山东省灵山岛早白垩世软沉积物变形构造特征
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摘要
利用野外露头和镜下薄片等资料、地质统计等方法,对山东省灵山岛老虎嘴剖面和船厂滑塌剖面软沉积物变形构造分布特征和形成期次进行了研究。船厂剖面发育滑塌褶皱、负载构造、阶梯断层、布丁构造、球—枕构造等典型的软沉积物变形构造;老虎嘴剖面发育层内褶皱、微阶梯断层、层内角砾岩等。根据形成时间、发育部位和形态特征,将船厂剖面变形划分为滑塌前变形和滑塌中变形,滑塌前变形又可以细分滑塌体下部变形和滑塌体内部变形。滑塌褶皱具有多级别、多尺度的特点;以厚岩层组成的滑塌褶皱为主,尺寸为米级;岩层内部纹层形成的次级褶皱为辅,尺寸为毫米级。滑塌过程中岩层不同部位应力不同,伴生其他变形构造,如拉张形成的布丁构造和挤压形成剪切褶皱等。滑塌前已经形成的负载构造等在滑塌过程中保持原来形态,不因地层变形而变形。这些古地震触发形成的软沉积变形构造证明灵山岛在早白垩世古地震活动频繁。
To analyze the distribution characteristics and formation stages of soft-sediment deformation structures in slump folds in Lingshan Island,field outcrops,thin sections,geological statistics and some other methods was utilized to do comprehensive research on Laohuzui section and Chuanchang section.Giant slump folds,load structures,ladder faults,boudinages,ball-pillow structures and other deformation structures developed on the Chuanchang section.And intrafolial folds,micro-ladder faults and intra-formational breccias,distributed on Laohuzui section.According to the forming time,development position and morphological characteristics,deformations on the Chuanchang section were classified into pre-slump deformations and syn-slump deformations,and the pre-slump deformations were subdivided into infra-slump fold deformations and intra-slump fold deformations.Slump folds showed multi-order and multi-scale.The main slump folds were composed of thick layers of turbidite in meter-scale.The secondary slump folds were composed of laminaes in milimeter-scale.There were different stresses in the different parts of rocks in the slumping process,with some other deformation structures concomitant,such as boudins formed by tensile stress and shear folds formed by extrusion stress.Load structures formed before the slump kept the original shapes in the slumping process,and didn't deform in the following rock deformation process.The study on soft-sediment deformation structures of Lingshan Island proved that the palaeoearthquake activities were frequent in the Early Cretaceous.
To analyze the distribution characteristics and formation stages of soft-sediment deformation structures in slump folds in Lingshan Island,field outcrops,thin sections,geological statistics and some other methods was utilized to do comprehensive research on Laohuzui section and Chuanchang section.Giant slump folds,load structures,ladder faults,boudinages,ball-pillow structures and other deformation structures developed on the Chuanchang section.And intrafolial folds,micro-ladder faults and intra-formational breccias,distributed on Laohuzui section.According to the forming time,development position and morphological characteristics,deformations on the Chuanchang section were classified into pre-slump deformations and syn-slump deformations,and the pre-slump deformations were subdivided into infra-slump fold deformations and intra-slump fold deformations.Slump folds showed multi-order and multi-scale.The main slump folds were composed of thick layers of turbidite in meter-scale.The secondary slump folds were composed of laminaes in milimeter-scale.There were different stresses in the different parts of rocks in the slumping process,with some other deformation structures concomitant,such as boudins formed by tensile stress and shear folds formed by extrusion stress.Load structures formed before the slump kept the original shapes in the slumping process,and didn't deform in the following rock deformation process.The study on soft-sediment deformation structures of Lingshan Island proved that the palaeoearthquake activities were frequent in the Early Cretaceous.
引文
杜远生.2011.中国地震事件沉积研究的若干问题探讨[J].古地理学报,13(6):581-586.
杜远生,韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,15 (4):389-394.
冯先岳.1989.地震震动液化变形的研究[J].内陆地震,3(4):299-307.
