横向黏度变化的全地幔对流应力场初步研究
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摘要
将地幔地震波速度异常转换为地幔横向黏度变化(达到3个数量级),在球坐标系下计算了瑞雷数为106、上边界为刚性、下边界为应力自由等温边界条件下的岩石层底部的地幔对流极型和环型应力场.结果表明,地幔对流极型应力场与地表大尺度构造具有良好的对应关系:俯冲带和碰撞带的应力呈现挤压状态,而洋中脊处的应力则呈现拉张状态.地幔对流环型应力场表明南北半球的旋转方向相反:北半球为右旋,南半球为左旋;总体上北半球岩石层底部的环型应力较大,而南半球的较小,特别是在低纬度(环赤道)附近区域.这些结果可能表明了地幔对流是导致岩石层大尺度应力场分布及状态的一个重要因素.
Converting the seismic wave velocity anomalies into lateral viscosity variation (up to 3 orders) in the mantle, we obtained the poloidal and toroidal convection stress field at the bottom of lithosphere in spherical coordinates. In the computation, Rayleigh number is taken to be 106, and the top and bottom boundary are set to be rigid and free-slip isothermal, respectively. The result suggests that the poloidal convection stress field has a good correspondence with surface large-scale tectonics:The stress at subduction and collision zones is in compression state, and the stress at oceanic ridges takes on extension state. The toroidal convection stress field shows opposite rotation in southern and northern hemisphere:the northern one rotates clockwise while the southern one rotates counterclockwise. On the whole, the stress values in northern hemisphere are larger than those in southern one, especially in the low-latitude zone around the equator. These results indicate that mantle convection is a possible important factor to affect the distribution and state of large-scale stress field in the lithosphere.
Converting the seismic wave velocity anomalies into lateral viscosity variation (up to 3 orders) in the mantle, we obtained the poloidal and toroidal convection stress field at the bottom of lithosphere in spherical coordinates. In the computation, Rayleigh number is taken to be 106, and the top and bottom boundary are set to be rigid and free-slip isothermal, respectively. The result suggests that the poloidal convection stress field has a good correspondence with surface large-scale tectonics:The stress at subduction and collision zones is in compression state, and the stress at oceanic ridges takes on extension state. The toroidal convection stress field shows opposite rotation in southern and northern hemisphere:the northern one rotates clockwise while the southern one rotates counterclockwise. On the whole, the stress values in northern hemisphere are larger than those in southern one, especially in the low-latitude zone around the equator. These results indicate that mantle convection is a possible important factor to affect the distribution and state of large-scale stress field in the lithosphere.
引文
崔效锋,谢富仁.1999.利用震源机制解资料对中国西南及邻区进行应力分区的初步研究[J].地震学报,21(5):513-522.
邓起东,张裕明,许桂林.1979.中国构造应力场特征及其与板块运动的关系[J].地震地质,1(1):11-22.
傅容珊.1990.岩石层底部切向应力场及地球大地水准面异常[J].中国科学技术大学学报,20(2):184-190.
傅容珊,常筱华,黄建华,刘文忠.1994a.区域重力均衡异常和上地幔小尺度对流模型[J].地球物理学报,37(增刊):249-258.
傅容珊,黄建华,刘文忠,常筱华.1994b.区域重力异常和上地幔小尺度对流相关方程及对流拖曳力场[J].地球物理学报,37(5):638-646.
傅容珊,董树谦,黄建华,常筱华.2002.地震层析成像—地幔对流新模型的研究[J].地球物理学报,45(增刊):136-142.
傅容珊,黄建华.2006.地球动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社:170-171,237.
傅容珊,黄建华,徐耀民,常筱华.1998.青藏高原—天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制[J].地球物理学报,41(5):658-668.
黄培华,傅容珊.1982.应用卫星重力研究全球岩石层下地幔对流应力场[J].中国科学技术大学学报,12(2):98-104.
楼海,王椿镛,王飞.2000.卫星重力资料揭示的新疆天山地区构造动力学状态[J].地震学报,22(5):482-490.
梅世蓉,梁北援.1989.唐山地震孕育过程的数值模拟[J].中国地震,5(3):9-17.
汪素云,许忠淮,葛民.1987.黄海、东海及邻区的地震构造应力场[J].中国地震,3(3):18-25.
王建,叶正仁.2005.地幔对流对全球岩石圈应力产生与分布的作用[J].地球物理学报,48(3):584-590.
