汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨量特征
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摘要
利用搜集的汶川震区典型泥石流暴发前后的降雨过程资料,分析了泥石流的激发雨量过程,获得了汶川震区的泥石流激发雨量特征,以期为泥石流的预测预报提供依据。结果表明,汶川地震区的泥石流激发雨型可分为快速激发型、中速激发型和慢速激发型3类,其差异主要体现在降雨的持续时间和强度方面。不同激发雨型下的泥石流形成过程的差别主要体现在松散土体饱和过程。雨型的差异(降雨的持续时间和强度)使得土体饱和产生超渗产流的时间出现差异,进而使得泥石流暴发的时间存在差异。激发雨强跟激发雨型存在一定的关系,激发雨强最大者为中速激发雨型,其次是慢速激发雨型,最小者为快速激发雨型。与地震之前相比,地震后的泥石流暴发时的累积雨量和临界雨量都有所降低。
The rainfall data before and after the occurrence of the debris flow event in Wenchuan earthquake affected area are collected and analyzed in order to better understand the critical rainfall characteristics for rainfall-induced debris flows.The study can provide the scientific base for the establishment of an advance warning system for debris flows.The results show that the critical rainfall pattern for the debris flow event during the earthquake can be classified into three types including the rapid triggering response pattern,the intermediate triggering response pattern,and the slow triggering response pattern.The main differences among the three patterns are in the duration and intensity of rainfall,which can result in different saturation mechanisms in loose zones for debris flow initiation.The timing of the occurrence of infiltration excess runoff is different for different rainfall patterns,and so do the triggered debris flows.Critical rainfall intensities could be related to critical rainfall patterns.For example,the intermediate triggering response pattern can be associated with the highest rainfall intensity,and followed by the slow triggering response pattern.The lowest rainfall intensity can be related to the rapid triggering response pattern.The threshold values of both accumulated precipitation and critical rainfall have been decreased after the earthquake.
The rainfall data before and after the occurrence of the debris flow event in Wenchuan earthquake affected area are collected and analyzed in order to better understand the critical rainfall characteristics for rainfall-induced debris flows.The study can provide the scientific base for the establishment of an advance warning system for debris flows.The results show that the critical rainfall pattern for the debris flow event during the earthquake can be classified into three types including the rapid triggering response pattern,the intermediate triggering response pattern,and the slow triggering response pattern.The main differences among the three patterns are in the duration and intensity of rainfall,which can result in different saturation mechanisms in loose zones for debris flow initiation.The timing of the occurrence of infiltration excess runoff is different for different rainfall patterns,and so do the triggered debris flows.Critical rainfall intensities could be related to critical rainfall patterns.For example,the intermediate triggering response pattern can be associated with the highest rainfall intensity,and followed by the slow triggering response pattern.The lowest rainfall intensity can be related to the rapid triggering response pattern.The threshold values of both accumulated precipitation and critical rainfall have been decreased after the earthquake.
引文
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[13]张向炎,史学正,于东升,等.前期土壤含水量对红壤坡面产流产沙特性的影响[J].水科学进展,2010,21(1):23-29.(ZHANG Xiang-yan,SHI Xue-zheng,YU Dong-sheng,et al.Effects of antecedent soil moisture on hillslope runoff-generation andsoil erosion over red soil-mantled landscapes[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(1):23-29.(in Chinese))
[14]刘继龙,马孝义,张振华.土壤入渗特性的空间变异性及土壤转换函数[J].水科学进展,2010,21(2):214-221.(LIU Ji-long,MA Xiao-yi,ZHANG Zhen-hua.Spatial variability of soil infiltration characteristics and its pedo-transfer functions[J].Ad-vances in Water Science,2010,21(2):214-221.(in Chinese))
[15]唐川.汶川地震区暴雨滑坡泥石流活动趋势预测[J].山地学报,2010,28(3):341-349.(TANG Chuan.Activity tendencyprediction of rainfall induced landslides and debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake areas[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(3):341-349.(in Chinese))
[2]TANG C,ZHU J,LI W L.Rainfall triggered debris flows after Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Bull Eng Geol Environ,2009,68:187-194.
