亚失稳阶段雁列断层热场演化的实验研究
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摘要
寻找地震前兆是国内外地震预报的难点.在实验室开展岩石变形实验,观测相关物理量的演化特征和规律,是前兆探索中重要的基础工作.本文对压性雁列断层进行变形实验,根据应力时间曲线将具有前兆意义的变形阶段分为强偏离线性阶段、亚失稳阶段和失稳阶段,利用红外热像仪记录各个阶段的热场变化,特别是亚失稳阶段的热场表现.研究结果显示:强偏离线性阶段,岩桥区挤压升温;亚失稳阶段,断层带增温,且高温点扩展连通,断层带内侧卸载降温,断层带上的协同化增温和断层带内侧(包含岩桥区)的协同化降温是失稳前的重要信号;失稳阶段,应力释放,标本整体降温,只有断层带因摩擦升温.总之,亚失稳阶段的热场具有明显特征,利于识别出亚失稳态;不同变形阶段、不同构造部位温度变化不同,在寻找与构造活动相关的热异常时,应考虑变形所处的阶段及异常所处的构造部位.
Detecting earthquake precursors is a difficult topic of earthquake prediction at home and abroard.Carrying out rock deformation experiments in the laboratory and observing the evolution of the characteristics and the laws of the related physical parameters is fundamental and important to the exploring of earthquake precursors.In this study,a sample of compressive en echelon fault set was used to perform the deformation experiment.An infrared thermal image system recorded the temperature variations of the rock samples during the deformation stage.The deformation stage of precursory significance is divided into a strongly-deviation-from-linearity stage,meta-instability stage and instability stage based on the stress-time curve.The purpose of this article is to study the spatial and temporal variations of the thermal field in each stage especially the meta-instability stage and summarize the possible precursory phenomena.The experimental results show that: The temperature in the jog area increases because of compressive stress state during the strong-deviation-from-linear stage;the region of temperature increase moved to the faults from the jog area and the high temperature points on the faults spread and connect due to the converting of fault dislocation from local to overall during the stage of meta-instability,and synergy of temperature increase on the faults and synergy of temperature decrease in between the faults(including the jog area) are two important signals before the instability;The temperature of the whole sample decreases because of stress release except for increasing on the faults caused by friction during the instability stage.In short,there are evident characteristics of thermal field in the stage of meta-instability,which is helpful to identify the meta-instability state;the temperature varies in different deformation stages and different tectonic positions,which means the stage of the deformation and the tectonic position of anomaly should be taken into consideration when we are trying to find thermal anomaly related to the tectonic activity.
Detecting earthquake precursors is a difficult topic of earthquake prediction at home and abroard.Carrying out rock deformation experiments in the laboratory and observing the evolution of the characteristics and the laws of the related physical parameters is fundamental and important to the exploring of earthquake precursors.In this study,a sample of compressive en echelon fault set was used to perform the deformation experiment.An infrared thermal image system recorded the temperature variations of the rock samples during the deformation stage.The deformation stage of precursory significance is divided into a strongly-deviation-from-linearity stage,meta-instability stage and instability stage based on the stress-time curve.The purpose of this article is to study the spatial and temporal variations of the thermal field in each stage especially the meta-instability stage and summarize the possible precursory phenomena.The experimental results show that: The temperature in the jog area increases because of compressive stress state during the strong-deviation-from-linear stage;the region of temperature increase moved to the faults from the jog area and the high temperature points on the faults spread and connect due to the converting of fault dislocation from local to overall during the stage of meta-instability,and synergy of temperature increase on the faults and synergy of temperature decrease in between the faults(including the jog area) are two important signals before the instability;The temperature of the whole sample decreases because of stress release except for increasing on the faults caused by friction during the instability stage.In short,there are evident characteristics of thermal field in the stage of meta-instability,which is helpful to identify the meta-instability state;the temperature varies in different deformation stages and different tectonic positions,which means the stage of the deformation and the tectonic position of anomaly should be taken into consideration when we are trying to find thermal anomaly related to the tectonic activity.
引文
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[2]江灏,王钟睿,柳艳香等.我国地震、地温、降水之间的动态统计特征.地球物理学报,2002,45(增刊):144-150.Jiang H,Wang Z R,Liu Y X,et al.The dynamic statisticalcharacteristics between the earthquake,ground temperatureand precipitation in China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(Suppl.):144-150.
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[4]Pulinets S A,Ouzounov D,Karelin A V,et al.The physicalnature of thermal anomalies observed before strong earthquakes.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,2006,31(4-9):143-153.