王景赟,黄建华,傅容珊.2000.弹性岩石层、区域重力异常和上地幔小尺度对流[J].地壳形变与地震,20(4):1-9.
谢富仁,崔效锋,张景发,窦淑芹,赵建涛.2003.中国现代构造应力场基本特征及分区[M]∥中国大陆地壳应力环境研究.北京:地质出版社:39-48.
谢富仁,崔效锋,赵建涛,陈群策,李宏.2004.中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场分区[J].地球物理学报,47(4):654-662.
熊熊,单斌,王继业,郑勇.2010.蒙古—贝加尔地区上地幔小尺度对流及地球动力学意义[J].地球物理学报,53(7):1594-1604.
熊熊,许厚泽,滕吉文,王继业.2003.青藏高原及邻区地幔对流应力场及地球动力学含义[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),28(6):692-696.
许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊,高阿甲.1989.由大量的地震资料推断的我国大陆构造应力场[J].地球物理学报,32(6):636-647.
许忠淮,阎明,赵仲和.1983.由多个小地震推断的华北地区构造应力场方向[J].地震学报,5(3):268-279.
叶正仁,王建.2003.上地幔变黏度小尺度对流的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,45(1):26-33.
张东宁,高龙生.1989.东亚地区应力场的三维数值模拟[J].中国地震,5(4):24-33.
张东宁,许忠淮.1997.西藏南部地堑构造成因的数值模拟[J].中国地震,13(4):349-357.
张东宁,许忠淮.1999.中国大陆岩石层动力学数值模型的边界条件[J].地震学报,21(2):133-139.
张东宁,曾融生.1995.冀中坳陷滑脱构造动力的数值模拟[J].地震学报,17(4):414-421.
朱涛,冯锐.2005.球层中的非线性自由热对流:变粘度模型[J].地震学报,27(2):194-204.
朱涛,王兰炜,陈化然.2010.横向粘度变化对球层中热对流的影响[J].地球物理学报,53(2):350-361.
朱涛,王兰炜.2011.地震波速度约束的大横向粘度变化的地幔对流研究[J].地球物理学报,54(5):1270-1284.
Balachandar S,Yuen D A,Reuteler D M,Lauer G S.1995.Viscous dissipation in three-dimensional convection with temperature-dependent viscosity[J].Sicence,267:1150-1153.
Bird P,Li Y.1996.Interpolation of principal stress directions by nonparametric statistics:Global maps with confidence limits[J].J Geophys Res,101(B3):5435-5443.
Buckus G.1958.A class of self-sustaining dissipative spherical dynamos[J].Ann Phys,4(4):381-384.
Cˇadek O,Fleitout L.2006.Effect of lateral viscosity variations in the coremantle boundary region on predictions of the long wavelength geoid[J].Stud Geophys Geod,50(2):217-232.
Christensen U,Harder H.1991.3Dconvection with variable viscosity[J].Geophys J Int,104(1):213-226.
Dziewonski A M,Anderson D L.1981.Preliminary reference earth model[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,25(4):297-356.
Forte A M,Peltier W R.1987.Plate tectonics and aspherical earth structure:The importance of poloidal-toroidal coupling[J].J Geophys Res,92(B5):3645-3679.
Fu R.1986.A numerical study of the effects of boundary conditions on mantle convection models constrained to fit the low degree geoid coefficients[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,44(3):257-263.
Fu R,Huang J,Wei Z.1996.The upper mantle flow beneath the North China Platform[J].Pure Appl Geophys,146(4):649-659.
Gripp A E,Gordon R G.1990.Current plate velocities relative to the hopspots incorporating the NUVEL-1global plate motion model[J].Geophys Res Lett,17(8):1109-1112.
Hager B H.1984.Subducted slabs and the geoid:Constrains on mantle rheology and flow[J].J Geophys Res,89(B5):6003-6015.
Karato S I,Wu P.1993.Rheology of the upper mantle:A synthesis[J].Science,260:771-778.
Koch D M,Ribe N M.1989.The effect of lateral viscosity variations on surface observations[J].Geophys Res Lett,16(1):535-538..
Liu H S.1980a.Mantle convection and subcrustal stress under Australia[J].Mod Geol,7:29-36.
Liu H S.1980b.Convection generated stress field and intra-plate volcanism[J].Tectonophysics,65(3-4):225-244.
Liu H S.1981.Geodynamics of Cenozoic deformation in central Asia[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,25(1):64-70.
