汶川震区滑坡堆积体体积三维激光扫描仪测量与计算方法
摘要
2008年5.12汶川8级地震形成的大量松散滑坡堆积体,破坏农用地,损毁农田基础设施,对震区农业经济造成重大损失,严重威胁震区农业生产安全。本研究所选震区典型滑坡堆积体位于汶川县草坡乡,采用三维激光扫描仪实地测量滑坡堆积体,构建滑坡堆积体几何模型,计算滑坡堆积体体积。扫描仪到滑坡堆积体前、后缘的距离分别为25.74和79.00m,距离扫描仪200m处的扫描精度为20.0cm×20.0cm。根据扫描得到的滑坡堆积体点云数据,采用特征值法拟合近似滑坡堆积体的坡面、滑动面,构建滑坡堆积体几何模型。计算得到该滑坡堆积体体积为19018m3。建立了使用三维激光扫描仪测量和计算滑坡堆积体体积的方法。这种测量与计算方法可为地震受损农用地灾后的土地整理提供重要依据。
The earthquake of moment magnitude (M) 8.0 in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, on May 12th, 2008 produced massive loose landslides, responsible for failure of agricultural land and damage of farmland facilities, which caused a heavy loss of agricultural economy and threatened the production security of agricultural in earthquake area. In this study, typical landslides were chosen to measure volumes with geometry models. The landslide in Caopo Village, Wenchuan County, as measured by using 3-D laser scanner, was used to do measurement and computational processes. The 3-D laser scanner is HDS-ScanStation2, Leica Company, and its scanning distance reaches as far as 300 m, with an distance measurement accuracy of ±4 mm and a resolution of ±6 mm at 50 m. The scanner was set up in front of the slope of the landslide to be measured. The distances from the scanner to the near end and the far end of the landslide were 25.74 m and 79.00 m, respectively. The scan grid was set to be 20.0 cm in horizontal and 20.0 cm in vertical. The actual scan grid of the measured landslide was 2.6 cm×2.6 cm at the near end and 7.9 cm×7.9 cm at the far end, respectively. The landslide surface and its surrounding terrain were accurately scanned on-site by the 3-D laser scanner. The measured landslide was divided into two parts according to its scanned surface features. The original terrain data of the valley were used to determine the bottom planes of the landslide, including horizontal and the hillslope. The horizontal boundary was determined by the original landscape and hillslope bottom was approximated by fitting the hillslope. Based on the data points measured by scanner, the planes were fitted with eigenvalue method. The geometry model of landslide was formulated in the 3-D coordinate system by the measured data. The volume of the landslide was estimated to be 19018 m 3 . The method was verified with the value calculated by the built-in method of the 3-D laser scanner. The result shows that the value calculated by the method suggested was 7.3% higher than that by the build-in method. The reasonable accuracy of the method shows that the volume of landslides can be measured reliably by the method. The method and procedures for measuring the landslide volume with 3-D laser scanner provide an important basis for methods and measures of land consolidation of earthquake damaged farmland after the disaster.
The earthquake of moment magnitude (M) 8.0 in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, on May 12th, 2008 produced massive loose landslides, responsible for failure of agricultural land and damage of farmland facilities, which caused a heavy loss of agricultural economy and threatened the production security of agricultural in earthquake area. In this study, typical landslides were chosen to measure volumes with geometry models. The landslide in Caopo Village, Wenchuan County, as measured by using 3-D laser scanner, was used to do measurement and computational processes. The 3-D laser scanner is HDS-ScanStation2, Leica Company, and its scanning distance reaches as far as 300 m, with an distance measurement accuracy of ±4 mm and a resolution of ±6 mm at 50 m. The scanner was set up in front of the slope of the landslide to be measured. The distances from the scanner to the near end and the far end of the landslide were 25.74 m and 79.00 m, respectively. The scan grid was set to be 20.0 cm in horizontal and 20.0 cm in vertical. The actual scan grid of the measured landslide was 2.6 cm×2.6 cm at the near end and 7.9 cm×7.9 cm at the far end, respectively. The landslide surface and its surrounding terrain were accurately scanned on-site by the 3-D laser scanner. The measured landslide was divided into two parts according to its scanned surface features. The original terrain data of the valley were used to determine the bottom planes of the landslide, including horizontal and the hillslope. The horizontal boundary was determined by the original landscape and hillslope bottom was approximated by fitting the hillslope. Based on the data points measured by scanner, the planes were fitted with eigenvalue method. The geometry model of landslide was formulated in the 3-D coordinate system by the measured data. The volume of the landslide was estimated to be 19018 m 3 . The method was verified with the value calculated by the built-in method of the 3-D laser scanner. The result shows that the value calculated by the method suggested was 7.3% higher than that by the build-in method. The reasonable accuracy of the method shows that the volume of landslides can be measured reliably by the method. The method and procedures for measuring the landslide volume with 3-D laser scanner provide an important basis for methods and measures of land consolidation of earthquake damaged farmland after the disaster.
