity structure in Dabieshan orogenicbelt[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,40(3):337—346(in Chinese).
吴晶,高原,陈运泰,等.2007.首都圈西北部地区地壳介质地震各向异性特征初步研究[J].地球物理学报,50(1):209—220.WU Jing,GAO Yuan,CHENYun-tai,et al.2007.Seismic anisotropy in the crust in northwestern capital area of Chi-na[J].Chinese J Geophys,50(1):209—220(in Chinese).
姚陈,郝重涛,蔡明刚.2007.理论地震图解释爆破源横波[A].见:中国地球物理学会编.中国地球物理学会第二十三届年会论文集.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社.617.YAO Chen,HAO Zhong-tao,CAI Ming-gang.2007.Synthetic seismograms for explanation of explosion source withshear wave[A].In:Chinese Geophysical Society(ed).Annual of the Chinese Geophysical Society2007.OceanUniversity Press,Qingdao.617(in Chinese).
Crampin S.1978.Seismic wave propagation through a cracked solid:polarization as a possible dilatancy diagnostic[J].Geophys J R astr Soc,53:467—496.
Crampin S.1998.Stress-forecasting:a viable alternative to earthquake prediction in a dynamic Earth[J].Trans RSoc Edin,Earth Sci,89:121—133.
Crampin S.2001.Developing stress-monitoring sites using cross-hole seismology to stress-forecast the times and magni-tudes of future earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,338(3-4):233—245.
Crampin S,Volti T,Stefansson R.1999.A successfully stress-forecast earthquake[J].Geophys J Int,138(1).
Crampin S,Zatsepin S V.1997.Modeling the compliance of crustal rock-Ⅱ.Response to temporal changes beforeearthquakes[J].Geophys J Int,129:495—506.
Nuttli O.1961.The effect of the earth s surface on the S wave particle motion[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Socie-ty of America,51(2):237—246.
Yuan J.2002.Analysis of Four-component Seafloor Seismic Data for Seismic Anisotropy[D].Ph D Thesis.Edin-burgh:University of Edinburgh.158—160.
陈颙,张先康,丘学林,等.2007b.陆地人工激发地震波的一种新方法[J].科学通报,52(11):1317—1321.CHEN Yong,ZHANG Xian-kang,QIU Xue-lin,et al.2007b.A new way to generate seismic waves for continentalcrustal exploration[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,52(16):2264—2268.
高原.1995.唐山地区近震S波分裂的观测与研究[J].地震,15(3):208—213.GAO Yuan.1995.Observation and research on local earthquake S-wave splitting in Tangshan region[J].Earth-quake,15(3):208—213(in Chinese).
高原,藤吉文.2005.中国大陆地壳与上地幔地震各向异性研究[J].地球物理学进展,20(1):180—185.GAO Yuan,TENG Ji-wen.2005.Studies on seismic anisotropy in the crust and mantle on Chinese mainland[J].Progress in Geophysics,20(1):180—185(in Chinese).
高原,郑斯华,孙勇.1995.唐山地区地壳裂隙各向异性[J].地震学报,17(3):283—293.GAO Yuan,ZHENG Si-hua,SUN-Yong.1995.Crustal crack anisotropy in Tangshan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,17(3):283—293(in Chinese).
高原,郑斯华,周蕙兰.1999.唐山地区快剪切波偏振图像及其变化[J].地球物理学报,42:228—232.GAO Yuan,ZHENG Si-hua,ZHOU Hui-lan.1999.Polarization patterns of fast shear wave in Tangshan region and their variations[J].Chinese J Geophys,42:228—232(in Chinese).
嘉世旭,张先康.2005.华北不同构造块体地壳结构及其对比研究[J].地球物理学报,48(3):611—620.JIA Shi-xu,ZHANG Xiang-kang.2005.Crustal structure and comparison of different tectonic blocks in North China[J].Chinese J Geophys,48(3):611—620(in Chinese).
林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.2008.大容量气枪震源特征及深部介质中传播的震相分析[J].地球物理学报,51(1):206—212.LIN Jin-min,WANG Bao-shan,GE Hong-kui,et al.2008.Study on large volume airgun source characteristics andseismic phase analysis[J].Chinese J Geophys,51(1):206—212(in Chinese).
刘志,张先康,嘉世旭,等.2000.泰安—忻州剖面S波分裂计算及介质各向异性与深部构造相关性探讨[J].地球物理学进展,15(3):61—69.LIUZhi,ZHANG Xian-kang,JIAShi-xu,et al.2000.S-wave splitting calculation and discussion about the correlativ-ity between medium anisotropy and deep structure from the Tai an-Xianzhou DSS profile[J].Progress in Geo-physics,15(3):61—69(in Chinese).
王椿镛,丁志峰,陈学波,等.1997a.大别造山带地壳S波分裂和介质各向异性[J].科学通报,42(23):2539—2542.WANG Chun-yong,DING Zhi-feng,CHEN Xue-bo,et al.1997a.Shear-wave splitting and anisotropy in crust of Da-bieshan orogenic belt[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,43(9):738—742.
王椿镛,丁志峰,宋建立,等.1997b.大别造山带地壳S波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,40(3):337—346.WANG Chun-yong,DING Zhi-feng,SONG Jian-li,et al.1997b.Shear wave velocity structure in Dabieshan orogenicbelt[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,40(3):337—346(in Chinese).
吴晶,高原,陈运泰,等.2007.首都圈西北部地区地壳介质地震各向异性特征初步研究[J].地球物理学报,50(1):209—220.WU Jing,GAO Yuan,CHENYun-tai,et al.2007.Seismic anisotropy in the crust in northwestern capital area of Chi-na[J].Chinese J Geophys,50(1):209—220(in Chinese).
姚陈,郝重涛,蔡明刚.2007.理论地震图解释爆破源横波[A].见:中国地球物理学会编.中国地球物理学会第二十三届年会论文集.青岛:中国海洋大学出版社.617.YAO Chen,HAO Zhong-tao,CAI Ming-gang.2007.Synthetic seismograms for explanation of explosion source withshear wave[A].In:Chinese Geophysical Society(ed).Annual of the Chinese Geophysical Society2007.OceanUniversity Press,Qingdao.617(in Chinese).
Crampin S.1978.Seismic wave propagation through a cracked solid:polarization as a possible dilatancy diagnostic[J].Geophys J R astr Soc,53:467—496.
Crampin S.1998.Stress-forecasting:a viable alternative to earthquake prediction in a dynamic Earth[J].Trans RSoc Edin,Earth Sci,89:121—133.
Crampin S.2001.Developing stress-monitoring sites using cross-hole seismology to stress-forecast the times and magni-tudes of future earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,338(3-4):233—245.
Crampin S,Volti T,Stefansson R.1999.A successfully stress-forecast earthquake[J].Geophys J Int,138(1).
Crampin S,Zatsepin S V.1997.Modeling the compliance of crustal rock-Ⅱ.Response to temporal changes beforeearthquakes[J].Geophys J Int,129:495—506.
Nuttli O.1961.The effect of the earth s surface on the S wave particle motion[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Socie-ty of America,51(2):237—246.
Yuan J.2002.Analysis of Four-component Seafloor Seismic Data for Seismic Anisotropy[D].Ph D Thesis.Edin-burgh:University of Edinburgh.158—160.
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