岷江上游堰塞湖沉积中软沉积物变形构造成因讨论
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摘要
对在岷江上游及其支流河谷中的晚第四纪古堰塞湖地层中发现的大量软沉积物变形构造的类型、特征和成因进行了分析,发现这些软沉积物变形构造分为两类:一类是小型的层内变形构造,如液化卷曲变形、泄水构造、负荷构造、阶梯状微断裂等,其形成与软沉积物的塑性变形、液化和流动作用相关;另一类是崩(滑)塌体对软沉积物的扰动形成的大型褶曲构造。通过与其它成因的软沉积物变形构造的对比以及对区域构造环境的分析,得出地震、崩塌和滑坡等灾害性地质事件是造成河谷区古堰塞湖地层中软沉积物变形构造发育的最可能的驱动机制。
Paleo-dammed lake sediments in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and its tributaries show several types of deformational structures that are interpreted as seismites.In this paper,we analyze the types and characteristics of these deformation.We classify the structures into two types:the small-scale deformations,which are related to the plastic deformation,liquefaction and fluidization processes of the soft sediment.Another is the large-scale folds formed by the disturbance of the collapse masses(slip block).The comparison with other soft-sediment deformation structures and study of the seismotectonic environment indicate that the main trigger factors for deformation were seismic shocks,collapse and landslide induced by the earthquake.
Paleo-dammed lake sediments in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and its tributaries show several types of deformational structures that are interpreted as seismites.In this paper,we analyze the types and characteristics of these deformation.We classify the structures into two types:the small-scale deformations,which are related to the plastic deformation,liquefaction and fluidization processes of the soft sediment.Another is the large-scale folds formed by the disturbance of the collapse masses(slip block).The comparison with other soft-sediment deformation structures and study of the seismotectonic environment indicate that the main trigger factors for deformation were seismic shocks,collapse and landslide induced by the earthquake.
引文
杜远生,Shi G,龚一鸣,等.2007.东澳大利亚南悉尼盆地二叠系与地震沉积有关的软沉积变形构造[J].地质学报,81(4):511-518.
冯先岳.1989.地震振动液化变形研究[J].内陆地震,3(4):209-307.
李海兵.2006.下寒武统大林子组中的软沉积物变形构造[M]//乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.地层中地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社,161-182.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994.再论震积岩及震积不整合--以川西、滇西地区为例[J].地球科学,19(5):845-850.
聂高众,高建国,邓砚.2004.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究[J].第四纪研究,24(3):293-301.
钱洪.1995.四川断裂活动的区域性差异及其与区域地壳运动的关系[J].地震研究,18(1):49-55.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2008.枕、球-枕构造:地层中的古地震记录[J].地质论评,54(6):721-730.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,68(1):16-32.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,李海兵,等.2006.是地震液化泄水构造成因,不是"渗流管"构造[M]//乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.地层中地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社,182-186.
宋天锐.1988.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列[J].科学通报,33(8):609-611.
宋天锐.2006.沉积地层中的地震事件记录及其意义[M]//乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.地层中地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社,36-44.
童立强.2008."5.12"汶川大地震极重灾区地震堰塞湖应急遥感调查[J].国土资源遥感,77(3):61-63.
王二七,孟庆任.2008.对龙门山中生代和新生代构造演化的讨论[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,38(10):1221-1233.
王兰生,王小群,许向宁,等.2007.岷江上游近两万年前发生了什么事件[J].地学前缘,14(4):189-196.
王兰生,杨立铮,王小群,等.2005.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),32(1):1-11.
王萍,邱维理,张斌.2009.川西杂谷脑"冰碛物"中软沉积物变形构造的成因[J].第四纪研究,29(3):484-493.
吴贤涛,尹国勋.1992.四川峨眉晚侏罗世湖泊沉积中震积岩的发现及其意义[J].沉积学报,10(3):19-24.
易桂喜,韩渭滨.四川及邻区强震前地震活动频度的变化特征[J].地震研究,27(1):8-13.
