P波各向异性裂缝预测技术在ZY区碳酸盐岩储层中的应用
摘要
利用地震数据较为准确地预测碳酸盐岩中的裂缝发育区,是碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层预测的关键手段。文中介绍了基于HTI(具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性)介质P波各向异性裂缝预测方法的原理及思路流程,从ZY区成像测井及岩心资料的裂缝发育情况出发,以叠前地震数据为基础,进行研究区碳酸盐岩裂缝分布特征的预测。通过与衰减有关的P波各向异性得到研究区的裂缝发育特征,认为裂缝发育情况与断层展布特征关系密切,区内裂缝方向以北东向为主,北北东为辅。成像测井及岩心资料上的裂缝信息验证了预测结果的可靠性和准确性;在预测裂缝分布特征基础上设计的井位,试油也获得工业油流。以上理论和应用实践表明,P波方位各向异性裂缝预测方法能够准确预测碳酸盐岩储层裂缝的分布特征,有效提升油气预测的成功率。
One of the key technologies used to predict fractured carbonate reservoirs is to locate fractures with seismic data.The paper introduces an approach of fracture prediction based on P-wave azimuthal anisotropy of HTI medium and its application in the ZY block.Pre-stack seismic data were used to predict fracture distribution in carbonate reservoirs.P-wave azimuthal anisotropy in relation with attenuation reveals that the fracture growth in the study area is closely linked with the distribution of faults and the fracture azimuths are dominated by NE direction,followed by NNE direction.The prediction is confirmed by image logging and core data.Industrial oil flow was successfully tested in wells emplaced according to the prediction results.The practice shows that the approach can be used to accurately predict the distribution of fractures and therefore it is considered an effective way to improve the prediction of fractured reservoirs.
One of the key technologies used to predict fractured carbonate reservoirs is to locate fractures with seismic data.The paper introduces an approach of fracture prediction based on P-wave azimuthal anisotropy of HTI medium and its application in the ZY block.Pre-stack seismic data were used to predict fracture distribution in carbonate reservoirs.P-wave azimuthal anisotropy in relation with attenuation reveals that the fracture growth in the study area is closely linked with the distribution of faults and the fracture azimuths are dominated by NE direction,followed by NNE direction.The prediction is confirmed by image logging and core data.Industrial oil flow was successfully tested in wells emplaced according to the prediction results.The practice shows that the approach can be used to accurately predict the distribution of fractures and therefore it is considered an effective way to improve the prediction of fractured reservoirs.
引文
[1]刘振峰,曲寿利,孙建国.地震裂缝预测技术研究进展[J].石油物探,2012,51(2):191-198.Liu Zhenfeng,Qu Shouli,Sun Jianguo.Progress of seismic frac-ture characterization technology[J].Geophysical Prospectingfor Petroleum,2012,51(2):191-198.
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[4]Crampin S.Effective anisotropic elastic constants for wave prop-agation through cracked solids[J].Geophysics,1984,76:135-145.
[5]Hudson J A.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves inmaterial containing cracks[J].Geophysics,1981,64:133-150.
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[7]Thomsen L.Weak elastic anisotropy[J].Geophysics,1986,51:1954-1966.
[8]Thomsen L.Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks in porousrock[J].Geophys Prosp,1995,43:805-829.
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[11]Rüger A.Using AVO for fracture detection:analytic basis andpractical solutions[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(10):1429-1430,1432-1434.
[12]Shen F,Zhu X and Toksoz N.Anisotropy of aligned fracturesand P-wave azimuthal AVO response[J].SEG,1997:2001-2004.
[13]曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫,等.全方位P波属性裂缝检测方法研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(4):390-397.Qu Shouli,Ji Yuxin,Wang Xin,et al.Seismic method for usingfull-azimuth P-wave attributes to detect fracture[J].Oil Geo-physical Prospecting,2001,36(4):390-397.