引文
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[18]王根龙,张军慧,刘红帅.汶川地震北川县城地质灾害调查与初步分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2009,20(3):47-51.Wang Genlong,Zhang Junhui,Liu Hongshuai.Investigation and preliminary analysis of geologic disasters in Beichuan county induced by Wenchuan Earthquake[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2009,20(3):47-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]孔纪名,阿发友,吴文平.汶川地震滑坡类型及典型实例分析[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):66-70.Kong Jiming,A Fayou,Wu Wwnping.Typical examples analysis the types of Wenchuan earthquake landslide[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(6):66-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]庄建琦,崔鹏,葛永刚,等.5.12汶川地震崩塌滑坡分布特征及影响因子评价:以都江堰至汶川公路沿线为例[J].地质科技情报,2009,28(2):16-21.Zhuang Jianqi,Cui Peng,Ge Yonggang,et al.Distribution characteristics and impact factors assessmentof collapses and landslides caused by5.12Wenchuan earthquake:Taking Dujiangyan:Wenchuan Highway as a Sample[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2009,28(2):16-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]马立广.地面三维激光扫描仪的分类与应用[J].地理空间信息,2005,3(3):60-62.Ma Liguang.Classification and Application of Terrestrial Laser scanners[J].Geospatial Information,2005,3(3):60-62.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[24]谢瑞,胡敏捷,程效军,等.三维激光HDS3000扫描仪点位精度分析与研究[J].遥感信息,2008(6):53-57.Xie Rui,Hu Minjie,Cheng Xiaojun,et al.Study on Point Precision of3D Laser Scanning Based on HDS3000[J].Remote Sensing Information,2008(6):53-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Wang L S,Lee D L,Niec M Y,et al.A study of the precision factors of large-scale object surface profile laser scanning measurement[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,129(1/3):584-587.
[26]刘春,张蕴灵,吴杭彬.地面三维激光扫描仪的检校与精度评估[J].工程勘察,2009(11):57-60,66.Liu Chun,Zhang Yunling,Wu Hangbin.Accuracy evaluation of3D laser range scanner based on field calibration[J].Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,2009(11):57-60,66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]王玉鹏,卢小平,葛晓天,等.地面三维激光扫描点位精度评定[J].测绘通报,2011(4):10-13.Wang Yupeng,Lu Xiaoping,Ge Xiaotian,et al.Point precision assessment for terrestrial3D laser scanning[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2011(4):10-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]官云兰,程效军,施贵刚.一种稳健的点云数据平面拟合方法[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2008,36(7):981-984.Guan Yunlan,Cheng Xiaojun,Shi Guigang,et al.A robust method for fitting a plane to point clouds[J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2008,36(7):981-984.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]李鹏.粮仓储量三维激光扫描快速测量技术研究[D].清华大学,2010.Li Peng.Research on Rapid Measurement Technology for Grain Storage Volume Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning[D].Tsinghua University,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]何诚,冯仲科,袁进军,等.基于数字高程模型的树木三维体积测量[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(8):195-199.He Cheng,Feng Zhongke,Yuan Jinjun,et al.Three-dimensional volume measurement of trees basedon digital elevation model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(8):195-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,Vander Hilst R D,et al.2008.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People’s Republic of China[J].GSA Today,18(7):4-11.
[3]韩金良,吴树仁,何淑军,等.5.12汶川8级地震次生地质灾害的基本特征及其形成机制浅析[J].地学前缘,2009,16(3):306-326.Han Jinliang,Wu Shuren,He Shujun,et al.Basal characteristics and formation mechanisms of geological hazards triggered by the May12,2008Wenchuan earthquake with a moment magnitude of8.0[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2009,16(3):306-326.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Yin Yueping,Wang Fawu,Sun Ping.Landslide hazards triggered by the2008Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Landslides,2009,6(2):139-151.
[5]徐占军,张绍良,王静,等.汶川地震受损农用地整理技术[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):307-311.Xu Zhanjun,Zhang Shaoliang,Wang Jing,et al.Land consolidation technology of damaged farmland in Wenchuan seismic[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(7):307-311.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]薛永森,郧文聚,张凤荣.四川震区土地整理安全性评价及措施[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):288-294.Xue Yongsen,Yun Wenju,Zhang Fengrong,et al.Security evaluation and measures of land arrangements in Sichuan seismic region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(5):288-294.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Zhang Bing,Jiao Quanjun,Wu Yanhong,et al.Estimating soil erosion changes in the Wenchuan earthquake disaster area using geo-spatial information technology[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2009,3(1):art no031675.
[8]Chang D S,Zhang L M.Simulation of the erosion process of landslide dams due to overtopping considering variations in soil erodibility along depth[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Science,2010,10(4):933-946.
[9]Di Baofeng,Zeng Hongjuan,Zhang Minghua,et al.Quantifying the spatial distribution of soil mass wastingprocesses after the2008earthquake in Wenchuan,China.A case study of the Longmenshan area[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2009,114(4):761-771.
[10]Yang Xiaojun,Chen Liding.Using multi-temporal remote sensor imagery to detect earthquake-triggered landslides[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,2010,12(6):487-495.
