1997年以来巴颜喀拉块体周缘强震之间的黏弹性触发研究
|
摘要
本文利用考虑黏弹性地壳结构和精确震源参数的震后形变模型,计算了玛尼、昆仑山口西、汶川地震所形成的同震和震后形变场的变化过程与特征,结果显示玛尼地震的震后形变场有利于昆仑山口西地震的能量积累,玛尼地震与昆仑山口西地震的震后形变场对汶川地震的作用不明显,而这三次地震总的震后形变场在玉树断裂带附近形成了一个明显带有左旋性质的形变,有助于玉树地震的发生.将计算出的应力值投影到断层的滑动方向上,得到了这些地震震前的库仑应力变化过程,结果显示玛尼地震对昆仑山口西地震的库仑应力值呈现一个从负转正的过程;玛尼地震和昆仑山口西地震对汶川地震的库仑应力改变量较小;这三次强震对玉树地震的库仑应力作用为0.012 MPa左右,大于地震触发的阈值0.01 MPa.最后利用断层应力积累与滑动速率的关系,计算出断层应力的年积累量,得到这些地震之间的影响值相对于年积累量的大小,结果表明仅昆仑山口西地震对玉树地震的影响在1年左右,其他地震之间的影响都很微小.由此我们认为即便是考虑地壳的黏弹性应力作用,对于较远的断层来说影响也较弱,自身的能量积累是短时间内地块边界带上较远距离强震连发的决定性因素.
Using the crustal structure model and precise earthquake source model,we have calculated the coseismic and viscoelastic postseismic deformation field of the Manyi,Kokoxili, and Wenchuan earthquake.The results show as follows:the source fault of the Kokoxili earthquake has got energy accumulated in the postseismic deformation field of the Manyi earthquake,while the source of the Wenchuan earthquake has not been apparently affected by the Manyi and Kokoxili earthquakes.The postseismic deformation field of all the 3 previous earthquakes has got significant dextral deformation trend across the Yushu fault,which makes it more dangerous.After that,the Coulomb stress changes have been obtained after the projection of the changed stress field.We have found that the Coulomb stress of the Kokoxili earthquake, which was produced by the Manyi earthquake,changed from negative to positive.The Coulomb stress near the source of the Wenchuan earthquake changed negligibly after the Manyi and Kokoxili earthquake.But the Coulomb stress of the initial rupture point of the Yushu earthquake,generated by all the 3 previous earthquakes,has increased about 0.012 MPa,larger than the threshold for earthquake triggering.Finally,we have got the yearly accumulation value via the relationship between the slip rate and the stress accumulation,and calculated the ratio of the influence value and yearly accumulation value.It is shown that the influence degree among the studied strong earthquakes is not large enough,even the largest one is only about 1 year s acceleration on the Yushu fault by the Kokoxili earthquake.To sum up,the influence from distant strong earthquakes is still not obvious even the viscoelastic stress changes have been taken into account.The energy accumulation is the decisive factor of the strong earthquakes successively occurred in a short period on the boundary fault of the same block.
Using the crustal structure model and precise earthquake source model,we have calculated the coseismic and viscoelastic postseismic deformation field of the Manyi,Kokoxili, and Wenchuan earthquake.The results show as follows:the source fault of the Kokoxili earthquake has got energy accumulated in the postseismic deformation field of the Manyi earthquake,while the source of the Wenchuan earthquake has not been apparently affected by the Manyi and Kokoxili earthquakes.The postseismic deformation field of all the 3 previous earthquakes has got significant dextral deformation trend across the Yushu fault,which makes it more dangerous.After that,the Coulomb stress changes have been obtained after the projection of the changed stress field.We have found that the Coulomb stress of the Kokoxili earthquake, which was produced by the Manyi earthquake,changed from negative to positive.The Coulomb stress near the source of the Wenchuan earthquake changed negligibly after the Manyi and Kokoxili earthquake.But the Coulomb stress of the initial rupture point of the Yushu earthquake,generated by all the 3 previous earthquakes,has increased about 0.012 MPa,larger than the threshold for earthquake triggering.Finally,we have got the yearly accumulation value via the relationship between the slip rate and the stress accumulation,and calculated the ratio of the influence value and yearly accumulation value.It is shown that the influence degree among the studied strong earthquakes is not large enough,even the largest one is only about 1 year s acceleration on the Yushu fault by the Kokoxili earthquake.To sum up,the influence from distant strong earthquakes is still not obvious even the viscoelastic stress changes have been taken into account.The energy accumulation is the decisive factor of the strong earthquakes successively occurred in a short period on the boundary fault of the same block.