Liu H S.1985.Geodynamical basis for crustal deformation under the Tibetan plateau[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,40(1):43-60.
Mitrovica J X,Peltier W R.1995.Constrains on mantle viscosity based upon the inversion of post-glacial uplift data from the Hudson Bay region[J].Geophys J Int,122(2):353-370.
Ranalli G.2001.Mantle rheology:Radial and lateral viscosity variations inferred from microphysical creep laws[J].Journal of Geodynamics,32(4-5):425-444.
Ratcliff J T,Schubert G,Zebib A.1996.Steady tetrahedral and cubic patterns of spherical shell convection with temper-ature-dependent viscosity[J].J Geophys Res,101(B11):25473-25484.
Richards M A,Hager B H.1989.Efects of lateral viscosity variations on long-wave-length geoid anomalies and topogra-phy[J].J Geophys Res,94(B8):10299-10313.
Ribe N M.1992.The dynamics of thin shells with variable viscosity and the origin of toroidal flow in the mantle[J].Geo-phys J Int,110(3):537-552.
Runcorn S K.1964.Satellite gravity measurements and laminar viscous flow model of the earth’s mantle[J].J Geophys Res,69(20):4389-4394.
Runcorn S K.1967.Flow in the mantle inferred from the low degree harmonics of the Geopotentia1[J].Geophys J R astr Soc,14(1-4):375-384.
Steinberger B,Schmeling H,Marquart G.2001.Large-scale lithospheric stress field and topography induced by global mantle circulation[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,186(1):75-91.
Stemmer K,Harder H,Hansen U.2006.A new method to simulate convection with strongly temperature-and pressure-dependent viscosity in a spherical shell:Applications to the earth’s mantle[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,157(3-4):223-249.
Su W J,Robert L W,Dziewonski A M.1994.Degree 12model of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle[J].J Geo-phys Res,99(B4):6945-6980.
Sunder-Plamann T,Christensen U.2000.A test of approximations for modeling convection with temperature-dependent viscosity[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi 120(1-2):103-110.
Tackley P.1993.Effects of strongly temperature-dependent viscosity on time-dependent,three-dimensional models of mantle convection[J].Geophys Res Lett,20(20):2187-2190.
Tackley P.1996.Effects of strongly variable viscosity on three-dimensional compressible convection in planetary mantles[J].J Geophys Res,101(B2):3311-3332.
Wang H,Wu P.2006.Effects of lateral variations in lithospheric thickness and mantle viscosity on glacially induced rela-tive sea levels and long wavelength gravity field in a spherical,self-gravitating Maxwell Earth[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,249(3-4):368-383.
Weertman J.1970.The creep strength of the Earth’s mantle[J].Rev Geophys,8(1):145-168.
Yoshida M,Nakakuki T.2009.Effects on the long-wavelength geoid anomaly of lateral viscosity variations caused by stiff subducting slabs,weak plate margins and lower mantle rheology[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,172(3-4):278-288.
Zhang S,Christensen U.1993.Some effects of lateral viscosity variations on geoid and surface velocities induced by density anomalies in the mantle[J].Geophys J Int,114(3):531-547.
Zhang S,Yuen D A.1996.Intense local toroidal motion generated by variable viscosity compressible convection in 3D spherical shell[J].Geophys Res Lett,23(22):3135-3138.
Zhong S,Zuber M T,Moresi L,Gurnis M.2000.Role of temperature-dependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection[J].J Geophys Res,105(B5):11063-11082.
Zoback M L.1992.First-and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere:The world stress map[J].J Geophys Res,97(B8):11703-11728.
邓起东,张裕明,许桂林.1979.中国构造应力场特征及其与板块运动的关系[J].地震地质,1(1):11-22.
傅容珊.1990.岩石层底部切向应力场及地球大地水准面异常[J].中国科学技术大学学报,20(2):184-190.
傅容珊,常筱华,黄建华,刘文忠.1994a.区域重力均衡异常和上地幔小尺度对流模型[J].地球物理学报,37(增刊):249-258.
傅容珊,黄建华,刘文忠,常筱华.1994b.区域重力异常和上地幔小尺度对流相关方程及对流拖曳力场[J].地球物理学报,37(5):638-646.
傅容珊,董树谦,黄建华,常筱华.2002.地震层析成像—地幔对流新模型的研究[J].地球物理学报,45(增刊):136-142.
