夏垫活动断裂两盘岩心氧化铁变化
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摘要
采用全取岩心的钻探方法,在1679年三河-平谷8级地震的地震断层两侧各完成了一个深约50m的钻孔。在2个钻孔中分别采集了14C、OSL和TL测年样品,且测定了样品的沉积年代。结合钻孔中揭露出地层的沉积特征,可以把XD1孔中晚更新世地层划分为4段,相应地也可把XD6孔揭露的晚更新世地层划分为4段。2个孔中的地层段可以相互对应,它们的地层沉积时代大致相同。在断层上升盘的XD1孔岩心中,大致按照0.5m的间隔采集样品,在断层下降盘的XD6钻孔岩心中,大致按照1m的间隔采集样品,实验室用高锰酸钾滴定法、邻菲啰啉分光光度法分别测定了每件样品的FeO和Fe2O3含量。分析2个钻孔中同沉积时段地层中FeO、Fe2O3含量,以及Fe2+/Fe3+比值,发现灰黑色沉积物中Fe2+/Fe3+比值大于灰黄色沉积物中Fe2+/Fe3+比值,灰黑色沉积物处于较强的还原环境中。断层上升盘、下降盘同沉积时段地层均为灰黑色时,断层下降盘地层中Fe2+/Fe3+比值大于断层上升盘相应的地层,其沉积的还原环境强于断层上升盘。
Using the complete core drilling method,we completed two boreholes on both sides of Xiadian active fault on which an M8.0 earthquake occurred in 1679.From rock cores of the two boreholes,we collected 14C,OSL and TL samples and determined their depositional ages. According to the geochronological data,and in combination with the sedimentary features of the formation in borehole cores,the late Pleistocene strata in XD1 hole can be divided into four stratigraphic sections. And the late Pleistocene revealed by borehole XD6 can also be divided into four stratigraphic sections. Late Pleistocene can be juxtaposed in the two boreholes; the deposition times of corresponding stratigraphic sections are also consistent. We collected some samples from XD1(on the upthrown plate)at a 0.5 meters interval roughly,and from XD6(downthrown plate)at a 1.0 meters interval. In State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics,we determined the FeO content with potassium permanganate titration method,and the Fe2O3 content using phenanthroline spectrophotometry. Comparing the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio in same borehole core,we can find that the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of gray-black sediment is greater than gray-yellow sediment in the same drilling,and gray-black sediment is in a strongly reducing environment. When the same sedimentary strata are gray-black sediments,Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio in the strata on the fault's downthrown plate is larger than that on the upthrown plate. The reducing environment for the deposits on the fault's downthrown plate is stronger than the upthrown plate.
Using the complete core drilling method,we completed two boreholes on both sides of Xiadian active fault on which an M8.0 earthquake occurred in 1679.From rock cores of the two boreholes,we collected 14C,OSL and TL samples and determined their depositional ages. According to the geochronological data,and in combination with the sedimentary features of the formation in borehole cores,the late Pleistocene strata in XD1 hole can be divided into four stratigraphic sections. And the late Pleistocene revealed by borehole XD6 can also be divided into four stratigraphic sections. Late Pleistocene can be juxtaposed in the two boreholes; the deposition times of corresponding stratigraphic sections are also consistent. We collected some samples from XD1(on the upthrown plate)at a 0.5 meters interval roughly,and from XD6(downthrown plate)at a 1.0 meters interval. In State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics,we determined the FeO content with potassium permanganate titration method,and the Fe2O3 content using phenanthroline spectrophotometry. Comparing the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio in same borehole core,we can find that the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of gray-black sediment is greater than gray-yellow sediment in the same drilling,and gray-black sediment is in a strongly reducing environment. When the same sedimentary strata are gray-black sediments,Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio in the strata on the fault's downthrown plate is larger than that on the upthrown plate. The reducing environment for the deposits on the fault's downthrown plate is stronger than the upthrown plate.
引文
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李容全,乔建国,邱维里,等.2000.泥河湾层内易溶盐沉积及其环境意义[J].中国科学(D辑),30(2):148—158.LI Rong-quan,QIAO Jian-guo,QIU Wei-li,et al.2000.Soluble salt deposit in the Nihewan beds and its environmentalsignificance[J].Science in China(Ser D),30(2):148—158(in Chinese).
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彭一民,李鼎容,谢震钊,等.1981.北京平原区同生断裂的某些特征及其研究意义[J].地震地质,3(2):57—64.PENG Yi-min,LI Ding-rong,XIE Zhen-zhao.et al.1981.Some features of contemporaneous faults on Beijing plain andtheir significance[J].Seismology and Geology,3(2):57—64(in Chinese).