引文
[1] Lasserre C,Peltzer G,Crampe F,et al.Coseismic deformation of the 2001 Mw7． 8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet,measured by synthetic aperture radar interferometry.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:B12408,DOI:10． 1029/2004JB003500
[2] Funning J G,Parsons B,Wright T J.Fault slip in the 1997 Manyi,Tibet earthquake from linear elastic modelling of InSAR displacements.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169(3) :988～1008
[3] Ji C,Hayes G.Preliminary result of the May 12,2008 Mw7． 9Eastern Sichuan,China Earthquake.[2008-10-30] ,http://earthquake,usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/finite_fault.php
[4] Xu X W,Yu G H,Klinger Y,et al.Reevalualion of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake (Mw7． 8) ,northern Tibetan Plateau,China.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B05316,DOI:10． 1029/2004JB003488
[5] Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw7． 9 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Geology,2009,37(6) :515～518
[6] 任金卫,王 敏.GPS观测的2001年昆仑山口西Ms8． 1级地震地壳变形.第四纪研究,2005,25(1) :34～44 Ren J W,WangM.GPS measured crustal deformation of the Ms8． 1 Kunlun Earthquake on November 14~(th)2001 in Qinghai Xizang plateau.Quaternary Scienees (in Chinese),2005,25(1) :34～44
[7] 徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(Ms8． 1) 地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,2002,24(1) :1～1 7 Xu X W,Chen W B,Yu G H,et al.Characteristic features of the Hoh Sai Hu (Kunlunshan) earthquake (Ms8． 1) ,northern Tibetan plateau,China.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),2002,24(1) :1～17
[8] 徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛等.昆仑山地震(Mw7． 8) 破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(7) :785～796 XuXW,Yu G H,Ma W T,et al.Rupture behavior and deformation localisation of the Kunlunshan earthquake (MwT.8) and their tectonic implications.Science in China (Serie D),2008,51(10) :1361～1374
[9] 王卫民,赵连锋,李娟等.四川汶川8． 0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1403～1410 Wang W M,Zhao L F,Li J,et al.Rupture process of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5) :1403～1410
[10] Rice J R,Gu J C.Earthquake aftereffects and triggered seismic phenomena.Pure and Applied Geophysics,1983,121(2) :187～219
[11] Freed A M,Lin J.Time-dependent changes in failure stress following thrust earthquakes.Journal of Geophysical Research ,1998,103(B10) :24393～24410
[12] Zeng Y H.Viscoelastic stress-triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by the 1992 Landers earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28(15) :3007～3010
[13] 汪建军,许才军.玛尼Mw7． 6地震和可可西里Mw7． 8地震应力迁移研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(1) :11～14 Wang J J,Xu C J.Stress transfer between 1997 Manyi Mw7． 6 earthquake and 2001 Kokoxili MwT.8 earthquake.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese),2009,29 (1) :11～14
[14] 沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(6) :786～795 Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan W J,et al.Viscoelastic triggering among large earthquakes along the East Kunlun fault system.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(6) :786～795
[15] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响.地震学报,2007,29(2) :115～129 Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Zeng Y H,et al.Evolution of cumulative Coulomb failure stress in northeastern QinghaiXizang (Tibetan) plateau and its effect on large earthquake occurrence.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2007,29(2) :115～129
[16] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究.地震学报,2008,30(6) :581～593 Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Zeng Y H,et al.Study on visco-elastic stress triggering model of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2008,30 (6) :581～593
[17] 李志才,许才军,赵少荣等.基于地壳分层的唐山地震断层震后变形分析.地球物理学进展,2005,20(4) :961～968 Li Z C,Xu C J,Zhao S R,et al.The postseismic deformation analysis based on crustal layering due to Tangshan earthquake fault.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2005,220(4) :961～968
[18] Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,2008,18(7) :4～11
[19] Luo G,Liu M.Stress evolution and fault interactions before and after the 2008 Great Wenchuan earthquake.Tectonophysics ,2010,149:127～140