[14]范国章,牟永光,金之钧.裂缝介质中地震波方位AVO特征分析[J].石油学报,2002,23(4):42-45.Fan Guozhang,Mou Yongguang,Jin Zhijun.Amplitude versusoffset characteristics of azimuth of seismic wave in fracturedreservoir[J].Acta petrolei sinica,2002,23(4):42-45.
[15]乐绍东.AVA裂缝检测技术在川西JM构造的应用[J].天然气工业,2004,24(4):22-24Yue Shaodong.Application of AVA fracture detection techniquein JM structure in west Sichuan[J].Natural gas industry,2004,24(4):22-24.
[16]高云峰,李绪宣,陈桂华,等.裂缝储层地震预测技术在锦州25-1南潜山的应用研究[J].中国海上油气,2008,20(1):22-26.Gao Yunfeng,Li Xuxuan,Chen Guihua,et al.An application ofseismic techniques to predict fractured reservoirs in JZ25-1Sburied hill[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2008,20(1):22-26
[17]喻岳钰,杨长春,王彦飞,等.瞬时频域衰减属性及其在碳酸盐岩裂缝检测中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1717-1722.Yu Yueyu,Yang Changchun,Wang Yanfei,et al.P-wave azi-muthal attenuation attributes in wavelet-scale domain and itsapplication to fracture detection in carbonate[J].Progress inGeophysics,2009,24(5):1717-1722.
[18]黄伟传,杨长春,王彦飞.利用叠前地震数据预测裂缝储层的应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2007,22(5):1602-1606.Huang Weichuan,Yang Changchun,Wang Yanfei.The applica-tion of pre-stack seismic data in predicting the fractured reser-voir[J].Progress in Geophysics,2007,22(5):1602-1606.
[19]孙炜,王彦春,李梅,等.利用叠前地震数据预测火山岩储层裂缝[J].物探与化探,2010,34(2):229-232.Sun Wei,Wang Yanchun,Li Mei,et al.The detection of frac-tures in volcanic reservoir with pre-stack seismic data[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2010,34(2):229-232.
[20]姜传金,鞠林波,张广颖,等.利用地震叠前数据预测火山岩裂缝的方法和效果分析———以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩为例[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):515-523Jiang Chuanjin,Ju Linbo,Zhang Guangying,et al.The methodand effect analysis of volcanic fracture prediction with prestackseismic data———An example from the volcanic rocks ofYingcheng formation in Xujiaweizi fault depression,north ofSongliao Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(2):515-523.
[21]白斌,邹才能,朱如凯,等.四川盆地九龙山构造须二段致密砂岩储层裂缝特征、形成时期与主控因素[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(4):526-535.Bai Bin,Zou Caineng,Zhu Rukai,et al.Characteristics,timingand controlling factors of structural fractures in tight sandstonesof the 2nd member of Xujiahe Formation in Jiulong Mountainstructure,Sichuan Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology.2012,33(4):526-535.
[22]陈冬,陈力群,魏修成,等.火成岩裂缝性储层测井评价———以准噶尔盆地石炭系火成岩油藏为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(1):83-90.Chen Dong,Chen Liqun,Wei Xiucheng,et al.Log evaluation offractured igneous reservoirs:a case study of the Carboniferousigneous reservoirs in the Junggar Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geolo-gy,2011,32(1):83-90.
[23]黄保纲,汪利兵,赵春明,等.JZS油田潜山裂缝储层形成机制及分布预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(5):710-717.Huang Baogang,Wang Libing,Zhao Chunming,et al.Formationmechanism and distribution of fractured buried hill reservoir inJZS oilfiled[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(5):710-717
[24]涂彬,丁祖鹏,刘月田.火烧山油田H3层裂缝发育特征与剩余油分布关系[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(2):229-235.Tu Bin,Ding Zupeng and Liu Yuetian.Correlation of remainingoil distribution and fracture development in H-3 reservoir ofHuoshaoshan oilfield[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2009,30(2):229-235.