尹国勋.1993.地史时期地震事件的岩石学证据--以四川峨眉晚侏罗世湖泊沉积中的震积岩为例[J].地震地质,15(1):61-65.
袁静.2004.山东惠民凹陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].沉积学报,22(1):41-46.
张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.2007.华北中元古界雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,27(3):336-343.
张传恒,张传林,刘典波,等.2006.新疆博格达地区早二叠世软沉积物变形构造:弧后碰撞前陆盆地地震记录[J].地学前缘,13(4):255-266.
钟建华,许世红,王志坤,等.2008.柴达木盆地西部七个泉地区第四纪冰川刨耕变形层理的研究[J].地质论评,54(2):207-214.
朱海之.1982.古地震活动若干标志的研究[C]//中国第四纪研究委员会全新世分会,陕西省地震局.史前地震与第四纪地质文集.西安:陕西科学技术出版社,17-29.
Greb S F,Dever G R.2002.Critical evaluation of possible seismites:ex-amples from the Carboniferous of the Appalachian basin[M]//Ettensohn F R,Rast N,Brett C E.2002Ancient Seismites:Geolog-ical Society of America Specical Paper.359,109-125.
Ken-Tor R,Agnon A,Enzel Y,et al.2001.High-resolution geological re-cord of historic earthquake in the Dead Sea Basin[J].J G R,106:2221-2234.
Lowe D R.1975.Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments[J].Sedimentology,22:157-204.
Marcos S,Stein M,Agnon A,et al.1996.Long-term earthquake cluste-ring:a50,000years paleoseismic record in the Dead Sea[J].Jour-nal of Geophysical Research,101:6179-6192.
Montenat C,Barrier P,d′Estevou P O,et al.2007.Seismites:An attemptat critical analysis and classification[J].Sedimentary Geology,196:5-30.
Moretti M,Alfaro P,Caselles O,et al.1999.Modelling seismites with adigital shaking table[J].Tectonophysics,304:369-383.
Neuwerth R,Sutera A,Guzman C A.2006.Soft-sediment deformation in atectonically active area:The Plio-Pleistocene Zarzal Formation in theCauca Valley(Western Colombia)[J].Sedimentary Geology,186:67-88.
Obermeier S F.1996.Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseis-mic analysis-an overviewof howliquefaction features can be distin-guished from other features and howtheir distribution and propertiesof source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength ofHolocene paleo-earthquakes[J].Engineering Geology,44:1-76.
Owen G.1987.Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands[M]//Jones ME,Preston R MF.Deformation of Sediments and Sedimen-tary Rocks.Geological Society Specical Publication29:11-24.
Owen G.1996.Experimental soft-sediment deformation structures formedby the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient exam-ples[J].Sedimentology,43:279-293.
Owen G.2003.Load structures:gravity-driven sediment mobilization inthe shallow subsurface[M]//Van Rensebergen P,Hillis R R,Malt-man A J,et al.Subsurface Sediment Mobilization,Geological SocietySpecical Publication216.Geological Society of London,London,21-34.
Ping W,Bin Z,Wei L Q,et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures in thesediments of Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in upper reaches of MinjiangRiver,east Tibet[J].Journal of Asian Earth sciences(Articles-in-Press).
Pope MC,Read J F,Bambach R,et al.1997.Late middle to late Ordovi-cian seismites of Kentucky,southwest Ohio and Virginia:sedimentaryrecorders of earthquakes in the Appalachian basin[J].GSA Bulle-tin,109:489-503.
Rodriguez-Pascua MA,Calvo J P,Vicente G D,et al.2000.Soft-sedimentdeformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sedi-ments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use as indi-cators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J].Sedi-mentary Geology,135:117-135.
Roep TB,Everts J.1992.Pillow-beds:a newtype of seismites-An exam-ple from an Oligocene turbidite fan complex,Alicante,Spain[J].Sedimentology,39:711-724.