[20] Zhang X D,Yang G H,Lu X,et al.Relation between the characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Chinese mainland and the Wenchuan earthquake.Earthq.Sci.,2009,22(5) :505~518
[21] Toda S,Lin J,Meghraoui M,et al.12 May 2008 M=7． 9 Wenchuan,China,earthquake calculated to increase failure stress and seismicity rate on three major fault systems.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35:L17305,DOI:10． 1029/2008GL034903
[22] 万永革,沈正康,盛书中等.2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响.地震学报,2009,31(2) :128～139 Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Sheng S Z,et al.The influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on surrounding faults.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2009,31(2) :128～139
[23] 程佳,刘 杰,甘卫军等.汶川地震同震形变场对川滇地区主要活动断裂地震发生趋势的影响.地震学报,2009,31(5) :1～14 Cheng J,Liu J,Gan W J,et al.Influence of coseismic deformation of the Wenchuan earthquake on the occurrence of earthquakes on active faults in Sichuan-Yunnan region.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2009,31(5) :1～14
[24] Wang R J,Lorenzo-Martin F,Roth F.PSGRN/PSCMP-A new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory.Comput.Geosci.,2006,32(4) :527～541
[25] Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1992,82(2) :1018～1040
[26] Gomberg J,Ellis M.Topography and tectonics of the central New Madrid seismic zone:Results of numerical experiments using a three-dimensional boundary element program.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B10) ,20299～20310
[27] 张晁军,曹建玲,石耀霖.从震后形变探讨青藏高原下地壳黏滞系数.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10) :1250～1257 Zhang C J,Cao J L,Shi Y L.Studying the viscosity of lower crust of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau according to post-seismic deformation.Science in China (Serie D) (in Chinese),2009,52(3) :411～429
[28] 周民都,赵云和,马钦忠等.青藏高原东北缘及其邻区的地 壳结构与地震关系初探.西北地震学报,1997,19(1) :58～63 Zhou M D,Zhao Y H,Ma Q Z,et al.The crustal structure and its relationship with earthquakes in the surrounding areas of Northeastern Tibetan plateau.Northwestern Seismnological Journal (in Chinese),1997,19(1) :58～63
[29] 邓明莉,孙和平,徐建桥.GPS数据约束的昆仑Ms8． 1地震断层的分段模型.大地测量与地球动力学,2008,28(4) :31～37 Deng M L,Sun H P,Xu J Q.A sectionalized fault model of Kunlun MsS.1 earthquake in constraint of GPS data.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese),2008,28 (4) :31～37
[30] 徐锡伟.藏北玛尼地震科学考察.见:中国地震年鉴.北京:地震出版社,1999． 327～329 Xu X W.The scientific survey of Mani earthquake in the northern Tibet.In:China Earthquake Year Book (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1999． 327～329
[31] 孙建宝,徐锡伟,石耀霖等.东昆仑断裂玛尼段震间形变场的INSAR观测及断层滑动率初步估计.自然科学进展,2007,17(10) :1361～1370 Sun J B,Xu X W,Shi Y L,et al.The observation of InSAR preliminary on the East Kunlun faults' Mani section and preliminary estimate the slip velocity.Progress in Nature Science (in Chinese),2007,17(10) :1361～1370
[32] Tocheport A,Rivera L,van der Woerd J.A study of the 14 November 2011 Kokoxili earthquake:history and geometry of the rupture from teleseismic data and field observations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(5) :1729～1741
[33] 陈立春,王虎,冉勇康等.玉树Ms7． 1级地震地表破裂与 历史大地震.科学通报,2010,55(13) :1200～1205 ChenL C,Wang H,Ran Y K,et al.The Ms7． 1 Yushu earthquake surface ruptures and historical earthquakes.Chinese Sci.Bull.,2010,55(13) :1200～1205
[34] 张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2010年4月14日青海玉树地震破裂过程快速反演.地震学报,2010,32(3) :361～365 Zhang Y,Xu L S,Chen Y T.Fast inversion of rupture process for 14 April 2010 Yushu,Qinghai,earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2010,32(3) :361～365
[35] 尹祥础.固体力学.北京:地震出版社,1985． 15 Yin X C.Solid Mechanics (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1985． 15
[36] Knopoff L.Energy release in earthquakes.Geophys.J.,1958,1(1) :44-52
[37] Aki K.Generation and propagation of G Waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 16,1964． Bulletin o f Earthquake Research Institute (Tokyo University),1966,44:73～88
[38] 程佳,甘卫军,王泽河等.2001年昆仑山口西Ms8． 1地震前北京形变场的模拟研究.地震地质,2009,31(1) :97～111 Cheng J,Gan W J,Wang Z H,et al.The simulation of background crustal deformation field of the Ms8． 1 Kunlun earthquake of 2001． Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),2009,31(1) :97～111
[39] Royden L.Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:Implications for strain partitioning in the crust.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,10KB8) :17679～17705