傅容珊,黄建华.2006.地球动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社:170-171,237.
傅容珊,黄建华,徐耀民,常筱华.1998.青藏高原—天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制[J].地球物理学报,41(5):658-668.
黄培华,傅容珊.1982.应用卫星重力研究全球岩石层下地幔对流应力场[J].中国科学技术大学学报,12(2):98-104.
楼海,王椿镛,王飞.2000.卫星重力资料揭示的新疆天山地区构造动力学状态[J].地震学报,22(5):482-490.
梅世蓉,梁北援.1989.唐山地震孕育过程的数值模拟[J].中国地震,5(3):9-17.
汪素云,许忠淮,葛民.1987.黄海、东海及邻区的地震构造应力场[J].中国地震,3(3):18-25.
王建,叶正仁.2005.地幔对流对全球岩石圈应力产生与分布的作用[J].地球物理学报,48(3):584-590.
王景赟,黄建华,傅容珊.2000.弹性岩石层、区域重力异常和上地幔小尺度对流[J].地壳形变与地震,20(4):1-9.
谢富仁,崔效锋,张景发,窦淑芹,赵建涛.2003.中国现代构造应力场基本特征及分区[M]∥中国大陆地壳应力环境研究.北京:地质出版社:39-48.
谢富仁,崔效锋,赵建涛,陈群策,李宏.2004.中国大陆及邻区现代构造应力场分区[J].地球物理学报,47(4):654-662.
熊熊,单斌,王继业,郑勇.2010.蒙古—贝加尔地区上地幔小尺度对流及地球动力学意义[J].地球物理学报,53(7):1594-1604.
熊熊,许厚泽,滕吉文,王继业.2003.青藏高原及邻区地幔对流应力场及地球动力学含义[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),28(6):692-696.
许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊,高阿甲.1989.由大量的地震资料推断的我国大陆构造应力场[J].地球物理学报,32(6):636-647.
许忠淮,阎明,赵仲和.1983.由多个小地震推断的华北地区构造应力场方向[J].地震学报,5(3):268-279.
叶正仁,王建.2003.上地幔变黏度小尺度对流的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,45(1):26-33.
张东宁,高龙生.1989.东亚地区应力场的三维数值模拟[J].中国地震,5(4):24-33.
张东宁,许忠淮.1997.西藏南部地堑构造成因的数值模拟[J].中国地震,13(4):349-357.
张东宁,许忠淮.1999.中国大陆岩石层动力学数值模型的边界条件[J].地震学报,21(2):133-139.
张东宁,曾融生.1995.冀中坳陷滑脱构造动力的数值模拟[J].地震学报,17(4):414-421.
朱涛,冯锐.2005.球层中的非线性自由热对流:变粘度模型[J].地震学报,27(2):194-204.
朱涛,王兰炜,陈化然.2010.横向粘度变化对球层中热对流的影响[J].地球物理学报,53(2):350-361.
朱涛,王兰炜.2011.地震波速度约束的大横向粘度变化的地幔对流研究[J].地球物理学报,54(5):1270-1284.
Balachandar S,Yuen D A,Reuteler D M,Lauer G S.1995.Viscous dissipation in three-dimensional convection with temperature-dependent viscosity[J].Sicence,267:1150-1153.
Bird P,Li Y.1996.Interpolation of principal stress directions by nonparametric statistics:Global maps with confidence limits[J].J Geophys Res,101(B3):5435-5443.
Buckus G.1958.A class of self-sustaining dissipative spherical dynamos[J].Ann Phys,4(4):381-384.
Cˇadek O,Fleitout L.2006.Effect of lateral viscosity variations in the coremantle boundary region on predictions of the long wavelength geoid[J].Stud Geophys Geod,50(2):217-232.
Christensen U,Harder H.1991.3Dconvection with variable viscosity[J].Geophys J Int,104(1):213-226.
Dziewonski A M,Anderson D L.1981.Preliminary reference earth model[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,25(4):297-356.
Forte A M,Peltier W R.1987.Plate tectonics and aspherical earth structure:The importance of poloidal-toroidal coupling[J].J Geophys Res,92(B5):3645-3679.
Fu R.1986.A numerical study of the effects of boundary conditions on mantle convection models constrained to fit the low degree geoid coefficients[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,44(3):257-263.
Fu R,Huang J,Wei Z.1996.The upper mantle flow beneath the North China Platform[J].Pure Appl Geophys,146(4):649-659.
