青藏高原上地幔速度结构及其动力学性质
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摘要
利用地震层析成像结果分析了中国西部地区的上地幔速度结构,发现青藏高原北部至东南边缘上地幔顶部速度普遍偏低;随着深度的增加,低速区主要分布在羌塘、松潘—甘孜和云南西部地区,而印度大陆、塔里木、柴达木、鄂尔多斯和四川盆地均显示出较高的速度.上述速度分布与青藏高原及周边地区的岩石层结构和深部动力性质密切相关:其中羌塘地区的低速异常反映了青藏北部的地幔上涌和局部熔融,起因于印度大陆岩石层的向北俯冲;松潘—甘孜地区的低速异常与青藏东部的深层物质流动及四川盆地刚性岩石层的阻挡有关;而滇西地区的低速异常可能受到印缅块体向东俯冲作用的影响.以上三个区域构成青藏高原和周边地区的主要地幔异常区.相比之下,印度大陆、塔里木、柴达木、鄂尔多斯和四川盆地的高速异常反映了大陆构造稳定地区的岩石层地幔特点.根据速度变化推测,地幔上涌和韧性变形并非贯穿整个青藏高原,而是主要集中在羌塘、松潘—甘孜和滇西地区,上述构造效应不仅导致岩石层厚度减薄且引发了火山和岩浆活动.
We analyze the upper mantle structure of western China based on tomographic results.The results show that the uppermost mantle of the Tibetan plateau and western Yunnan are widely dominated by slow seismic velocities.At greater depths,however,these slow velocities are mostly concentrated in the Qiangtang area of northern Tibet,the Songpan-Ganzi area of eastern Tibet and western Yunnan,which are surrounded by fast velocities in the India,Tarim,Qaidam,Ordos and Sichuan basins.A synthetic analysis indicates that the velocity variations at these depths are closely related to the lithospheric mantle structure and deep dynamic features of the Tibetan plateau and surrounding areas.Among them,the slow velocities beneath the Qiangtang area reflect the partial mantle upwelling produced by the northward penetration of the Indian continental lithosphere into the Tibetan plateau;the slow velocities beneath the SongpanGanzi terrain are related to the lateral deep flow of eastern Tibet and the obstruction of the rigid lithosphere of the Sichuan basin,while the slow velocities beneath western Yunnan is apparentlyaffected by the eastward subduction of the India-Burma plate.These three areas are considered to be underlain by an anomalous mantle.On the contrary,the fast upper mantle velocities of the areas surrounding the Tibetan plateau,such as the India continent,Tarim,Qaidam,Ordos and Sichuan basins,reflect the features of the lithospheric mantle structure in tectonically stable continental blocks.We infer that the mantle upwelling and ductile deformation are not distributed throughout the Tibetan plateau,rather concentrated in the Qiangtang,Songpan-Ganzi and western Yunnan,which has resulted in the thinning of the lithosphere and volcanic and magmatic activities.
We analyze the upper mantle structure of western China based on tomographic results.The results show that the uppermost mantle of the Tibetan plateau and western Yunnan are widely dominated by slow seismic velocities.At greater depths,however,these slow velocities are mostly concentrated in the Qiangtang area of northern Tibet,the Songpan-Ganzi area of eastern Tibet and western Yunnan,which are surrounded by fast velocities in the India,Tarim,Qaidam,Ordos and Sichuan basins.A synthetic analysis indicates that the velocity variations at these depths are closely related to the lithospheric mantle structure and deep dynamic features of the Tibetan plateau and surrounding areas.Among them,the slow velocities beneath the Qiangtang area reflect the partial mantle upwelling produced by the northward penetration of the Indian continental lithosphere into the Tibetan plateau;the slow velocities beneath the SongpanGanzi terrain are related to the lateral deep flow of eastern Tibet and the obstruction of the rigid lithosphere of the Sichuan basin,while the slow velocities beneath western Yunnan is apparentlyaffected by the eastward subduction of the India-Burma plate.These three areas are considered to be underlain by an anomalous mantle.On the contrary,the fast upper mantle velocities of the areas surrounding the Tibetan plateau,such as the India continent,Tarim,Qaidam,Ordos and Sichuan basins,reflect the features of the lithospheric mantle structure in tectonically stable continental blocks.We infer that the mantle upwelling and ductile deformation are not distributed throughout the Tibetan plateau,rather concentrated in the Qiangtang,Songpan-Ganzi and western Yunnan,which has resulted in the thinning of the lithosphere and volcanic and magmatic activities.
引文
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Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F.2008.Seismic anisotropy of uppermantle in Sichuan and adjacent regions.Sci.China Ser.D:Earth Sci.,51(12):1683-1693.
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Chen Y,Zhang Z J,Sun C Q,et al.2013.Crustal anisotropy fromMoho converted Ps wave splitting analysis and geodynamicimplications beneath the eastern margin of Tibet and surroundingregions.Gondwana Research,24(3-4):946-957.