冉勇康,邓起东,杨晓平,等.1997.1679年三河-平谷8级地震发震断层的古地震及其重复间隔[J].地震地质,19(3):193—201.RAN Yong-kang,DENG Qi-dong,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.1997.Paleoearthquakes and recurrence interval on the seis-mogenic fault of1679Sanhe-Pinggu M8earthquake,Hebei and Beijing[J].Seismology and Geology,19(3):193—201(in Chinese).
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.1998.小江活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.22—52.SONG Feng-min,WANG Yi-peng,YU Wei-xian.et al.1998.Xiaojing Active Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing.22—52(in Chinese).
向宏发,方仲景,徐杰,等.1988.三河-平谷8级地震区的构造背景与大震复发性研究[J].地震地质,10(1):15—28.XIANG Hong-fa,FANG Zhong-jing,XU Jie,et al.1988.Study on the seismo-tectonics and earthquake recurrence ofthe Sanhe-Pinggu M8earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,10(1):15—28(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康,等.2002.首都圈地区地壳最新构造变动与地震[M].北京:科学出版社.105—134.XU Xi-wei,WU Wei-min,ZHANG Xian-kang.et al.2002.Latest Crustal Tectonic Change and Earthquakes in the Cap-ital Region[M].Science Press,Beijing.105—134(in Chinese).
余素华,朱照宇,李世杰,等.1997.西昆仑山南侧甜水海湖岩心铁变化的环境记录[J].地球化学,26(6):88—98.YU Su-hua,ZHU Zhao-yu,LI Shi-jie,et al.1997.Environmental records of variation of iron oxides in drill core fromTianshuihai Lake on the southern flank of west Kunlun Mountains[J].Geochimica,26(6):88—98(in Chi-nese).
张洪,靳鹤龄,肖洪浪,等.2004.东居延海易溶盐沉积与古气候环境变化[J].中国沙漠,24(4):409—415.ZHANG Hong,JIN He-ling,XIAO Hong-lang,et al.2004.Soluble salt sediments of east Juyan Lake and its indicatingpaleoclimate environment changes[J].Journal of Desert Research,24(4):409—415(in Chinese).
张宗祜,魏建明.1995.黄土中全氧化铁与气候指标的定量关系[J].科学通报,40(13):1219—1221.ZHANG Zong-hu,WEI Jian-ming.1995.Quantitative relationship of iron oxide with climate indicators in loess[J].Chi-nese Science Bulletin,40(13):1219—1221.
Alien C R,Luo Z,Qian H,et al.1991.Field study of a highly active fault zone:the Xianshuihe Fault of southwesternChina[J].Geol Soc Am Bull,103:1178—1199(in Chinese).
Guo J,Lin A,Maruyama T,et al.2006.New constraints on recent large earthquakes along the Xidatan-Dongdatan seg-ment of the Kunlun Fault,western China[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,96(1):48—58.doi:10.1785/0120040176.
Kidd W S,Molnar P.1988.Quaternary and active faulting observed on the1985Academia Sinica Royal Society Geotra-verse of Tibet[J]Phil Trans R Soc Lond,327(A):337—363.
Sieh K E.1978.Slip along the San Andreas Fault associated with the great1857earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,68(5):421—1448.
国家地震局地质研究所,宁夏地震局.1990.海原活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.Institute of Geology State Seismological Bureau,Seismological Bureau of Ningxia.1990.Haiyuan Active fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
何宏林,闵伟,原口强,等.2008.1679年三河-平谷8级地震破裂带的大地切片实验研究[J].地震地质,30(1):289—297.HE Hong-lin,MIN Wei,Tsuyoshi Haraguchi,et al.2008.Testing geo-slicer on the rupture of the M8Sanhe-Pingguearthquake of1679[J].Seismology and Geology,30(1):289—297(in Chinese).
江娃利,侯治华,肖震敏,等.2000.北京夏垫断裂齐心庄探槽古地震事件分析[J].地震地质,22(4):413—422.JIANG Wa-li,HOU Zhi-hua,XIAO Zhen-min,et al.2000.Study on paleoearthquakes of Qixinzhuang trench at the Xia-dian Fault,Beijing Plain[J].Seismology and Geology,22(4):413—422(in Chinese).
李传友,张培震,袁道阳,等.2010.活动走滑断裂上断塞塘沉积特征及其构造含义:以西秦岭北缘断裂带断塞塘为例[J].地质学报,84(1):90—105.LI Chuan-you,ZHANG Pei-zhen,YUAN Dao-yang et al.2010.Sedimentary characteristics of sag-pond on the activestrike-lip fault and its tectonic implication:An example from sag pond along the West Qinling Fault[J].ActaGeologica Sinica,84(1):90—105(in Chinese).
李鼎容,彭一民,刘清泗,等.1979.北京平原区上新统—更新统的划分[J].地质科学,(4):342—349.LI Ding-rong,PENG Yi-min,LIU Qing-si,et al.1979.The division of Pliocene-Pleistocene in Beijing Plain[J].Geolog-ical Sciences,(4):342—349(in Chinese).
