北京西山寒武系滑塌构造的初步研究
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摘要
北京西山地区的寒武系层序完整,剖面出露好,是中国地质学家研究寒武系的经典地区之一。前人对北京地区寒武系的研究集中于百花山北麓清水河—永定河流域的军庄、丁家滩、下苇甸、青白口至军饷之间的露头。作者等在北京房山地区百花山南麓进行地质考察中,在上寒武统崮山组下部的中薄层条带状灰岩和砾屑灰岩中发现了典型的滑塌变形层,变形主要表现为发育大量的小型层间微型断裂或褶皱,大部分断裂表现为小型的低角度逆冲性质,断裂面呈舒缓波状,平均倾角10°左右,微型断裂面上盘还可见更次级的微型褶曲或断层和布丁。滑塌变形层之下还发现了与古地震有成因关系的楔状构造和特殊的砾岩。结合前人在寒武系中已经发现的震积岩,初步认为,这种典型的滑塌变形的直接触发机制很可能是伴随着华北古板块在中寒武世末与晚寒武世之间的"翘翘板式运动"而发生的古地震。
The Cambrian system in the Western Hills of Beijing outcropps mainly along the Yongding river valley in the north and along the Dazhihe river valley in the south.Famed for the complete sequence,unique rock types and good exposure,the Western Hills in Beijing has been a key location for the study of Cambrian system in China.However,nearly all the field work and publications have been concentrated on the northern part (along the Yongding river valley),for the convenient transportation.The slump structures are found about 5 m above the boundary between the Zhangxia Formation (Middle Cambrian oolite) and the Gushan Formation (Upper Cambrian) in the southern part of Wetsten Hillsalong a branch of the Dazhihe river valley).The slump is mainly composed of micro folds and faults.Axial planes of these folds are SN-striking.The typically dip gently towards the east.The average dipping angle of the micro-faults is about 10 degrees.The deformation pattern is very similar with that in the Late Pleistocene Lisan Formation near the Dead Sea.Two wedge-shaped features are discovered just below the slump layer.Our preliminary research shows that the direct trigger for the newly discovered slump structures are probably the palaeoearthquake associated with the tilting movement of the North China palaeoplate in the late Cambrian.
The Cambrian system in the Western Hills of Beijing outcropps mainly along the Yongding river valley in the north and along the Dazhihe river valley in the south.Famed for the complete sequence,unique rock types and good exposure,the Western Hills in Beijing has been a key location for the study of Cambrian system in China.However,nearly all the field work and publications have been concentrated on the northern part (along the Yongding river valley),for the convenient transportation.The slump structures are found about 5 m above the boundary between the Zhangxia Formation (Middle Cambrian oolite) and the Gushan Formation (Upper Cambrian) in the southern part of Wetsten Hillsalong a branch of the Dazhihe river valley).The slump is mainly composed of micro folds and faults.Axial planes of these folds are SN-striking.The typically dip gently towards the east.The average dipping angle of the micro-faults is about 10 degrees.The deformation pattern is very similar with that in the Late Pleistocene Lisan Formation near the Dead Sea.Two wedge-shaped features are discovered just below the slump layer.Our preliminary research shows that the direct trigger for the newly discovered slump structures are probably the palaeoearthquake associated with the tilting movement of the North China palaeoplate in the late Cambrian.
引文
北京市地质矿产局.1991.北京市区域地质志.北京:地质出版社,97～116.
陈荣坤,孟祥化.1993.华北地台早古生代沉积建造及台地演化.岩相古地理.13(4):46～55.
杜远生.2011.中国地震事件沉积研究的若干问题探讨.古地理学报.13(6):581～590.
冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,鲍志东.2002a.中国中寒武世岩相古地理.古地理学报,4(2):1～11.
冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,鲍志东.2002b.中国晚寒武世岩相古地理.古地理学报,4(3):1～10.
李海兵.1996.特殊的成岩构造:软沉积物非构造变形.见:乔秀夫,等.辽东半岛南部震旦系—下寒武统成因地层.北京:科学出版社:128～138.
李海兵.2006.下寒武统大林子组中的软沉积物变形构造.见:乔秀夫,等.地层中地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社,161～181.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,赵崇贺,陈逵刚,巩海波.2009.北京房山世界地质公园中元古界雾迷山组地震—海啸序列及地质特征.地质通报,28(1):30～37.
梁定益,宋志敏,赵崇贺,聂泽同.2002.河北省白石山中元古代地震遗迹的发现.地质通报,21(10):625～630.
吕洪波,章雨旭,肖国望,张绮玲.2006.内蒙古白云鄂博南东黑脑包腮林忽洞群下部发现地震滑塌岩块.地质论评,52(2):163～169.
吕洪波,王俊,张海春.2011.山东灵山岛晚中生代滑塌沉积层的发现及区域构造意义初探,地质学报.85(6):938～946.
马丽芳(主编).2002,中国地质图集.北京:地质出版社,114～115.
乔秀夫,高林志.1990.北京西山寒武系层序地层.中国地质科学院地质研究所所刊.(22):1～7.