[5]陈顺云,刘培洵,刘力强等.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):824-830.Chen S Y,Liu P X,Liu L Q,et al.Wavelet analysis ofthermal infrared radiation of land surface and its implication inthe study of current tectonic activities.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2006,49(3):824-830.
[6]陈顺云,马瑾,刘培洵等.中国大陆地表温度年变基准场研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(9):2273-2281.Chen S Y,Ma J,Liu P X,et al.A study on the normalannual variation field of land surface temperature in China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(9):2273-2281.
[7]卢善龙,沈晓华,邹乐君等.基于尺度分析的断层热信息遥感图像增强方法——以江山—绍兴断裂金衢段为例.地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1484-1493.Lu S L,Shen X H,Zou L J,et al.Remote sensing imageenhancement method of the fault thermal information basedon scale analysis:A case study of Jiangshan—Shaoxing faultbetween Jinhua and Quzhou of Zhejiang Province,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(5):1484-1493.
[8]马瑾,陈顺云,扈小燕等.大陆地表温度场的时空变化与现今构造活动.地学前缘,2010,17(4):1-14.Ma J,Chen X Y,Hu X Y,et al.Spatial-temporal variationof the land surface temperature field and present-day tectonicactivity.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),2010,17(4):1-14.
[9]陈顺云,刘培洵,刘力强等.遥感与实测地表温度的对比分析及在地震研究中的意义.地球物理学报,2011,54(3):747-755.Chen S Y,Liu P X,Liu L Q,et al.Comparative analysisbetween land surface temperatures obtained by fieldmeasurement and satellite remote sensing and its implicationin earthquake research.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(3):747-755.
[10]张元生,郭晓,魏从信等.日本9级和缅甸7.2级地震热辐射表现特征.地球物理学报,2011,54(10):2575-2580.Zhang Y S,Guo X,Wei C X,et al.The characteristics ofseismic thermal radiation of Japan MS9.0 and MyanmarMS7.2earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(10):2575-2580.
[11]陈顺云,马瑾,刘培洵等.利用卫星遥感获取现今构造活动信息的热物理指标研究.中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(2):211-216.Chen S Y,Ma J,Liu P X,et al.A thermal physical index toexplore current tectonic activity with satellite remote sensing.Science in China:Earth Science(in Chinese),2012,55(2):290-295.
[12]Qiang Z J,Kong L C,Zheng L Z,et al.An experimentalstudy on temperature increasing mechanism of satelliticthermo-infrared.Acta Seismologica Sinica,1997,10(2):247-252.
[13]Pulinets S,Ouzounov D.Lithosphere-Atmosphere-IonosphereCoupling(LAIC)model-An unified concept for earthquakeprecursors validation.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,41(4-5):371-382.
[14]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云等.地表岩石变形引起热红外辐射的实验研究.地震地质,2004,26(3):502-511.Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y,et al.An experiment on theinfrared radiation of surficial rocks during deformation.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):502-511.
[15]Luong M P.Infrared thermovision of damage processes inconcrete and rock.Engineering Fracture Mechanics,1990,35(1-3):291-301.
[16]邓明德,崔承禹,耿乃光.遥感用于地震预报的理论及实验结果.中国地震,1993,9(2):163-169.Deng M D,Cui C Y,Geng N G.Application of principle ofremote sensing to earthquake prediction and the experimentalresults.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),1993,9(2):163-169.
[17]崔承禹,邓明德,耿乃光.在不同压力下岩石光谱辐射特性研究.科学通报,1993,38(6):538-541.Cui C Y,Deng M D,Geng N G.Study on the features ofspectrum radiation of rocks under different loading.ChineseScience Bulletin(in Chinese),1993,38(6):538-541.
[18]耿乃光,于萍,邓明德等.热红外震兆成因的模拟实验研究.地震,1998,18(1):83-88.Geng N G,Yu P,Deng M D,et al.The simulatedexperimental studies on cause of thermal infrared precursor ofearthquakes.Earthquake(in Chinese),1998,18(1):83-88.
[19]Wu L X,Wang J Z.Infrared radiation features of coal androcks under loading.Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,1998,35(7):969-976.
[20]尹京苑,房宗绯,钱家栋等.红外遥感用于地震预测及其物理机理研究.中国地震,2000,16(2):140-148.Yin J Y,Fang Z F,Qian J D,et al.Research on theapplication of infrared remote sensing in earthquake predictionand its physical mechanism.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2000,16(2):140-148.
[21]刘善军,吴立新,王川婴等.遥感-岩石力学(VIII)——论岩石破裂的热红外前兆.岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(10):1621-1627.Liu S J,Wu L X,Wang C Y,et al.Remote sensing-rockmechanics(VIII)——TIR omens of rock fracturing.ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering(in Chinese),2004,23(10):1621-1627.
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