地中海涡旋的垂向结构与物理性质
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摘要
本文利用地震海洋学新的反演结果,对地中海涡旋的温度、密度、声速以及波阻抗等物理性质进行了详细的分析与讨论,特别对地中海涡旋的一些细结构、混合过程进行了相关描述.研究分析取得以下认识:(1)涡旋具有涡旋核心水与涡旋混合水双层结构,这种结构特征可以在温度图、声速图和波阻抗图中识别出来;(2)涡旋核心水并不是均匀的稳定结构,内部有微弱的混合作用;(3)在涡旋上部以及周围边缘区域,海水的混合比较复杂;在涡旋下部边缘区域,除了有小尺度的盐指混合,内波也是非常重要的动力混合作用;(4)海水密度在涡旋核心水的分布比较稳定,成层性较强,在混合水区域由于不同的混合作用及其强烈程度不同,会发生波动甚至反转;(5)涡旋本身并不是一个严格对称的结构,涡旋与背景海水的上部以及周围边界比较模糊和复杂,而涡旋下部边界则比较明显.地震海洋学反演提供的涡旋物理性质数据能够为涡旋进一步的研究提供更为准确、更高精度以及更高分辨率的参考数据,同时对涡旋的运动学以及动力学研究提供了更进一步的研究方法和研究方向.
Based on the new data inverted from a new seismic oceanography method,this paper will analyze the vertical structure and physical properties of a Mediterranean eddy(Meddy),e.g.temperature,density,sound velocity and impedance,especially some fine structure and mixing mechanism.Our research shows that:(1) One Meddy usually includes Meddy Core Water and Meddy Mixed Water,this two-component structure can be revealed from the temperature,sound velocity and impedance section.(2) Meddy Core Water isn′t smoothly stratified or stable as thought,however there is weak mixing process within it.(3) In the upper and lateral region of a Meddy,the mixing process is very complex.In addition to salt fingers,internal wave is also a very significant mixing process in the lower region.(4) The density structure of Meddy Core Water is smoothly stratified and stable;however,due to the complex mixing mechanism,the density structure of Meddy is disturbed and density inversion shows even in some region.(5) The Meddy doesn′t show a strictly symmetrical structure and the lower boundary between Meddy Core Water and background seawater is more obvious than the upper one.The physical properties provided by the new seismic oceanography inversion method can be used for more accurate,more precise and higher resolution research and help further studies of Meddy kinematics and dynamics.
Based on the new data inverted from a new seismic oceanography method,this paper will analyze the vertical structure and physical properties of a Mediterranean eddy(Meddy),e.g.temperature,density,sound velocity and impedance,especially some fine structure and mixing mechanism.Our research shows that:(1) One Meddy usually includes Meddy Core Water and Meddy Mixed Water,this two-component structure can be revealed from the temperature,sound velocity and impedance section.(2) Meddy Core Water isn′t smoothly stratified or stable as thought,however there is weak mixing process within it.(3) In the upper and lateral region of a Meddy,the mixing process is very complex.In addition to salt fingers,internal wave is also a very significant mixing process in the lower region.(4) The density structure of Meddy Core Water is smoothly stratified and stable;however,due to the complex mixing mechanism,the density structure of Meddy is disturbed and density inversion shows even in some region.(5) The Meddy doesn′t show a strictly symmetrical structure and the lower boundary between Meddy Core Water and background seawater is more obvious than the upper one.The physical properties provided by the new seismic oceanography inversion method can be used for more accurate,more precise and higher resolution research and help further studies of Meddy kinematics and dynamics.
引文
[1]Richardson P L,Bower A S,Zenk W.A census of Meddiestracked by floats.Prog.Oceanogr.,2000,45(2):209-250.
[2]Armi L,Stommel H.Four views of a portion of the NorthAtlantic subtropical gyre.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1983,13(5):828-857.
[3]Armi L,Zenk W.Large lenses of highly saline Mediterraneanwater.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1984,14(10):1560-1576.
[4]Hebert D.Estimates of salt-finger fluxes.Deep-Sea Res.,1988,35(12):1887-1901.
[5]Arhan M,King B.Lateral mixing of the Mediterraneanwater in the eastern North Atlantic.J.Mar.Res.,1995,53(6):865-895.
[6]Armi L,Hebert D,Oakey N,et al.The history and decay ofa Mediterranean salt lens.Nature,1988,333(6174):649-651.
[7]Hebert D,Oakey N,Ruddick B.Evolution of a Mediterraneansalt lens:scalar properties.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1990,20(9):1468-1483.