[40] Wessel P,Smith W H F.New,improved version of the generic mapping tools released.EOS Trans.AGU,1998,79(47) :579
[2] Funning J G,Parsons B,Wright T J.Fault slip in the 1997 Manyi,Tibet earthquake from linear elastic modelling of InSAR displacements.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169(3) :988～1008
[3] Ji C,Hayes G.Preliminary result of the May 12,2008 Mw7． 9Eastern Sichuan,China Earthquake.[2008-10-30] ,http://earthquake,usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/finite_fault.php
[4] Xu X W,Yu G H,Klinger Y,et al.Reevalualion of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake (Mw7． 8) ,northern Tibetan Plateau,China.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B05316,DOI:10． 1029/2004JB003488
[5] Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.Coseismic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 Mw7． 9 Wenchuan earthquake,China.Geology,2009,37(6) :515～518
[6] 任金卫,王 敏.GPS观测的2001年昆仑山口西Ms8． 1级地震地壳变形.第四纪研究,2005,25(1) :34～44 Ren J W,WangM.GPS measured crustal deformation of the Ms8． 1 Kunlun Earthquake on November 14~(th)2001 in Qinghai Xizang plateau.Quaternary Scienees (in Chinese),2005,25(1) :34～44
[7] 徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(Ms8． 1) 地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,2002,24(1) :1～1 7 Xu X W,Chen W B,Yu G H,et al.Characteristic features of the Hoh Sai Hu (Kunlunshan) earthquake (Ms8． 1) ,northern Tibetan plateau,China.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),2002,24(1) :1～17
[8] 徐锡伟,于贵华,马文涛等.昆仑山地震(Mw7． 8) 破裂行为、变形局部化特征及其构造内涵讨论.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(7) :785～796 XuXW,Yu G H,Ma W T,et al.Rupture behavior and deformation localisation of the Kunlunshan earthquake (MwT.8) and their tectonic implications.Science in China (Serie D),2008,51(10) :1361～1374
[9] 王卫民,赵连锋,李娟等.四川汶川8． 0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1403～1410 Wang W M,Zhao L F,Li J,et al.Rupture process of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5) :1403～1410
[10] Rice J R,Gu J C.Earthquake aftereffects and triggered seismic phenomena.Pure and Applied Geophysics,1983,121(2) :187～219
[11] Freed A M,Lin J.Time-dependent changes in failure stress following thrust earthquakes.Journal of Geophysical Research ,1998,103(B10) :24393～24410
[12] Zeng Y H.Viscoelastic stress-triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by the 1992 Landers earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,28(15) :3007～3010
[13] 汪建军,许才军.玛尼Mw7． 6地震和可可西里Mw7． 8地震应力迁移研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(1) :11～14 Wang J J,Xu C J.Stress transfer between 1997 Manyi Mw7． 6 earthquake and 2001 Kokoxili MwT.8 earthquake.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese),2009,29 (1) :11～14
[14] 沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,2003,46(6) :786～795 Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan W J,et al.Viscoelastic triggering among large earthquakes along the East Kunlun fault system.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(6) :786～795
[15] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.青藏高原东北部的库仑应力积累演化对大地震发生的影响.地震学报,2007,29(2) :115～129 Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Zeng Y H,et al.Evolution of cumulative Coulomb failure stress in northeastern QinghaiXizang (Tibetan) plateau and its effect on large earthquake occurrence.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2007,29(2) :115～129
[16] 万永革,沈正康,曾跃华等.唐山地震序列应力触发的粘弹性力学模型研究.地震学报,2008,30(6) :581～593 Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Zeng Y H,et al.Study on visco-elastic stress triggering model of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake sequence.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2008,30 (6) :581～593
[17] 李志才,许才军,赵少荣等.基于地壳分层的唐山地震断层震后变形分析.地球物理学进展,2005,20(4) :961～968 Li Z C,Xu C J,Zhao S R,et al.The postseismic deformation analysis based on crustal layering due to Tangshan earthquake fault.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2005,220(4) :961～968
[18] Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,2008,18(7) :4～11
[19] Luo G,Liu M.Stress evolution and fault interactions before and after the 2008 Great Wenchuan earthquake.Tectonophysics ,2010,149:127～140
[20] Zhang X D,Yang G H,Lu X,et al.Relation between the characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Chinese mainland and the Wenchuan earthquake.Earthq.Sci.,2009,22(5) :505~518
