岷江断裂带晚新生代逆冲推覆构造:来自钻孔的证据
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摘要
岷江断裂带由2个不同性质的断裂组成:早期岷江逆冲断裂和晚期岷江正断裂。野外地质调查和钻孔资料发现在岷江西侧山麓之下存在一套厚度大于110m的早更新世灰黑色湖相地层,三叠系灰岩逆掩在这套湖相地层之上。由此确定岷江断裂是一条西倾的逆冲断层,逆冲作用发生在中更新世之前。在中更新世时期,岷江逆冲断裂发生构造负反转,在其前缘形成一条东倾的正断层,它控制了岷江上游漳腊盆地的发育。本文认为,岷山地区现今地震活动并非受控于岷江断裂带,而可能受到虎牙断裂及岷山隆起深部滑脱构造的控制,岷江断裂带位于该深部滑脱构造的上部。进而认为逆冲—推覆构造样式可能是青藏高原东缘晚新生代造山和快速隆升的主要变形机制。
The Minjiang fault zone consists of two faults with different property: an early thrust fault and a late normal fault. Field survey found that remnants of lacustrine deposits possibly aged Early Pleistocene, develop along the western side of the Minjiang Upstream, western Sichuan. A hole drilled at the site of Zhayigou, Gami temple, west Minjiang River, revealed that this sequence, about 110m thick, is underthrust below the Triassic carbonates. Thus, The Minjiang thrust fault corresponds, in fact, to a west-dipping fault active before the Middle Pleistocene. This thrust fault was inversed during the Middle Pleistocene and a normal fault formed at its eastern front, which controlled the development of the Zhangla basin. We consider that the seismicity across the Minshan(Minshan Mountains) uplift seems to be not controlled by the Minjiang fault, but by the geometry of a deep décollement zone beneath the Minshan uplift. Such a thrust style may be the main deformation mechanism for late Cenozoic mountain building and fast uplift of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
The Minjiang fault zone consists of two faults with different property: an early thrust fault and a late normal fault. Field survey found that remnants of lacustrine deposits possibly aged Early Pleistocene, develop along the western side of the Minjiang Upstream, western Sichuan. A hole drilled at the site of Zhayigou, Gami temple, west Minjiang River, revealed that this sequence, about 110m thick, is underthrust below the Triassic carbonates. Thus, The Minjiang thrust fault corresponds, in fact, to a west-dipping fault active before the Middle Pleistocene. This thrust fault was inversed during the Middle Pleistocene and a normal fault formed at its eastern front, which controlled the development of the Zhangla basin. We consider that the seismicity across the Minshan(Minshan Mountains) uplift seems to be not controlled by the Minjiang fault, but by the geometry of a deep décollement zone beneath the Minshan uplift. Such a thrust style may be the main deformation mechanism for late Cenozoic mountain building and fast uplift of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.
引文
陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟,罗志立,刘树根.1994a.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造的演化历史和变形机制(一).地震地质,16(4):404～412.
陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟,罗志立,刘树根.1994b.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造的演化历史和变形机制(二).地震地质,16(4):404～421
邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.1994.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,16(4):389～403.
蒋复初,吴锡浩,肖华国,赵志中.1999.四川泸定昔格达组时代及其新构造意义.地质学报,73(1):1～6。
钱洪,周荣军,马声浩,等.1999.岷江断裂南段与1933年叠溪地震研究.中国地震,15(4):333～338.
四川省地质矿产局.1991.四川省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社.
唐荣昌,韩渭宾.1993.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社.
唐荣昌,文德华,黄祖智,等.1991.松潘—龙门山地区主要活动断裂带第四纪活动特征.中国地震,7(3):64～71.
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,陈文彬,闻学泽.2003.中国大陆中轴构造带地壳最新构造变动样式及其动力学内涵.地学前缘,10(特刊):160～167.
徐泽民.2011.金沙江寨子村滑坡坝堰塞湖沉积及其对昔格达组地层成因的启示.地质论评,57(5):675～686.
杨景春,邓天岗,王元海,闻学泽.1979.崛江上游地区第四纪构造应力状态及其与地震的关系.地震地质,1(3):68～75.
张岳桥,李海龙,李建华.2010.青藏高原东缘中更新世伸展作用及其新构造意义.地质论评,56(6):781～791.
张岳桥,杨农,施炜,董树文.2008.青藏高原东缘新构造及其对汶川地震的控制作用.地质学报,82(12):1668～1678.
赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.1994a.岷山隆起的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,16(4):429～439.
赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.1994b.龙门山逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,16(4):422～428.
周荣军,李勇,Alexander L Densmore,Michael A Ellis,何玉林,王凤林,黎小刚.2006.青藏高原东缘活动构造.矿物岩石,26(2):40～51.
周荣军,蒲晓虹,何玉林,等.2000.四川岷江断裂带北段的新活动、岷山断块的隆起及其与地震活动的关系.地震地质,22(3):285～294.
Arne D,Worley B,Wilson Ch,Chen S F,Foster D,Luo Z L,Liu S G,Dirks P.1997.Differential exhumation in response to episodicthrusting along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,280:239～256.
Burchfiel B C.2004.New technology,new geological challenger.GSAToday,14(2):4～9.
Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,Hager B H,Chen Z,King R W,Li C,Lu¨J,Yao H,Kirby E.2008.A geological andgeophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People’s Republic of China.GSA Today,18(7):4～11.doi:10.1130/GSATG18A.