[3]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.“5.12”汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):280-282.(CUIPeng,WEI Fang-qiang,HE Si-ming,et al.Mountain disasters induced by the earthquake of May 12 in Wenchuan and the disastersmitigation[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):280-282.(in Chinese))
[4]谢洪,钟敦伦,矫震,等.2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流[J].山地学报,2009,27(4):501-509.(XIE Hong,ZHONGDun-lun,JIAO Zhen,et al.Debris flow in Wenchuan quake-hit area in 2008[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2009,27(4):501-509.(in Chinese))
[5]胡卸文,吕小平,黄润秋,等.唐家山堰塞坝“9.24”泥石流堵江及溃决模式[J].西南交通大学学报,2009,44(3):312-320.(HU Xie-wen,LXiao-ping,HUANG Run-qiu,et al.Analyses of river-blocking and breaking mode of“9.24”debris flownear Tangjiashan Barrier Dam[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2009,44(3):312-320.(in Chinese))
[6]余斌,马煜,吴雨夫.汶川地震后四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟泥石流灾害调查研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):827-836.(YU Bin,MA Yu,WU Yu-fu.Investigation of severe debris flow hazards in Wenjia gully of Sichuan province after the Wen-chuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):827-836.(in Chinese))
[7]TANG C,ASCH T W J,CHANG M,et al.Catastrophic debris flows on 13 August 2010 in the Qingping area,southwestern China:The combined effects of a strong earthquake and subsequent rainstorms[J].Geomorphology,2012,139/140:559-576.
[8]唐川,李为乐,丁军,等.汶川震区映秀镇“8.14”特大泥石流灾害调查[J].中国地质大学学报:地球科学,2011,36(1):172-180.(TANG Chuan,LI Wei-le,DING Jun,et al.Field investigation and research on giant debris flow on August 14,2010 inYingxiu town,epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of China University of Geosciences:Earth Science,2011,36(1):172-180.(in Chinese))
[9]亓星,余斌,马煜,等.四川省都江堰龙池“8.13”麻柳沟泥石流灾害特征[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2011,22(1):17-21.(QI Xing,YU Bin,MA Yu,et al.Characteristics of Longchi“8.13”Maliu gully debris flow disasters of in Dujiangyan,Si-chuan province[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2011,22(1):17-21.(in Chinese))
[10]CHEN N S,ZHOU W,YANG C L,et al.The processes and mechanism of failure and debris flow initiation for gravel soil with dif-ferent clay content[J].Geomorphology,2010,121(3/4):222-230.
[11]朱元骏,邵明安.含砾石土壤降雨入渗过程模拟[J].水科学进展,2010,21(6):779-787.(ZHU Yuan-jun,SHAO Ming-an.Simulation of rainfall infiltration in stony soil[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(6):779-787.(in Chinese))
[12]毛天旭,朱元骏,邵明安,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石土壤的坡面产流和入渗特征[J].土壤通报,2011,42(5):1214-1218.(MAO Tian-xu,ZHU Yuan-jun,SHAO Ming-an,et al.Characteristics of runoff and infiltration in stony soils under simula-ted rainfall conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2011,42(5):1214-1218.(in Chinese))
[13]张向炎,史学正,于东升,等.前期土壤含水量对红壤坡面产流产沙特性的影响[J].水科学进展,2010,21(1):23-29.(ZHANG Xiang-yan,SHI Xue-zheng,YU Dong-sheng,et al.Effects of antecedent soil moisture on hillslope runoff-generation andsoil erosion over red soil-mantled landscapes[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(1):23-29.(in Chinese))
[14]刘继龙,马孝义,张振华.土壤入渗特性的空间变异性及土壤转换函数[J].水科学进展,2010,21(2):214-221.(LIU Ji-long,MA Xiao-yi,ZHANG Zhen-hua.Spatial variability of soil infiltration characteristics and its pedo-transfer functions[J].Ad-vances in Water Science,2010,21(2):214-221.(in Chinese))
[15]唐川.汶川地震区暴雨滑坡泥石流活动趋势预测[J].山地学报,2010,28(3):341-349.(TANG Chuan.Activity tendencyprediction of rainfall induced landslides and debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake areas[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(3):341-349.(in Chinese))
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