[21] Toda S,Lin J,Meghraoui M,et al.12 May 2008 M=7． 9 Wenchuan,China,earthquake calculated to increase failure stress and seismicity rate on three major fault systems.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35:L17305,DOI:10． 1029/2008GL034903
[22] 万永革,沈正康,盛书中等.2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响.地震学报,2009,31(2) :128～139 Wan Y G,Shen Z K,Sheng S Z,et al.The influence of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on surrounding faults.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2009,31(2) :128～139
[23] 程佳,刘 杰,甘卫军等.汶川地震同震形变场对川滇地区主要活动断裂地震发生趋势的影响.地震学报,2009,31(5) :1～14 Cheng J,Liu J,Gan W J,et al.Influence of coseismic deformation of the Wenchuan earthquake on the occurrence of earthquakes on active faults in Sichuan-Yunnan region.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2009,31(5) :1～14
[24] Wang R J,Lorenzo-Martin F,Roth F.PSGRN/PSCMP-A new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deformation,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelastic-gravitational dislocation theory.Comput.Geosci.,2006,32(4) :527～541
[25] Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1992,82(2) :1018～1040
[26] Gomberg J,Ellis M.Topography and tectonics of the central New Madrid seismic zone:Results of numerical experiments using a three-dimensional boundary element program.J.Geophys.Res.,1994,99(B10) ,20299～20310
[27] 张晁军,曹建玲,石耀霖.从震后形变探讨青藏高原下地壳黏滞系数.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10) :1250～1257 Zhang C J,Cao J L,Shi Y L.Studying the viscosity of lower crust of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau according to post-seismic deformation.Science in China (Serie D) (in Chinese),2009,52(3) :411～429
[28] 周民都,赵云和,马钦忠等.青藏高原东北缘及其邻区的地 壳结构与地震关系初探.西北地震学报,1997,19(1) :58～63 Zhou M D,Zhao Y H,Ma Q Z,et al.The crustal structure and its relationship with earthquakes in the surrounding areas of Northeastern Tibetan plateau.Northwestern Seismnological Journal (in Chinese),1997,19(1) :58～63
[29] 邓明莉,孙和平,徐建桥.GPS数据约束的昆仑Ms8． 1地震断层的分段模型.大地测量与地球动力学,2008,28(4) :31～37 Deng M L,Sun H P,Xu J Q.A sectionalized fault model of Kunlun MsS.1 earthquake in constraint of GPS data.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese),2008,28 (4) :31～37
[30] 徐锡伟.藏北玛尼地震科学考察.见:中国地震年鉴.北京:地震出版社,1999． 327～329 Xu X W.The scientific survey of Mani earthquake in the northern Tibet.In:China Earthquake Year Book (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1999． 327～329
[31] 孙建宝,徐锡伟,石耀霖等.东昆仑断裂玛尼段震间形变场的INSAR观测及断层滑动率初步估计.自然科学进展,2007,17(10) :1361～1370 Sun J B,Xu X W,Shi Y L,et al.The observation of InSAR preliminary on the East Kunlun faults' Mani section and preliminary estimate the slip velocity.Progress in Nature Science (in Chinese),2007,17(10) :1361～1370
[32] Tocheport A,Rivera L,van der Woerd J.A study of the 14 November 2011 Kokoxili earthquake:history and geometry of the rupture from teleseismic data and field observations.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2006,96(5) :1729～1741
[33] 陈立春,王虎,冉勇康等.玉树Ms7． 1级地震地表破裂与 历史大地震.科学通报,2010,55(13) :1200～1205 ChenL C,Wang H,Ran Y K,et al.The Ms7． 1 Yushu earthquake surface ruptures and historical earthquakes.Chinese Sci.Bull.,2010,55(13) :1200～1205
[34] 张勇,许力生,陈运泰.2010年4月14日青海玉树地震破裂过程快速反演.地震学报,2010,32(3) :361～365 Zhang Y,Xu L S,Chen Y T.Fast inversion of rupture process for 14 April 2010 Yushu,Qinghai,earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese),2010,32(3) :361～365
[35] 尹祥础.固体力学.北京:地震出版社,1985． 15 Yin X C.Solid Mechanics (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1985． 15
[36] Knopoff L.Energy release in earthquakes.Geophys.J.,1958,1(1) :44-52
[37] Aki K.Generation and propagation of G Waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 16,1964． Bulletin o f Earthquake Research Institute (Tokyo University),1966,44:73～88
[38] 程佳,甘卫军,王泽河等.2001年昆仑山口西Ms8． 1地震前北京形变场的模拟研究.地震地质,2009,31(1) :97～111 Cheng J,Gan W J,Wang Z H,et al.The simulation of background crustal deformation field of the Ms8． 1 Kunlun earthquake of 2001． Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),2009,31(1) :97～111
[39] Royden L.Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens:Implications for strain partitioning in the crust.J.Geophys.Res.,1996,10KB8) :17679～17705
[40] Wessel P,Smith W H F.New,improved version of the generic mapping tools released.EOS Trans.AGU,1998,79(47) :579
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心