[8]Schultz Tokos K,Rossby H T.Kinematics and dynamics of aMediterranean salt lens.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1991,21(6):879-892.
[9]Ruddick B.Intrusive mixing in a Mediterranean salt lens—intrusion slopes and dynamical mechanisms.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1992,22(11):1274-1285.
[10]Richardson P L,McCartney M S,Maillard C.A search forMeddies in historical data.Dynamics of Atmospheres andOceans,1991,15(3-5):241-265.
[11]Schultz Tokos K L,Hinrichsen H H,Zenk W.Merging andmigration of two Meddies.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1994,24(10):2129-2141.
[12]Richardson P L,Walsh D,Armi L,et al.Tracking threeMeddies with SOFAR floats.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1989,19(3):371-383.
[13]Armi L,Hebert D,Oakey N,et al.Two years in the life ofa Mediterranean salt lens.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1989,19(3):354-370.
[14]Ruddick B R,Hebert D.The mixing of Meddy“Sharon”.∥Nihoul J C J,Jamart B M.Small-Scale Turbulence andMixing in the Ocean.Elsevier Science,1988,46:249-262.
[15]Ruddick B R,Oakey N S,Hebert D.Measuring lateral heatflux across a thermohaline front:A model and observationaltest.J.Mar.Res.,2010,68(3):523-539.
[16]Holbrook W S,Páramo P,Pearse S,et al.Thermohalinefine structure in an oceanographic front from seismicreflection profiling.Science,2003,301(5634):821-824.
[17]宋海斌,董崇志,陈林等.用反射地震方法研究物理海洋——地震海洋学简介.地球物理学进展,2008,23(4):1156-1164.Song H B,Dong C Z,Chen L,et al.Reflection seismicmethods for studying physical oceanography:introduction ofseismic oceanography.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(4):1156-1164.
[18]宋海斌,Pinheiro L,王东晓等.海洋中尺度涡与内波的地震图像.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2775-2780.Song H B,Pinheiro L,Wang D X,et al.Seismic images ofocean meso-scale eddies and internal waves.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2775-2780.
[19]宋洋,宋海斌,陈林等.利用地震数据反演海水温盐结构.地球物理学报,2010,53(11):2696-2702.Song Y,Song H B,Chen L,et al.Sea water thermohalinestructure inversion from seismic data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(11):2696-2702.
[20]黄兴辉,宋海斌,Pinheiro L M等.利用反射地震数据和XBT数据联合反演海水的温盐分布.地球物理学报,2011,54(5):1293-1300.Huang X H,Song H B,Pinheiro L M,et al.Oceantemperature and salinity distributions inverted from combinedreflection seismic and XBT data.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2011,54(5):1293-1300.
[21]Song H B,Pinheiro L M,Ruddick B,et al.SeismicOceanography:a new geophysical tool to investigate thethermohaline structure of the oceans.∥Marcelli M.Oceanography.InTech Press,2012:113-128.
[22]Song H B,Bai Y,Pinheiro L,et al.Analysis of oceaninternal waves imaged by multichannel reflection seismics,using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition.Journal ofGeophysics and Engineering,2012,9(3):302-311.
[23]Ruddick B,Song H B,Dong C Z,et al.Water columnseismic images as maps of temperature gradient.Oceanography,2009,22(1):192-205.
[24]Papenberg C,Klaeschen D,Krahmann G,et al.Oceantemperature and salinity inverted from combined hydrographicand seismic data.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2010,37(4):L04601,doi:10.1029/2009GL042115.
[25]Pinheiro L M,Song H B,Ruddick B,et al.Detailed 2-Dimaging of the Mediterranean outflow and Meddies off WIberia from multichannel seismic data.J.Mar.Syst.,2010,79(1-2):89-100.
[26]Song H B,Pinheiro L M,Ruddick B,et al.Meddy,spiralarms,and mixing mechanisms viewed by seismic imaging inthe Tagus Abyssal Plain(SW Iberia).J.Mar.Res.,2011,69(4):827-842.
[27]宋海斌.地震海洋学导论.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2012:1-182.Song H B.Introduction to Seismic Oceanography(in Chinese).Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,2012:1-182.
[2]Armi L,Stommel H.Four views of a portion of the NorthAtlantic subtropical gyre.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1983,13(5):828-857.
[3]Armi L,Zenk W.Large lenses of highly saline Mediterraneanwater.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1984,14(10):1560-1576.
[4]Hebert D.Estimates of salt-finger fluxes.Deep-Sea Res.,1988,35(12):1887-1901.
[5]Arhan M,King B.Lateral mixing of the Mediterraneanwater in the eastern North Atlantic.J.Mar.Res.,1995,53(6):865-895.