[25]葛瑞.马沃可(美).岩石物理手册:孔隙介质中地震分析工具[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2008,113-118.Gary Mavko.The rock physics handbook:Tools for seismic a-nalysis in porous media[M].Hefei:University of Science andTechnology of China Press,2008,113-118.
[26]吴国忱.各向异性介质地震波传播与成像[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006,24～25.Wu Guochen.Propagation and imaging of seismic wave in ani-sotropy media[M].Dongying:China University of PetroleumPress,2006,24-25.
[27]贺振华,黄德济,文晓涛.裂缝油气藏地球物理预测[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2007.He Zhenhua,Huang Deji,Wen Xiaotao.Geophysical predictivetheory and technique on fractured reservoir[M].Chengdou:Si-chuan Publishing House of Science and Technology,2007.
[2]尹志恒,狄帮让,李向阳,等.国外应用纵波各向异性技术检测裂缝的研究进展[J].科技导报,2011,29(30):73-78.Yin Zhiheng,Di Bangrang,Li Xiangyang,et al.Progress in P-wave anisotropy technology for fracture detection[J].Scienceand Technology Review,2011,29(30):73-78.
[3]Crampin S.A review of the effects of anisotropic layering on thepropagation of seismic waves[J].Geophysics,1977,49:9-27.
[4]Crampin S.Effective anisotropic elastic constants for wave prop-agation through cracked solids[J].Geophysics,1984,76:135-145.
[5]Hudson J A.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves inmaterial containing cracks[J].Geophysics,1981,64:133-150.
[6]Hudson J A.A higher-order approximation to the wave propaga-tion constants for a cracked solid[J].Geophysics,1986,87:265-274.
[7]Thomsen L.Weak elastic anisotropy[J].Geophysics,1986,51:1954-1966.
[8]Thomsen L.Elastic anisotropy due to aligned cracks in porousrock[J].Geophys Prosp,1995,43:805-829.
[9]Mallick S,Craft K,Meister L,et al.Determination of the princi-ple direction of azimuthal anisotropy from P-wave seismic data[J].Geophysics,1998,(63):692-706.
[10]Rüger A.Variation of P-wave reflectivity with offset and azi-muth in anisotropic media[J].Geophysics,1998,63(3):935-947.
[11]Rüger A.Using AVO for fracture detection:analytic basis andpractical solutions[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(10):1429-1430,1432-1434.
[12]Shen F,Zhu X and Toksoz N.Anisotropy of aligned fracturesand P-wave azimuthal AVO response[J].SEG,1997:2001-2004.
[13]曲寿利,季玉新,王鑫,等.全方位P波属性裂缝检测方法研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(4):390-397.Qu Shouli,Ji Yuxin,Wang Xin,et al.Seismic method for usingfull-azimuth P-wave attributes to detect fracture[J].Oil Geo-physical Prospecting,2001,36(4):390-397.
[14]范国章,牟永光,金之钧.裂缝介质中地震波方位AVO特征分析[J].石油学报,2002,23(4):42-45.Fan Guozhang,Mou Yongguang,Jin Zhijun.Amplitude versusoffset characteristics of azimuth of seismic wave in fracturedreservoir[J].Acta petrolei sinica,2002,23(4):42-45.
[15]乐绍东.AVA裂缝检测技术在川西JM构造的应用[J].天然气工业,2004,24(4):22-24Yue Shaodong.Application of AVA fracture detection techniquein JM structure in west Sichuan[J].Natural gas industry,2004,24(4):22-24.