Chen Shefa,Wilson C J L,Deng Qidong,Zhao Xiaolin,Luo Zhili.1994.Active faulting and block movement associated with largeearthquakes in the Minshan and Longmen Mountains,northeasternTibetan plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research,99:24025～24038.
Clark M K,Royden L H.2000.Topographic ooze:building the easternmargin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,28:703～706.
Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C,Tang Wenqing,Berger G,SunZhiming,Chen Zhiliang.2000.Neotectonics of the Min Shan(Minshan Mountains),China:Implications for mechanisms drivingQuaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the TibetanPlateau.Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(3):375～393.
Kirby E,Reiners P W,Krol M A,Whipple K X,Hodges K V,Farley KA,Tang W Q,Chen Z L.2002.Late Cenozoic evolution of theeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:inferences from40Ar/39Arand(U—Th)/He thermochronology.Tectonics,21(1):1～19.
Kirby E,Harkins N,Wang Erqi,Shi Xuhua,Fan Chun,Burbank D.2007.Slip gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault.Tectonophysics,26,TC2010,doi:10.1029/2006TC002033.
Li Jijun,Fang Xiaomin.1988.Study on uplift of the Tibet Plateau andenvironmental change.Chinese Science Bulletin,43(15):1569～1574.
Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,Wang E,Chen Z,Shen F,LiuY.1997.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in easternTibet.Science,276:788～790.
Zhang Yueqiao,Dong Shuwen,Yang Nong.2009.Active faultingpattern,present-day tectonic stress field and block kinematics in theeast Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica(English edition),83(4):694～712.
陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟,罗志立,刘树根.1994b.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造的演化历史和变形机制(二).地震地质,16(4):404～421
邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.1994.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,16(4):389～403.
蒋复初,吴锡浩,肖华国,赵志中.1999.四川泸定昔格达组时代及其新构造意义.地质学报,73(1):1～6。
钱洪,周荣军,马声浩,等.1999.岷江断裂南段与1933年叠溪地震研究.中国地震,15(4):333～338.
四川省地质矿产局.1991.四川省区域地质志.北京:地质出版社.
唐荣昌,韩渭宾.1993.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社.
唐荣昌,文德华,黄祖智,等.1991.松潘—龙门山地区主要活动断裂带第四纪活动特征.中国地震,7(3):64～71.
徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛,陈文彬,闻学泽.2003.中国大陆中轴构造带地壳最新构造变动样式及其动力学内涵.地学前缘,10(特刊):160～167.
徐泽民.2011.金沙江寨子村滑坡坝堰塞湖沉积及其对昔格达组地层成因的启示.地质论评,57(5):675～686.
杨景春,邓天岗,王元海,闻学泽.1979.崛江上游地区第四纪构造应力状态及其与地震的关系.地震地质,1(3):68～75.
张岳桥,李海龙,李建华.2010.青藏高原东缘中更新世伸展作用及其新构造意义.地质论评,56(6):781～791.
张岳桥,杨农,施炜,董树文.2008.青藏高原东缘新构造及其对汶川地震的控制作用.地质学报,82(12):1668～1678.
赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.1994a.岷山隆起的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,16(4):429～439.
赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.1994b.龙门山逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,16(4):422～428.
周荣军,李勇,Alexander L Densmore,Michael A Ellis,何玉林,王凤林,黎小刚.2006.青藏高原东缘活动构造.矿物岩石,26(2):40～51.
周荣军,蒲晓虹,何玉林,等.2000.四川岷江断裂带北段的新活动、岷山断块的隆起及其与地震活动的关系.地震地质,22(3):285～294.
Arne D,Worley B,Wilson Ch,Chen S F,Foster D,Luo Z L,Liu S G,Dirks P.1997.Differential exhumation in response to episodicthrusting along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,280:239～256.
Burchfiel B C.2004.New technology,new geological challenger.GSAToday,14(2):4～9.
Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,Hager B H,Chen Z,King R W,Li C,Lu¨J,Yao H,Kirby E.2008.A geological andgeophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People’s Republic of China.GSA Today,18(7):4～11.doi:10.1130/GSATG18A.
Chen Shefa,Wilson C J L,Deng Qidong,Zhao Xiaolin,Luo Zhili.1994.Active faulting and block movement associated with largeearthquakes in the Minshan and Longmen Mountains,northeasternTibetan plateau.Journal of Geophysical Research,99:24025～24038.
Clark M K,Royden L H.2000.Topographic ooze:building the easternmargin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,28:703～706.
Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C,Tang Wenqing,Berger G,SunZhiming,Chen Zhiliang.2000.Neotectonics of the Min Shan(Minshan Mountains),China:Implications for mechanisms drivingQuaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the TibetanPlateau.Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(3):375～393.
Kirby E,Reiners P W,Krol M A,Whipple K X,Hodges K V,Farley KA,Tang W Q,Chen Z L.2002.Late Cenozoic evolution of theeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau:inferences from40Ar/39Arand(U—Th)/He thermochronology.Tectonics,21(1):1～19.
Kirby E,Harkins N,Wang Erqi,Shi Xuhua,Fan Chun,Burbank D.2007.Slip gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault.Tectonophysics,26,TC2010,doi:10.1029/2006TC002033.
Li Jijun,Fang Xiaomin.1988.Study on uplift of the Tibet Plateau andenvironmental change.Chinese Science Bulletin,43(15):1569～1574.
Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,Wang E,Chen Z,Shen F,LiuY.1997.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in easternTibet.Science,276:788～790.
Zhang Yueqiao,Dong Shuwen,Yang Nong.2009.Active faultingpattern,present-day tectonic stress field and block kinematics in theeast Tibetan Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica(English edition),83(4):694～712.
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