Cui Z X,Pei S P.2009.Study on Pn velocity and anisotropy in theuppermost mantle of the eastern Himalayan Syntaxis andsurrounding regions.Chinese J.Geophys.,52(9):2245-2254.
Curtis A,Woodhouse J H.1997.Crust and upper mantle shearvelocity structure beneath the Tibetan plateau and surroundingregions from interevent surface wave phase velocity inversion.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),102(B6):11789-11813.
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Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.2009.Teleseismic P-wavetomography of the crust and upper mantle in Longmenshan area,west Sichuan.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),52(2):346-355.
Hirn A,Jiang M,Sapin M,et al.1995.Seismic anisotropy as anindicator of mantle flow beneath the Himalayas and Tibet.Nature,375(6532):571-574.
Hu J F,Zhu X G,Xia J Y,et al.2005.Using surface wave andreceiver function to jointly inverse the crust-mantle velocitystructure in the West Yunnan area.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),48(5):1069-1076.
Hu J F,Hu Y L,Xia J Y,et al.2008.Crust-mantle velocitystructure of S wave and dynamic process beneath Burma Arc andits adjacent regions.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(1):140-148.
Huang J L,Zhao D P.2006.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),111(B9),B09305,doi:10.1029/2005JB004066.
Huang W C,Ni J F,Tilmann F,et al.2000.Seismic polarizationanisotropy beneath the central Tibetan Plateau.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),105(B12):27979-27989.
Huang Z C,Wang L S,Xu M J,et al.2007.Shear wave splittingacross the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone,SW China.Geophys.Res.Lett.,34(20):L20301,doi:10.1029/2007GL031236.
Jiang M,Tan H D,Zhang Y W,et al.2012.Geophysical mode ofMazhan-Gudong Magma Chamber in Tengchong volcano-tectonicarea.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,33(5):731-739.
Kennett B L N,Engdahl E R.1991.Traveltimes for globalearthquake location and phase identification.Geophys.J.Int.,105(2):429-465.
Lai S C.1999.Mineral chemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks inYumen,Hoh Xil and Mangkang lithodistricts,Qinghai-Tibetplateau and its petrological significance.Acta MineralogicaSinica,19(2):236-244.
LavéJ,Avouac J P,Lacassin R,et al.1996.Seismic anisotropybeneath Tibet:Evidence for eastward extrusion of the Tibetanlithosphere?.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,140(1-4):83-96.
Lei J S,Zhao D P,Su Y J.2009.Insight into the origin of theTengchong intraplate volcano and seismotectonics in southwestChina from local and teleseismic data.J.Geophys.Res.:SolidEarth(1978—2012),114(B5):B05302,doi:10.1029/2008JB005881.
Lev E,Long M D,Van der Hilst R D.2006.Seismic anisotropy inEastern Tibet from shear wave splitting reveals changes inlithospheric deformation.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,251(3-4):293-304.
Li C,Van der Hilst R D,Meltzer A S,et al.2008.Subduction ofthe Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,274(1-2):157-168.
Li F,Zhou S Y,Su Y J,et al.2011.Study on Pn-wave velocitystructure and anisotropy in the Sichuan-Yunnan and its adjacentareas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(1):44-54.
Liang C T,Song X D.2006.A low velocity belt beneath northernand eastern Tibetan Plateau from Pn tomography.Geophys.Res.Lett.,33(22):L22306,doi:10.1029/2006GL027926.
Lou H,Wang C Y,LüZ Y,et al.2009.Deep tectonic setting ofthe 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake in southwesternChina———Joint analysis of teleseismic P-wave receiver functionsand Bouguer gravity anomalies.Sci.China Ser.D:.EarthSci.,52(2):166-179.
McNamara D E,Owens T J,Silver P G,et al.1994.Shear waveanisotropy beneath the Tibetan Plateau.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),99(B7):13655-13665.
McNamara D E,Walter W R,Owens T J,et al.1997.Uppermantle velocity structure beneath the Tibetan Plateau from Pntravel time tomography.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),102(B1):493-505.
Ni J,Barazangi M.1983.High-frequency seismic wave propagationbeneath the Indian Shield,Himalayan arc,Tibetan Plateau andsurrounding regions:high uppermost mantle velocities andefficient Snpropagation beneath Tibet.Geophys.J.Int.,72(3):665-689.
Paige C C,Saunders M A.1982.LSQR:An algorithm for sparselinear equations and sparse least squares.ACM Trans.Math.Softw.,8(1):43-71.
Rodgers A J,Schwartz S Y.1998.Lithospheric structure of theQiangtang Terrane,northern Tibetan Plateau,from completeregional waveform modeling:Evidence for partial melt.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),103(B4):7137-7152.
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