吕洪波,王俊,张海春.2011.山东灵山岛晚中生代滑塌沉积层的发现及区域构造意义初探[J].地质学报,85(6):938-946.
吕洪波,张海春,王俊,等.2012.灵山岛晚中生代浊积岩中发现巨大滑积岩块[J].地质论评,58(1):80-81.
梁定益,聂泽同,万晓樵.1991.试论震积岩及震积不整合:以川西、滇西地区为例[J].现代地质,5(2):138-147.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J].古地理学报,11(6):593-610.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2008.枕、球—枕构造:地层中的古地震记录[J].地质论评,54(6):721-730.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.2006.地层中地震记录(古地震)[M].北京:地质出版社.
乔秀夫.1996.中国震积岩的研究与展望[J].地质论评,42(4):317-320.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,68(1):16-33.
栾光忠,李安龙,王建,等.2010.青岛主要海岛成因分类及其地质环境分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),40(8):111-116 .
宋天锐.1985.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震—海啸序列[J].科学通报,33(8):609-611.
钟建华.2012.灵山岛中生代沉积岩是深水远源浊积岩、还是陆内三角洲沉积?[J].地质论评,58(6):1180-1182.
Ben D G,Cees W P.2003.Asymmetric boudins as shear sense indicators Dan assessment from field data[J].Journal of Structural Geology,25 :575-589.
Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T R.1997.Possible seismic origin of molar tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp deposits,north China[J].Sedimentology,44:611-636.
Kuenen P H.1958.Experiments in geology Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow[J].Transaction of the Geological Society of Glasgow 23:1-28.
Moretti M,Ronchi A.2011.Liquefaction features interpreted as seismites in the Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Neuquén Basin(Northern Patagonia)[J].Sedimentary Geology,235:200-209.
Moretti M,Sabato L.2007.Recognition of trigging mechanisms for softsediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant Arcangelo Basin(Southern Italy):Seismic shock vs overloading[J].Sedimentary Geology,196:31-45.
Moretti M,Pieri P,Tropeano M.2002.Late Pleistocene soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in paralic deposits in the city of Bari(Apulian forland,Southern Italy).In:Ettensohn F R,Rast N and Brett C E(eds).Ancient Seismites:Boulder[J].Colorado:Geoloical Society of America Special Paper,359:75-85.
Moretti M,Soria J M,Alfaro P,et al.2001.Asymmetrical soft-sediment deformation structures triggered by rapid sedimentation in turbiditic deposits(Late Miocene,Guadix Basin,Southern Spain)[J].Facies,44 :283-294.
Mandal N,Dhar R,Misra S,et al.2007.Use of boudinaged rigid objects as a strain gauge:Insights from analogue and numerical models[J].Journal of Structural Geology,29:759-773.
Owen G.2003.Load structures:Gravity-driven sediment mobilization in the shallow subsurface.In:Van Rensbergen P,Hillis R R,Maltman A J,Morley C K(eds).Subsurface Sediment Mobilization[J].Geological Society London,Special Publications,216:21-34.
Owen G.1996.Experimental soft-sediment deformation:Structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples[J].Sedimentology,43:279-293.
Owen G.1987.Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands.In:Jones M E,Preston R M F(eds).Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks[J].Geological Society London,Special Publication,29:11-24.
SeilacherA.1984.Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events[J].Marine Geology,55(1-2):1-12.
Seilacher A.1969.Fault-graded bed interpreted as seismites[J].Sedimentology,13(1-2):155-159.
Suter F,Martínez JⅠ,Vélez MⅠ.2011.Holocene soft-sediment deformation of the Santa Fé-Sopetrn Basin,northern Colombian Andes:Evidence for prehispanic seismic activity?[J].Sedimentary Geology,235:188-199.
Van Loon A J.2009.Soft-sediment deformation structures in siliciclaslic sediments:An overview[J].Geology,15:3-55.
杜远生,韩欣.2000.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,15 (4):389-394.