乔秀夫,高林志.2007.燕辽裂陷槽中元古代古地震与古地理.古地理学报,4(9):337～352.
乔秀夫,李海兵,高林志.1997.华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律.地学前缘,4(3～4):155～160.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2008.枕、球—枕构造:地层中古地震记录.地质论评,54(6):721～730.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应.古地理学报.11(6):593～610.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,彭阳,李海兵,高劢,宋彪,张巧大.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列.地质学报,68(1):16～32.
宋天锐.1988.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列.科学通报,(8):609～611.
宋天锐,刘燕学.2009.古地震记录与岩相古地理.沉积学报,27(5):872～879.
苏德辰,孙爱萍.2011.北京永定河谷中元古界雾迷山组软沉积物变形与古地震发生频率.古地理学报,13(6):591～614.
田洪水,万中杰,王华林.2003.鲁中寒武系馒头组震积岩的发现及初步研究.地质论评,49(2):121～131.
田洪水,张邦花,祝介旺,张增奇,李洪奎.2011.早寒武世初期沂沭断裂带地震效应,古地理学报,13(6):645～656.
项礼文,郭振明.1964.河北昌平灰岩组内的三叶虫化石及其地层意义.古生物学报,12(4):622～625.
闫臻,杨长春,李继亮,王真理,肖文交,徐兴旺,段秋梁.2005.鲁西地区馒头组下部滑塌堆积的地质特征及其意义,沉积学报,23(1):29～33.
张邦花,田洪水,张增奇,杜圣贤.2012.地质名山馒头山及其附近早寒武世古地震沉积事件研究.沉积学报,30(6):1022～1031.
张传恒,武振杰,高林志,王巍,田彦林,马超.2007.雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义.中国科学(D),27(3):336～342.
章雨旭,万渝生.1990.北京西山竹叶状灰岩的成因.中国地质科学院地质研究所所刊,(22):56～63.
Alsop G I,Marco S.2011.Soft-sediment deformation withinseismogenic slumps of the Dead Sea Basin.Journal of StructuralGeology,33:433～457.
Chen J,Van Loon A J,Han Z,Chough S K.2009.Funnel-shaped,breccia-filled clastic dykes in the Late Cambrian ChaomidianFormation(Shandong Province,China).Sedimentary Geology,221:1～6.
Ettensohn F R,Zhang C H,Lierman R.2011.Soft-sedimentdeformation in epicontinental carbonates as evidence ofpaleoseismicity with evidence for a possible new seismogenicindicator:Accordion folds.Sedimentary Geology,235:222～233.
Mastrogiacomo G,Moretti M,Owen G,Spalluto L.2012.Tectonictriggering of slump sheets in the Upper Cretaceous carbonatesuccession of the Porto Selvaggio area(Salento peninsula,southernItaly):Synsedimentary tectonics in the ApulianCarbonate Platform.Sedimentary Geology,269～270:15～27.
Meng Xianghua,Ge Ming,Maurice Tucker.1997.SequenceSequence stratigraphy,sea-level changes and depositionalsystems in the Cambro-Ordovician of the North China carbonateplatform.Sedimentary Geology,114:189～222.
Meyerhoff,A A,Kamen-Kaye M,Chen C,Taner I.1991.China-Stratigraphy,Palaeogeography and Tectonics.Dordrecht:Kluwer,188.
Nie Shangyou.1990.Paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic constraints on the Paleozoic reconstructions of south China,north China andTarim.Tectonophysics,196:279～308.
Su Dechen,Qiao Xiufu,Sun Aiping,Li Haibing,Ian S.2013.Large earthquake-triggered liquefaction mounds and a carbonatesand volcano in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,Beijing,North China.Geological Journal,DOI:10.1002/gj.2501.
Su Dechen,van Loon A J,Sun Aiping.2013.Genesis of an uncommon clastic dike in an uncommon braided-river deposit.Journal of Palaeogeography,2(2):127～137.
Su Dechen,Sun Aiping.2012.Typical earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in the MesoproterozoicWumishan Formation,Yongding River Valley,Beijing,Chinaand interpreted earthquake frequency.Journal ofPalaeogeography,1(1):71～89.
陈荣坤,孟祥化.1993.华北地台早古生代沉积建造及台地演化.岩相古地理.13(4):46～55.
杜远生.2011.中国地震事件沉积研究的若干问题探讨.古地理学报.13(6):581～590.
冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,鲍志东.2002a.中国中寒武世岩相古地理.古地理学报,4(2):1～11.
冯增昭,彭勇民,金振奎,鲍志东.2002b.中国晚寒武世岩相古地理.古地理学报,4(3):1～10.
李海兵.1996.特殊的成岩构造:软沉积物非构造变形.见:乔秀夫,等.辽东半岛南部震旦系—下寒武统成因地层.北京:科学出版社:128～138.
李海兵.2006.下寒武统大林子组中的软沉积物变形构造.见:乔秀夫,等.地层中地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社,161～181.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,赵崇贺,陈逵刚,巩海波.2009.北京房山世界地质公园中元古界雾迷山组地震—海啸序列及地质特征.地质通报,28(1):30～37.