Rossetti D F.1999.Soft-sediment deformation structures in late Albian toCenomanian deposits,Sao Luis Basin,northern Brazil:evidence forpalaeoseismicity[J].Sedimentology,46:1065-1081.
Sch nellmann M,Anselmetti F,Giardini D,et al.2005.Mass movement-in-duced fold-and-thrust belt structures in unconsolidated sediments inLake Lucerne(Switzerland)[J].Sedimentology,52(2):271-289.
Sei lacher A.1969.Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites[J].Sedim-entology,13:155-159.
Sims J D.1975.Determining earthquakes recurrence intervals from defor-mational structures in young lacustrine sediments[J].Tectonophys-ics,29:141-152.
Wheeler R L.2002.Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft sedimentstructures:criteria from seismic-hazard analysis[M]//Ettensohn,FR,Rost N,Brelt C E.Ancient Seismites,Geological Society of Amer-ica,Specical Paper359:1-12.
冯先岳.1989.地震振动液化变形研究[J].内陆地震,3(4):209-307.
李海兵.2006.下寒武统大林子组中的软沉积物变形构造[M]//乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.地层中地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社,161-182.
梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏.1994.再论震积岩及震积不整合--以川西、滇西地区为例[J].地球科学,19(5):845-850.
聂高众,高建国,邓砚.2004.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究[J].第四纪研究,24(3):293-301.
钱洪.1995.四川断裂活动的区域性差异及其与区域地壳运动的关系[J].地震研究,18(1):49-55.
乔秀夫,李海兵.2008.枕、球-枕构造:地层中的古地震记录[J].地质论评,54(6):721-730.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.1994.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,68(1):16-32.
乔秀夫,宋天锐,李海兵,等.2006.是地震液化泄水构造成因,不是"渗流管"构造[M]//乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.地层中地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社,182-186.
宋天锐.1988.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震-海啸序列[J].科学通报,33(8):609-611.
宋天锐.2006.沉积地层中的地震事件记录及其意义[M]//乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.地层中地震记录(古地震).北京:地质出版社,36-44.
童立强.2008."5.12"汶川大地震极重灾区地震堰塞湖应急遥感调查[J].国土资源遥感,77(3):61-63.
王二七,孟庆任.2008.对龙门山中生代和新生代构造演化的讨论[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,38(10):1221-1233.
王兰生,王小群,许向宁,等.2007.岷江上游近两万年前发生了什么事件[J].地学前缘,14(4):189-196.
王兰生,杨立铮,王小群,等.2005.岷江叠溪古堰塞湖的发现[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),32(1):1-11.
王萍,邱维理,张斌.2009.川西杂谷脑"冰碛物"中软沉积物变形构造的成因[J].第四纪研究,29(3):484-493.
吴贤涛,尹国勋.1992.四川峨眉晚侏罗世湖泊沉积中震积岩的发现及其意义[J].沉积学报,10(3):19-24.
易桂喜,韩渭滨.四川及邻区强震前地震活动频度的变化特征[J].地震研究,27(1):8-13.
尹国勋.1993.地史时期地震事件的岩石学证据--以四川峨眉晚侏罗世湖泊沉积中的震积岩为例[J].地震地质,15(1):61-65.
袁静.2004.山东惠民凹陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].沉积学报,22(1):41-46.
张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.2007.华北中元古界雾迷山组中地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,27(3):336-343.
张传恒,张传林,刘典波,等.2006.新疆博格达地区早二叠世软沉积物变形构造:弧后碰撞前陆盆地地震记录[J].地学前缘,13(4):255-266.
钟建华,许世红,王志坤,等.2008.柴达木盆地西部七个泉地区第四纪冰川刨耕变形层理的研究[J].地质论评,54(2):207-214.
朱海之.1982.古地震活动若干标志的研究[C]//中国第四纪研究委员会全新世分会,陕西省地震局.史前地震与第四纪地质文集.西安:陕西科学技术出版社,17-29.