冯先岳.1989.地震震动液化变形的研究[J].内陆地震,3(4):299-307.
吕洪波,王俊,张海春.2011.山东灵山岛晚中生代滑塌沉积层的发现及区域构造意义初探[J].地质学报,85(6):938-946.
吕洪波,张海春,王俊,等.2012.灵山岛晚中生代浊积岩中发现巨大滑积岩块[J].地质论评,58(1):80-81.
梁定益,聂泽同,万晓樵.1991.试论震积岩及震积不整合:以川西、滇西地区为例[J].现代地质,5(2):138-147.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2009.沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J].古地理学报,11(6):593-610.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2008.枕、球—枕构造:地层中的古地震记录[J].地质论评,54(6):721-730.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.2006.地层中地震记录(古地震)[M].北京:地质出版社.
乔秀夫.1996.中国震积岩的研究与展望[J].地质论评,42(4):317-320.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,68(1):16-33.
栾光忠,李安龙,王建,等.2010.青岛主要海岛成因分类及其地质环境分析[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),40(8):111-116 .
宋天锐.1985.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震—海啸序列[J].科学通报,33(8):609-611.
钟建华.2012.灵山岛中生代沉积岩是深水远源浊积岩、还是陆内三角洲沉积?[J].地质论评,58(6):1180-1182.
Ben D G,Cees W P.2003.Asymmetric boudins as shear sense indicators Dan assessment from field data[J].Journal of Structural Geology,25 :575-589.
Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T R.1997.Possible seismic origin of molar tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp deposits,north China[J].Sedimentology,44:611-636.
Kuenen P H.1958.Experiments in geology Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow[J].Transaction of the Geological Society of Glasgow 23:1-28.
Moretti M,Ronchi A.2011.Liquefaction features interpreted as seismites in the Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Neuquén Basin(Northern Patagonia)[J].Sedimentary Geology,235:200-209.
Moretti M,Sabato L.2007.Recognition of trigging mechanisms for softsediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant Arcangelo Basin(Southern Italy):Seismic shock vs overloading[J].Sedimentary Geology,196:31-45.
Moretti M,Pieri P,Tropeano M.2002.Late Pleistocene soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in paralic deposits in the city of Bari(Apulian forland,Southern Italy).In:Ettensohn F R,Rast N and Brett C E(eds).Ancient Seismites:Boulder[J].Colorado:Geoloical Society of America Special Paper,359:75-85.
Moretti M,Soria J M,Alfaro P,et al.2001.Asymmetrical soft-sediment deformation structures triggered by rapid sedimentation in turbiditic deposits(Late Miocene,Guadix Basin,Southern Spain)[J].Facies,44 :283-294.
Mandal N,Dhar R,Misra S,et al.2007.Use of boudinaged rigid objects as a strain gauge:Insights from analogue and numerical models[J].Journal of Structural Geology,29:759-773.
Owen G.2003.Load structures:Gravity-driven sediment mobilization in the shallow subsurface.In:Van Rensbergen P,Hillis R R,Maltman A J,Morley C K(eds).Subsurface Sediment Mobilization[J].Geological Society London,Special Publications,216:21-34.
Owen G.1996.Experimental soft-sediment deformation:Structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples[J].Sedimentology,43:279-293.
Owen G.1987.Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands.In:Jones M E,Preston R M F(eds).Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks[J].Geological Society London,Special Publication,29:11-24.
SeilacherA.1984.Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events[J].Marine Geology,55(1-2):1-12.
Seilacher A.1969.Fault-graded bed interpreted as seismites[J].Sedimentology,13(1-2):155-159.
Suter F,Martínez JⅠ,Vélez MⅠ.2011.Holocene soft-sediment deformation of the Santa Fé-Sopetrn Basin,northern Colombian Andes:Evidence for prehispanic seismic activity?[J].Sedimentary Geology,235:188-199.
Van Loon A J.2009.Soft-sediment deformation structures in siliciclaslic sediments:An overview[J].Geology,15:3-55.
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