[11]Yin Jinhui,Chen Jie,Xu Xiwei,et al.The characteristics of the landslides triggered by the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake from Anxian to Beichuan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2010,37(5/6):452-459.
[12]Dai F C,Xu C,Yao X,et al.Spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the2008Ms8.0Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(4):883-895.
[13]Baldo M,Bicocchi C,Chiocchini U,et al.LIDAR monitoring of mass wasting processes:The Radicofani landslide,Province of Siena,Central Italy[J].Geomorphology,2009,105(3/4):193-201.
[14]Chen Roufei,Chan Yuchang,Angelier J,et al.Large earthquake-triggered landslides and mountain belt erosion:The Tsaoling case,Taiwan[J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience,2005,337(13):1164-1172.
[15]Guzzetti F,Ardizzone F,Cardinali M,et al.Distribution of landslides in the Upper Tiber River basin,central Italy[J].Geomorphology,2008,96(1/2):105-122.
[16]Martin Y,Rood K,Schwab J W,et al.Sediment transfer by shallow landsliding in the Queen Charlotte Islands,British Columbia[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,2002,39(2):189-205.
[17]ten Brink U S,Geist E L,Andrews B D.Size distribution of submarine landslides and its implication to tsunami hazard in Puerto Rico[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33,L11307.doi:10.1029/2006GL026125.
[18]王根龙,张军慧,刘红帅.汶川地震北川县城地质灾害调查与初步分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2009,20(3):47-51.Wang Genlong,Zhang Junhui,Liu Hongshuai.Investigation and preliminary analysis of geologic disasters in Beichuan county induced by Wenchuan Earthquake[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2009,20(3):47-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]孔纪名,阿发友,吴文平.汶川地震滑坡类型及典型实例分析[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):66-70.Kong Jiming,A Fayou,Wu Wwnping.Typical examples analysis the types of Wenchuan earthquake landslide[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(6):66-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]庄建琦,崔鹏,葛永刚,等.5.12汶川地震崩塌滑坡分布特征及影响因子评价:以都江堰至汶川公路沿线为例[J].地质科技情报,2009,28(2):16-21.Zhuang Jianqi,Cui Peng,Ge Yonggang,et al.Distribution characteristics and impact factors assessmentof collapses and landslides caused by5.12Wenchuan earthquake:Taking Dujiangyan:Wenchuan Highway as a Sample[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2009,28(2):16-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]马立广.地面三维激光扫描仪的分类与应用[J].地理空间信息,2005,3(3):60-62.Ma Liguang.Classification and Application of Terrestrial Laser scanners[J].Geospatial Information,2005,3(3):60-62.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Leica Geosystems.HDS-ScanStation2User Manual[Z].http://hds.leica-geosystems.com/en/Leica-ScanStation-2_62189.htm.
[23]郑德华,沈云中,刘春.三维激光扫描仪及其测量误差影响因素分析[J].测绘工程,2005,14(2):32-34,56.Zheng Dehua,Shen Yunzhong,Liu Chun.3D laser scanner and its effect analysis of surveying error[J].Engineering of Surveying and Mapping,2005,14(2):32-34,56.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]谢瑞,胡敏捷,程效军,等.三维激光HDS3000扫描仪点位精度分析与研究[J].遥感信息,2008(6):53-57.Xie Rui,Hu Minjie,Cheng Xiaojun,et al.Study on Point Precision of3D Laser Scanning Based on HDS3000[J].Remote Sensing Information,2008(6):53-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Wang L S,Lee D L,Niec M Y,et al.A study of the precision factors of large-scale object surface profile laser scanning measurement[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2002,129(1/3):584-587.
[26]刘春,张蕴灵,吴杭彬.地面三维激光扫描仪的检校与精度评估[J].工程勘察,2009(11):57-60,66.Liu Chun,Zhang Yunling,Wu Hangbin.Accuracy evaluation of3D laser range scanner based on field calibration[J].Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,2009(11):57-60,66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]王玉鹏,卢小平,葛晓天,等.地面三维激光扫描点位精度评定[J].测绘通报,2011(4):10-13.Wang Yupeng,Lu Xiaoping,Ge Xiaotian,et al.Point precision assessment for terrestrial3D laser scanning[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2011(4):10-13.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]官云兰,程效军,施贵刚.一种稳健的点云数据平面拟合方法[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2008,36(7):981-984.Guan Yunlan,Cheng Xiaojun,Shi Guigang,et al.A robust method for fitting a plane to point clouds[J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2008,36(7):981-984.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]李鹏.粮仓储量三维激光扫描快速测量技术研究[D].清华大学,2010.Li Peng.Research on Rapid Measurement Technology for Grain Storage Volume Based on Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning[D].Tsinghua University,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]何诚,冯仲科,袁进军,等.基于数字高程模型的树木三维体积测量[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(8):195-199.He Cheng,Feng Zhongke,Yuan Jinjun,et al.Three-dimensional volume measurement of trees basedon digital elevation model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(8):195-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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