Gripp A E,Gordon R G.1990.Current plate velocities relative to the hopspots incorporating the NUVEL-1global plate motion model[J].Geophys Res Lett,17(8):1109-1112.
Hager B H.1984.Subducted slabs and the geoid:Constrains on mantle rheology and flow[J].J Geophys Res,89(B5):6003-6015.
Karato S I,Wu P.1993.Rheology of the upper mantle:A synthesis[J].Science,260:771-778.
Koch D M,Ribe N M.1989.The effect of lateral viscosity variations on surface observations[J].Geophys Res Lett,16(1):535-538..
Liu H S.1980a.Mantle convection and subcrustal stress under Australia[J].Mod Geol,7:29-36.
Liu H S.1980b.Convection generated stress field and intra-plate volcanism[J].Tectonophysics,65(3-4):225-244.
Liu H S.1981.Geodynamics of Cenozoic deformation in central Asia[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,25(1):64-70.
Liu H S.1985.Geodynamical basis for crustal deformation under the Tibetan plateau[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,40(1):43-60.
Mitrovica J X,Peltier W R.1995.Constrains on mantle viscosity based upon the inversion of post-glacial uplift data from the Hudson Bay region[J].Geophys J Int,122(2):353-370.
Ranalli G.2001.Mantle rheology:Radial and lateral viscosity variations inferred from microphysical creep laws[J].Journal of Geodynamics,32(4-5):425-444.
Ratcliff J T,Schubert G,Zebib A.1996.Steady tetrahedral and cubic patterns of spherical shell convection with temper-ature-dependent viscosity[J].J Geophys Res,101(B11):25473-25484.
Richards M A,Hager B H.1989.Efects of lateral viscosity variations on long-wave-length geoid anomalies and topogra-phy[J].J Geophys Res,94(B8):10299-10313.
Ribe N M.1992.The dynamics of thin shells with variable viscosity and the origin of toroidal flow in the mantle[J].Geo-phys J Int,110(3):537-552.
Runcorn S K.1964.Satellite gravity measurements and laminar viscous flow model of the earth’s mantle[J].J Geophys Res,69(20):4389-4394.
Runcorn S K.1967.Flow in the mantle inferred from the low degree harmonics of the Geopotentia1[J].Geophys J R astr Soc,14(1-4):375-384.
Steinberger B,Schmeling H,Marquart G.2001.Large-scale lithospheric stress field and topography induced by global mantle circulation[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,186(1):75-91.
Stemmer K,Harder H,Hansen U.2006.A new method to simulate convection with strongly temperature-and pressure-dependent viscosity in a spherical shell:Applications to the earth’s mantle[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,157(3-4):223-249.
Su W J,Robert L W,Dziewonski A M.1994.Degree 12model of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle[J].J Geo-phys Res,99(B4):6945-6980.
Sunder-Plamann T,Christensen U.2000.A test of approximations for modeling convection with temperature-dependent viscosity[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi 120(1-2):103-110.
Tackley P.1993.Effects of strongly temperature-dependent viscosity on time-dependent,three-dimensional models of mantle convection[J].Geophys Res Lett,20(20):2187-2190.
Tackley P.1996.Effects of strongly variable viscosity on three-dimensional compressible convection in planetary mantles[J].J Geophys Res,101(B2):3311-3332.
Wang H,Wu P.2006.Effects of lateral variations in lithospheric thickness and mantle viscosity on glacially induced rela-tive sea levels and long wavelength gravity field in a spherical,self-gravitating Maxwell Earth[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,249(3-4):368-383.
Weertman J.1970.The creep strength of the Earth’s mantle[J].Rev Geophys,8(1):145-168.
Yoshida M,Nakakuki T.2009.Effects on the long-wavelength geoid anomaly of lateral viscosity variations caused by stiff subducting slabs,weak plate margins and lower mantle rheology[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,172(3-4):278-288.
Zhang S,Christensen U.1993.Some effects of lateral viscosity variations on geoid and surface velocities induced by density anomalies in the mantle[J].Geophys J Int,114(3):531-547.
Zhang S,Yuen D A.1996.Intense local toroidal motion generated by variable viscosity compressible convection in 3D spherical shell[J].Geophys Res Lett,23(22):3135-3138.
Zhong S,Zuber M T,Moresi L,Gurnis M.2000.Role of temperature-dependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection[J].J Geophys Res,105(B5):11063-11082.
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