[16]高云峰,李绪宣,陈桂华,等.裂缝储层地震预测技术在锦州25-1南潜山的应用研究[J].中国海上油气,2008,20(1):22-26.Gao Yunfeng,Li Xuxuan,Chen Guihua,et al.An application ofseismic techniques to predict fractured reservoirs in JZ25-1Sburied hill[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2008,20(1):22-26
[17]喻岳钰,杨长春,王彦飞,等.瞬时频域衰减属性及其在碳酸盐岩裂缝检测中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1717-1722.Yu Yueyu,Yang Changchun,Wang Yanfei,et al.P-wave azi-muthal attenuation attributes in wavelet-scale domain and itsapplication to fracture detection in carbonate[J].Progress inGeophysics,2009,24(5):1717-1722.
[18]黄伟传,杨长春,王彦飞.利用叠前地震数据预测裂缝储层的应用研究[J].地球物理学报,2007,22(5):1602-1606.Huang Weichuan,Yang Changchun,Wang Yanfei.The applica-tion of pre-stack seismic data in predicting the fractured reser-voir[J].Progress in Geophysics,2007,22(5):1602-1606.
[19]孙炜,王彦春,李梅,等.利用叠前地震数据预测火山岩储层裂缝[J].物探与化探,2010,34(2):229-232.Sun Wei,Wang Yanchun,Li Mei,et al.The detection of frac-tures in volcanic reservoir with pre-stack seismic data[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2010,34(2):229-232.
[20]姜传金,鞠林波,张广颖,等.利用地震叠前数据预测火山岩裂缝的方法和效果分析———以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩为例[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):515-523Jiang Chuanjin,Ju Linbo,Zhang Guangying,et al.The methodand effect analysis of volcanic fracture prediction with prestackseismic data———An example from the volcanic rocks ofYingcheng formation in Xujiaweizi fault depression,north ofSongliao Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2011,54(2):515-523.
[21]白斌,邹才能,朱如凯,等.四川盆地九龙山构造须二段致密砂岩储层裂缝特征、形成时期与主控因素[J].石油与天然气地质,2012,33(4):526-535.Bai Bin,Zou Caineng,Zhu Rukai,et al.Characteristics,timingand controlling factors of structural fractures in tight sandstonesof the 2nd member of Xujiahe Formation in Jiulong Mountainstructure,Sichuan Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology.2012,33(4):526-535.
[22]陈冬,陈力群,魏修成,等.火成岩裂缝性储层测井评价———以准噶尔盆地石炭系火成岩油藏为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(1):83-90.Chen Dong,Chen Liqun,Wei Xiucheng,et al.Log evaluation offractured igneous reservoirs:a case study of the Carboniferousigneous reservoirs in the Junggar Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geolo-gy,2011,32(1):83-90.
[23]黄保纲,汪利兵,赵春明,等.JZS油田潜山裂缝储层形成机制及分布预测[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(5):710-717.Huang Baogang,Wang Libing,Zhao Chunming,et al.Formationmechanism and distribution of fractured buried hill reservoir inJZS oilfiled[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(5):710-717
[24]涂彬,丁祖鹏,刘月田.火烧山油田H3层裂缝发育特征与剩余油分布关系[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(2):229-235.Tu Bin,Ding Zupeng and Liu Yuetian.Correlation of remainingoil distribution and fracture development in H-3 reservoir ofHuoshaoshan oilfield[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2009,30(2):229-235.
[25]葛瑞.马沃可(美).岩石物理手册:孔隙介质中地震分析工具[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2008,113-118.Gary Mavko.The rock physics handbook:Tools for seismic a-nalysis in porous media[M].Hefei:University of Science andTechnology of China Press,2008,113-118.
[26]吴国忱.各向异性介质地震波传播与成像[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006,24～25.Wu Guochen.Propagation and imaging of seismic wave in ani-sotropy media[M].Dongying:China University of PetroleumPress,2006,24-25.
[27]贺振华,黄德济,文晓涛.裂缝油气藏地球物理预测[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2007.He Zhenhua,Huang Deji,Wen Xiaotao.Geophysical predictivetheory and technique on fractured reservoir[M].Chengdou:Si-chuan Publishing House of Science and Technology,2007.
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