[6]Armi L,Hebert D,Oakey N,et al.The history and decay ofa Mediterranean salt lens.Nature,1988,333(6174):649-651.
[7]Hebert D,Oakey N,Ruddick B.Evolution of a Mediterraneansalt lens:scalar properties.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1990,20(9):1468-1483.
[8]Schultz Tokos K,Rossby H T.Kinematics and dynamics of aMediterranean salt lens.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1991,21(6):879-892.
[9]Ruddick B.Intrusive mixing in a Mediterranean salt lens—intrusion slopes and dynamical mechanisms.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1992,22(11):1274-1285.
[10]Richardson P L,McCartney M S,Maillard C.A search forMeddies in historical data.Dynamics of Atmospheres andOceans,1991,15(3-5):241-265.
[11]Schultz Tokos K L,Hinrichsen H H,Zenk W.Merging andmigration of two Meddies.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1994,24(10):2129-2141.
[12]Richardson P L,Walsh D,Armi L,et al.Tracking threeMeddies with SOFAR floats.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1989,19(3):371-383.
[13]Armi L,Hebert D,Oakey N,et al.Two years in the life ofa Mediterranean salt lens.J.Phys.Oceanogr.,1989,19(3):354-370.
[14]Ruddick B R,Hebert D.The mixing of Meddy“Sharon”.∥Nihoul J C J,Jamart B M.Small-Scale Turbulence andMixing in the Ocean.Elsevier Science,1988,46:249-262.
[15]Ruddick B R,Oakey N S,Hebert D.Measuring lateral heatflux across a thermohaline front:A model and observationaltest.J.Mar.Res.,2010,68(3):523-539.
[16]Holbrook W S,Páramo P,Pearse S,et al.Thermohalinefine structure in an oceanographic front from seismicreflection profiling.Science,2003,301(5634):821-824.
[17]宋海斌,董崇志,陈林等.用反射地震方法研究物理海洋——地震海洋学简介.地球物理学进展,2008,23(4):1156-1164.Song H B,Dong C Z,Chen L,et al.Reflection seismicmethods for studying physical oceanography:introduction ofseismic oceanography.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(4):1156-1164.
[18]宋海斌,Pinheiro L,王东晓等.海洋中尺度涡与内波的地震图像.地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2775-2780.Song H B,Pinheiro L,Wang D X,et al.Seismic images ofocean meso-scale eddies and internal waves.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(11):2775-2780.
[19]宋洋,宋海斌,陈林等.利用地震数据反演海水温盐结构.地球物理学报,2010,53(11):2696-2702.Song Y,Song H B,Chen L,et al.Sea water thermohalinestructure inversion from seismic data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(11):2696-2702.
[20]黄兴辉,宋海斌,Pinheiro L M等.利用反射地震数据和XBT数据联合反演海水的温盐分布.地球物理学报,2011,54(5):1293-1300.Huang X H,Song H B,Pinheiro L M,et al.Oceantemperature and salinity distributions inverted from combinedreflection seismic and XBT data.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2011,54(5):1293-1300.
[21]Song H B,Pinheiro L M,Ruddick B,et al.SeismicOceanography:a new geophysical tool to investigate thethermohaline structure of the oceans.∥Marcelli M.Oceanography.InTech Press,2012:113-128.
[22]Song H B,Bai Y,Pinheiro L,et al.Analysis of oceaninternal waves imaged by multichannel reflection seismics,using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition.Journal ofGeophysics and Engineering,2012,9(3):302-311.
[23]Ruddick B,Song H B,Dong C Z,et al.Water columnseismic images as maps of temperature gradient.Oceanography,2009,22(1):192-205.
[24]Papenberg C,Klaeschen D,Krahmann G,et al.Oceantemperature and salinity inverted from combined hydrographicand seismic data.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2010,37(4):L04601,doi:10.1029/2009GL042115.
[25]Pinheiro L M,Song H B,Ruddick B,et al.Detailed 2-Dimaging of the Mediterranean outflow and Meddies off WIberia from multichannel seismic data.J.Mar.Syst.,2010,79(1-2):89-100.
[26]Song H B,Pinheiro L M,Ruddick B,et al.Meddy,spiralarms,and mixing mechanisms viewed by seismic imaging inthe Tagus Abyssal Plain(SW Iberia).J.Mar.Res.,2011,69(4):827-842.
[27]宋海斌.地震海洋学导论.上海:上海科学技术出版社,2012:1-182.Song H B.Introduction to Seismic Oceanography(in Chinese).Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,2012:1-182.
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