Greb S F,Dever G R.2002.Critical evaluation of possible seismites:ex-amples from the Carboniferous of the Appalachian basin[M]//Ettensohn F R,Rast N,Brett C E.2002Ancient Seismites:Geolog-ical Society of America Specical Paper.359,109-125.
Ken-Tor R,Agnon A,Enzel Y,et al.2001.High-resolution geological re-cord of historic earthquake in the Dead Sea Basin[J].J G R,106:2221-2234.
Lowe D R.1975.Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments[J].Sedimentology,22:157-204.
Marcos S,Stein M,Agnon A,et al.1996.Long-term earthquake cluste-ring:a50,000years paleoseismic record in the Dead Sea[J].Jour-nal of Geophysical Research,101:6179-6192.
Montenat C,Barrier P,d′Estevou P O,et al.2007.Seismites:An attemptat critical analysis and classification[J].Sedimentary Geology,196:5-30.
Moretti M,Alfaro P,Caselles O,et al.1999.Modelling seismites with adigital shaking table[J].Tectonophysics,304:369-383.
Neuwerth R,Sutera A,Guzman C A.2006.Soft-sediment deformation in atectonically active area:The Plio-Pleistocene Zarzal Formation in theCauca Valley(Western Colombia)[J].Sedimentary Geology,186:67-88.
Obermeier S F.1996.Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseis-mic analysis-an overviewof howliquefaction features can be distin-guished from other features and howtheir distribution and propertiesof source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength ofHolocene paleo-earthquakes[J].Engineering Geology,44:1-76.
Owen G.1987.Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands[M]//Jones ME,Preston R MF.Deformation of Sediments and Sedimen-tary Rocks.Geological Society Specical Publication29:11-24.
Owen G.1996.Experimental soft-sediment deformation structures formedby the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient exam-ples[J].Sedimentology,43:279-293.
Owen G.2003.Load structures:gravity-driven sediment mobilization inthe shallow subsurface[M]//Van Rensebergen P,Hillis R R,Malt-man A J,et al.Subsurface Sediment Mobilization,Geological SocietySpecical Publication216.Geological Society of London,London,21-34.
Ping W,Bin Z,Wei L Q,et al.Soft-sediment deformation structures in thesediments of Diexi paleo-dammed lakes in upper reaches of MinjiangRiver,east Tibet[J].Journal of Asian Earth sciences(Articles-in-Press).
Pope MC,Read J F,Bambach R,et al.1997.Late middle to late Ordovi-cian seismites of Kentucky,southwest Ohio and Virginia:sedimentaryrecorders of earthquakes in the Appalachian basin[J].GSA Bulle-tin,109:489-503.
Rodriguez-Pascua MA,Calvo J P,Vicente G D,et al.2000.Soft-sedimentdeformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sedi-ments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential use as indi-cators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene[J].Sedi-mentary Geology,135:117-135.
Roep TB,Everts J.1992.Pillow-beds:a newtype of seismites-An exam-ple from an Oligocene turbidite fan complex,Alicante,Spain[J].Sedimentology,39:711-724.
Rossetti D F.1999.Soft-sediment deformation structures in late Albian toCenomanian deposits,Sao Luis Basin,northern Brazil:evidence forpalaeoseismicity[J].Sedimentology,46:1065-1081.
Sch nellmann M,Anselmetti F,Giardini D,et al.2005.Mass movement-in-duced fold-and-thrust belt structures in unconsolidated sediments inLake Lucerne(Switzerland)[J].Sedimentology,52(2):271-289.
Sei lacher A.1969.Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites[J].Sedim-entology,13:155-159.
Sims J D.1975.Determining earthquakes recurrence intervals from defor-mational structures in young lacustrine sediments[J].Tectonophys-ics,29:141-152.
Wheeler R L.2002.Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft sedimentstructures:criteria from seismic-hazard analysis[M]//Ettensohn,FR,Rost N,Brelt C E.Ancient Seismites,Geological Society of Amer-ica,Specical Paper359:1-12.
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