李天袑,杜其方,游泽李,等.1997.鲜水河活动断裂带及强震危险性评估[M].成都:成都地图出版社.57—65.LI Tian-shao,DU Qi-feng,YOU Ze-li,et al.1997.Xianshuihe Active Fault Zone and Its Assessment of Strong Earth-quake Risk[M].Chengdu Map Press,Chengdu.57—65(in Chinese).
李容全,乔建国,邱维里,等.2000.泥河湾层内易溶盐沉积及其环境意义[J].中国科学(D辑),30(2):148—158.LI Rong-quan,QIAO Jian-guo,QIU Wei-li,et al.2000.Soluble salt deposit in the Nihewan beds and its environmentalsignificance[J].Science in China(Ser D),30(2):148—158(in Chinese).
孟宪梁,杜春涛,王瑞,等.1983.1679年三河-平谷大地震的地震断裂带[J].地震,3(3):18—23.MENG Xian-liang,DU Chun-tao,WANG Rui,et al.1983.Rupture of the Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake of1679[J].Earth-quake,3(3):18—23(in Chinese).
彭一民,李鼎容,谢震钊,等.1981.北京平原区同生断裂的某些特征及其研究意义[J].地震地质,3(2):57—64.PENG Yi-min,LI Ding-rong,XIE Zhen-zhao.et al.1981.Some features of contemporaneous faults on Beijing plain andtheir significance[J].Seismology and Geology,3(2):57—64(in Chinese).
冉勇康,邓起东,杨晓平,等.1997.1679年三河-平谷8级地震发震断层的古地震及其重复间隔[J].地震地质,19(3):193—201.RAN Yong-kang,DENG Qi-dong,YANG Xiao-ping,et al.1997.Paleoearthquakes and recurrence interval on the seis-mogenic fault of1679Sanhe-Pinggu M8earthquake,Hebei and Beijing[J].Seismology and Geology,19(3):193—201(in Chinese).
宋方敏,汪一鹏,俞维贤,等.1998.小江活动断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社.22—52.SONG Feng-min,WANG Yi-peng,YU Wei-xian.et al.1998.Xiaojing Active Fault Zone[M].Seismological Press,Beijing.22—52(in Chinese).
向宏发,方仲景,徐杰,等.1988.三河-平谷8级地震区的构造背景与大震复发性研究[J].地震地质,10(1):15—28.XIANG Hong-fa,FANG Zhong-jing,XU Jie,et al.1988.Study on the seismo-tectonics and earthquake recurrence ofthe Sanhe-Pinggu M8earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,10(1):15—28(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康,等.2002.首都圈地区地壳最新构造变动与地震[M].北京:科学出版社.105—134.XU Xi-wei,WU Wei-min,ZHANG Xian-kang.et al.2002.Latest Crustal Tectonic Change and Earthquakes in the Cap-ital Region[M].Science Press,Beijing.105—134(in Chinese).
余素华,朱照宇,李世杰,等.1997.西昆仑山南侧甜水海湖岩心铁变化的环境记录[J].地球化学,26(6):88—98.YU Su-hua,ZHU Zhao-yu,LI Shi-jie,et al.1997.Environmental records of variation of iron oxides in drill core fromTianshuihai Lake on the southern flank of west Kunlun Mountains[J].Geochimica,26(6):88—98(in Chi-nese).
张洪,靳鹤龄,肖洪浪,等.2004.东居延海易溶盐沉积与古气候环境变化[J].中国沙漠,24(4):409—415.ZHANG Hong,JIN He-ling,XIAO Hong-lang,et al.2004.Soluble salt sediments of east Juyan Lake and its indicatingpaleoclimate environment changes[J].Journal of Desert Research,24(4):409—415(in Chinese).
张宗祜,魏建明.1995.黄土中全氧化铁与气候指标的定量关系[J].科学通报,40(13):1219—1221.ZHANG Zong-hu,WEI Jian-ming.1995.Quantitative relationship of iron oxide with climate indicators in loess[J].Chi-nese Science Bulletin,40(13):1219—1221.
Alien C R,Luo Z,Qian H,et al.1991.Field study of a highly active fault zone:the Xianshuihe Fault of southwesternChina[J].Geol Soc Am Bull,103:1178—1199(in Chinese).
Guo J,Lin A,Maruyama T,et al.2006.New constraints on recent large earthquakes along the Xidatan-Dongdatan seg-ment of the Kunlun Fault,western China[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,96(1):48—58.doi:10.1785/0120040176.
Kidd W S,Molnar P.1988.Quaternary and active faulting observed on the1985Academia Sinica Royal Society Geotra-verse of Tibet[J]Phil Trans R Soc Lond,327(A):337—363.
Sieh K E.1978.Slip along the San Andreas Fault associated with the great1857earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,68(5):421—1448.
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