梁定益,宋志敏,赵崇贺,聂泽同.2002.河北省白石山中元古代地震遗迹的发现.地质通报,21(10):625～630.
吕洪波,章雨旭,肖国望,张绮玲.2006.内蒙古白云鄂博南东黑脑包腮林忽洞群下部发现地震滑塌岩块.地质论评,52(2):163～169.
吕洪波,王俊,张海春.2011.山东灵山岛晚中生代滑塌沉积层的发现及区域构造意义初探,地质学报.85(6):938～946.
马丽芳(主编).2002,中国地质图集.北京:地质出版社,114～115.
乔秀夫,高林志.1990.北京西山寒武系层序地层.中国地质科学院地质研究所所刊.(22):1～7.
乔秀夫,高林志.2007.燕辽裂陷槽中元古代古地震与古地理.古地理学报,4(9):337～352.
乔秀夫,李海兵,高林志.1997.华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律.地学前缘,4(3～4):155～160.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2008.枕、球—枕构造:地层中古地震记录.地质论评,54(6):721～730.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应.古地理学报.11(6):593～610.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,彭阳,李海兵,高劢,宋彪,张巧大.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列.地质学报,68(1):16～32.
宋天锐.1988.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列.科学通报,(8):609～611.
宋天锐,刘燕学.2009.古地震记录与岩相古地理.沉积学报,27(5):872～879.
苏德辰,孙爱萍.2011.北京永定河谷中元古界雾迷山组软沉积物变形与古地震发生频率.古地理学报,13(6):591～614.
田洪水,万中杰,王华林.2003.鲁中寒武系馒头组震积岩的发现及初步研究.地质论评,49(2):121～131.
田洪水,张邦花,祝介旺,张增奇,李洪奎.2011.早寒武世初期沂沭断裂带地震效应,古地理学报,13(6):645～656.
项礼文,郭振明.1964.河北昌平灰岩组内的三叶虫化石及其地层意义.古生物学报,12(4):622～625.
闫臻,杨长春,李继亮,王真理,肖文交,徐兴旺,段秋梁.2005.鲁西地区馒头组下部滑塌堆积的地质特征及其意义,沉积学报,23(1):29～33.
张邦花,田洪水,张增奇,杜圣贤.2012.地质名山馒头山及其附近早寒武世古地震沉积事件研究.沉积学报,30(6):1022～1031.
张传恒,武振杰,高林志,王巍,田彦林,马超.2007.雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义.中国科学(D),27(3):336～342.
章雨旭,万渝生.1990.北京西山竹叶状灰岩的成因.中国地质科学院地质研究所所刊,(22):56～63.
Alsop G I,Marco S.2011.Soft-sediment deformation withinseismogenic slumps of the Dead Sea Basin.Journal of StructuralGeology,33:433～457.
Chen J,Van Loon A J,Han Z,Chough S K.2009.Funnel-shaped,breccia-filled clastic dykes in the Late Cambrian ChaomidianFormation(Shandong Province,China).Sedimentary Geology,221:1～6.
Ettensohn F R,Zhang C H,Lierman R.2011.Soft-sedimentdeformation in epicontinental carbonates as evidence ofpaleoseismicity with evidence for a possible new seismogenicindicator:Accordion folds.Sedimentary Geology,235:222～233.
Mastrogiacomo G,Moretti M,Owen G,Spalluto L.2012.Tectonictriggering of slump sheets in the Upper Cretaceous carbonatesuccession of the Porto Selvaggio area(Salento peninsula,southernItaly):Synsedimentary tectonics in the ApulianCarbonate Platform.Sedimentary Geology,269～270:15～27.
Meng Xianghua,Ge Ming,Maurice Tucker.1997.SequenceSequence stratigraphy,sea-level changes and depositionalsystems in the Cambro-Ordovician of the North China carbonateplatform.Sedimentary Geology,114:189～222.
Meyerhoff,A A,Kamen-Kaye M,Chen C,Taner I.1991.China-Stratigraphy,Palaeogeography and Tectonics.Dordrecht:Kluwer,188.
Nie Shangyou.1990.Paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic constraints on the Paleozoic reconstructions of south China,north China andTarim.Tectonophysics,196:279～308.
Su Dechen,Qiao Xiufu,Sun Aiping,Li Haibing,Ian S.2013.Large earthquake-triggered liquefaction mounds and a carbonatesand volcano in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,Beijing,North China.Geological Journal,DOI:10.1002/gj.2501.
Su Dechen,van Loon A J,Sun Aiping.2013.Genesis of an uncommon clastic dike in an uncommon braided-river deposit.Journal of Palaeogeography,2(2):127～137.
Su Dechen,Sun Aiping.2012.Typical earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in the MesoproterozoicWumishan Formation,Yongding River Valley,Beijing,Chinaand interpreted earthquake frequency.Journal ofPalaeogeography,1(1):71～89.
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