地震灾害现场救援行动中的安全评估策略及步骤
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摘要
地震灾害紧急救援是一项危险性极高的工作,从倒塌废墟中快速、有效营救幸存者是专业救援队的使命,确保救援队伍自身安全是国际救援界普遍倡导和认可的救援理念,如何确保队伍行动安全是衡量救援队伍自身能力和水平的重要指标,救援现场安全评估就是这一切的前提条件。因此,本文将较为系统地介绍和分析地震救援中的安全问题,重点介绍救援中最重要的倒塌建筑和危险物质评估,主要是讨论评估的基本策略及步骤。
Emergency rescue in earthquake-striken areas is extremely dangerous work.The tasks of professional rescue teams focus on rapidly and effectively rescuing survivors from debris of collapsed buildings.Ensuring the safety of the rescue team itself has been generally advocated by the international rescue service community.The measures taken for ensuring the safety of rescue teams are important indicators of their ability in rescue and relief work,while safety evaluation of the disaster areas is prerequisite for fulfilling all of the tasks.Therefore,this paper presents a systematic analysis of the safety issue in earthquake relief,with focus on evaluation of collapsed buildings and hazardous materials.The basic strategy and process of the evaluation are also discussed.
Emergency rescue in earthquake-striken areas is extremely dangerous work.The tasks of professional rescue teams focus on rapidly and effectively rescuing survivors from debris of collapsed buildings.Ensuring the safety of the rescue team itself has been generally advocated by the international rescue service community.The measures taken for ensuring the safety of rescue teams are important indicators of their ability in rescue and relief work,while safety evaluation of the disaster areas is prerequisite for fulfilling all of the tasks.Therefore,this paper presents a systematic analysis of the safety issue in earthquake relief,with focus on evaluation of collapsed buildings and hazardous materials.The basic strategy and process of the evaluation are also discussed.
引文
[1]中国地震局救援办公室.地震紧急救援工作体系建设专题报告.2002年8月14日
[2]徐德诗,王恩福.地震灾害紧急救援技术(国家地震灾害紧急救援队内部培训教材系列)
[3]International Search and Rescue Advisory Group.Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,UN,1999
[4]Federal Emergency Management Agency.Urban search and rescue response system.Operations Manual in Federal Disaster Operations,2000,9356:589-607
[5]Federal Emergency Management Agency.Urban search and rescue response system.Operations Manual in Federal Disaster Operations for urban search and rescue.Incident Support Team(IST),2001,9356:268-275
[6]Federal Emergency Management Agency.Urban search and rescue response system:training structural collapse technique course,2000.http:∥www.fema.gov.
[7]顾建华,王云基,陈维峰,等.搜索理论与建筑物评估和标记问题的讨论.国际地震动态,2003(7):5-12
[8]黄建发,陆鸣,陈虹,等.国际搜索与救援指南和方法.北京:地震出版社,2007
[9]李国刚.环境化学污染事故应急监测技术与装备.北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[10]王耕.基于GIS的城市重大化学品环境风险事故救援系统的设计与实施.硕士学位论文.辽宁师范大学,1999
[11]康荣学,桑海泉,刘骥,等.重大危险源安全监控系统应用现状及发展趋势.世界仪表与自动化,2007,11(10):58-60
[12]李德顺,许开立.易燃液体重大危险源辨识技术的研究.工业安全与环保,2008,34(3):36-39
[13]Federal Emergency Management Agency.National urban search and rescue response system:field opera-tions guide,2003.http:∥www.fema.gov
[14]张明广,蒋军成.基于GIS、实时气象信息的毒害性气体泄漏扩散模拟技术.南京工业大学学报,2009,31(3):23-28
[15]赵振东,余世舟,钟江荣.地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散的数值模拟与动态仿真.地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(5):137-142
[16]Bricard P,Friedel L.Two-phase jet dispersion.Journal of Hazardous Materials,1998,59:287-310
[17]阎善郁,潘科.基于JAVA技术的易燃易爆毒性云团扩散软件的开发与应用.中国安全科学学报,2009,19(4):152-158
[18]杨铸,谢增信,李增源,等.多种有毒易燃气体并存的预警监测监控系统——在“北京染料厂示范工程”中的应用.中国安全科学学报,2000,10(4):73-77
[19]汪万起.救援中个人防护用品的选择.劳动保护,2009(1):106-107
[2]徐德诗,王恩福.地震灾害紧急救援技术(国家地震灾害紧急救援队内部培训教材系列)
[3]International Search and Rescue Advisory Group.Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,UN,1999
[4]Federal Emergency Management Agency.Urban search and rescue response system.Operations Manual in Federal Disaster Operations,2000,9356:589-607
[5]Federal Emergency Management Agency.Urban search and rescue response system.Operations Manual in Federal Disaster Operations for urban search and rescue.Incident Support Team(IST),2001,9356:268-275
[6]Federal Emergency Management Agency.Urban search and rescue response system:training structural collapse technique course,2000.http:∥www.fema.gov.
[7]顾建华,王云基,陈维峰,等.搜索理论与建筑物评估和标记问题的讨论.国际地震动态,2003(7):5-12
[8]黄建发,陆鸣,陈虹,等.国际搜索与救援指南和方法.北京:地震出版社,2007
[9]李国刚.环境化学污染事故应急监测技术与装备.北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[10]王耕.基于GIS的城市重大化学品环境风险事故救援系统的设计与实施.硕士学位论文.辽宁师范大学,1999
[11]康荣学,桑海泉,刘骥,等.重大危险源安全监控系统应用现状及发展趋势.世界仪表与自动化,2007,11(10):58-60
[12]李德顺,许开立.易燃液体重大危险源辨识技术的研究.工业安全与环保,2008,34(3):36-39
[13]Federal Emergency Management Agency.National urban search and rescue response system:field opera-tions guide,2003.http:∥www.fema.gov
[14]张明广,蒋军成.基于GIS、实时气象信息的毒害性气体泄漏扩散模拟技术.南京工业大学学报,2009,31(3):23-28
[15]赵振东,余世舟,钟江荣.地震次生毒气泄漏与扩散的数值模拟与动态仿真.地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(5):137-142
[16]Bricard P,Friedel L.Two-phase jet dispersion.Journal of Hazardous Materials,1998,59:287-310
[17]阎善郁,潘科.基于JAVA技术的易燃易爆毒性云团扩散软件的开发与应用.中国安全科学学报,2009,19(4):152-158
[18]杨铸,谢增信,李增源,等.多种有毒易燃气体并存的预警监测监控系统——在“北京染料厂示范工程”中的应用.中国安全科学学报,2000,10(4):73-77
[19]汪万起.救援中个人防护用品的选择.劳动保护,2009(1):106-107
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