马尼拉海沟北段俯冲带输入板块的不均一性
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摘要
本文整合了横跨马尼拉海沟北段的21条多道地震层位信息、海底地形以及天然地震数据,分析了研究区内的输入板块性质差异及其对增生楔变形和地震活动性的影响.研究发现,沿马尼拉海沟北段的输入板块在地壳性质、基底起伏和沉积物厚度上存在明显的自北向南的差异:(1)最北段基底埋深大,上覆沉积物厚,地壳厚度较薄,地壳性质可能为初始南海洋壳或者圈闭的菲律宾海洋壳;(2)中段基底埋深浅,上覆沉积物薄,地壳厚度大,地壳属性表现为过渡壳性质,受到岩浆活动的影响,初始的地壳性质可能为华南陆块张裂分离出的微小陆壳块体,或者是南海洋壳;(3)南段基底埋深和沉积物厚度介于中间,存在明显的地磁条带,地壳性质为正常的南海洋壳.这一输入板块性质的不均一性可解释该区的特殊增生楔变形现象,如恒春弱变形带的出现,向海方向内凹的海沟形态以及上陆坡海底的大幅抬升等,同时也影响了研究区内的板片俯冲形态和发震构造的地震活动性.研究结果证实了沿马尼拉海沟北段存在南北向的地球物理性质的差异,但对于地壳属性的最终厘定还需要更多的地质与地球化学证据.
According to the differences of the sediment thickness,basement topography,crustal thickness,water content and volcanic activity of the incoming crust,which are revealed by the newly integrated bathymetric,previous seismic data and the reprocessed seismic line 973,we suggest that the incoming crust along northern Manila Trench can be divided into three areas from north to south:(1)the trapped oceanic crust with thick sediment and relatively thin crust;(2)transitional crust(?)with thin sediment,thick crust and widespread magmatism;and(3)normal SCS crust with relatively thick sediment.This incoming plate variation results in a special style of deformation along the accretionary wedge,including the formation of a weak deformation belt,the reentrant trench geometry and the huge uplift of the upper slope.The middle part mayalso give rise to profound change in the geometry of the subducted slab and the seismicity of seismogenic structures.
According to the differences of the sediment thickness,basement topography,crustal thickness,water content and volcanic activity of the incoming crust,which are revealed by the newly integrated bathymetric,previous seismic data and the reprocessed seismic line 973,we suggest that the incoming crust along northern Manila Trench can be divided into three areas from north to south:(1)the trapped oceanic crust with thick sediment and relatively thin crust;(2)transitional crust(?)with thin sediment,thick crust and widespread magmatism;and(3)normal SCS crust with relatively thick sediment.This incoming plate variation results in a special style of deformation along the accretionary wedge,including the formation of a weak deformation belt,the reentrant trench geometry and the huge uplift of the upper slope.The middle part mayalso give rise to profound change in the geometry of the subducted slab and the seismicity of seismogenic structures.
引文
Bangs N L,Gulick S P S,Shipley T H.2006.Seamount subductionerosion in the Nankai Trough and its potential impact on theseismogenic zone.Geology,34(8):701-704.
Bautista B C,Bautista M L P,Oike K,et al.2001.A new insighton the geometry of subducting slabs in northern Luzon,Philippines.Tectonophysics,339(3-4):279-310.
Briais A,Patriat P,Tapponnier P.1993.Updated interpretation ofmagnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the SouthChina Sea:Implications for the Tertiary tectonics of SoutheastAsia.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,98(B4):6299-6328.
Cello G,Nur A.1988.Emplacement of foreland thrust systems.Tectonics,7(2):261-271.
Chen A H,Xu H H,Ma H,et al.2011.Preliminary study of thecauses of absence intermediate and deep focus earthquakes in theManila subduction zone.South China Journal of Seismology(inChinese),31(04):98-107.
Davis D,Suppe J,Dahlen F A.1983.Mechanics of fold-and-thrustbelts and accretionary wedges.J.Geophys.Res.,88(B2):1153-1172.
Ding W W,Li J B,Han X Q,et al.2010.Geomorphology,grainsize charicteristics,matter source and forming mechanism ofsediment waves on the ocean bottom of the northeast SouthChina Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica(in Chinese),2:96-105.
Dominguez S,Malavieille J,Lallemand S E.2000.Deformation ofaccretionary wedges in response to seamount subduction:Insights from sandbox experiments.Tectonics,19(1):182-196.
Frank,F C.1968.Curvature of island arcs.Nature,220(5165):363-363.
Hall R.1996.Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,106(1):153-184.
Hall R.2002.Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SEAsia and the SW Pacific:computer-based reconstructions,model and animations.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,20(4):353-431.
Hayes D E,Taylor B,Hayes D E.1980.The tectonic evolution ofthe South China Basin.Geophysical Monograph Series,23:89-104.
Hsu S K,Yeh Y C,Doo W B,et al.2004.New bathymetry andmagnetic lineations identifications in the northernmost SouthChina Sea and their tectonic implications.Marine GeophysicalResearches,25(1-2):29-44.
Huang C Y,Wu W Y,Chang C P,et al.1997.Tectonic evolutionof accretionary prism in the arc-continent collision terrane ofTaiwan.Tectonophysics,281(1-2):31-51.
Koulakov I,Wu Y M,Huang H H,et al.2014.Slab interactions inthe Taiwan region based on the P-and S-velocity distributions inthe upper mantle.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,79:53-64.
Ku C Y,Hsu S K.2009.Crustal structure and deformation at thenorthern Manila Trench between Taiwan and Luzon islands.Tectonophysics,466(3-4):229-240.
Lee H H,Lin J Y.2013.Seismic characteristics of outer-riseearthquakes in the different seismic coupling subduction zones.EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.
Lester R,McIntosh K,Van Avendonk H J A,et al.2013.Crustalaccretion in the Manila trench accretionary wedge at thetransition from subduction to mountain-building in Taiwan.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,375:430-440.
Li Y H.1976.Denudation of Taiwan island since the Plioceneepoch.Geology,4(2):105-107.
Lin A T,Yao B C,Hsu S K,et al.2009.Tectonic features of theincipient arc-continent collision zone of Taiwan:Implications forseismicity.Tectonophysics,479(1-2):28-42.
Liu C S,Deffontaines B,Lu C Y,et al.2004.Deformation patternsof an accretionary wedge in the transition zone from subductionto collision offshore southwestern Taiwan.Marine GeophysicalResearches,25(1-2):123-137.
Luan X W,Liu H,Peng X C.2011.The geophysical interpretationof a Dongsha ancient uplift on the northern margin of SouthChina Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3217-3232.
Moore J C,Vrolijk P.1992.Fluids in accretionary prisms.Reviewsof Geophysics,30(2):113-135.
Morra G,Regenauer-Lieb K,Giardini D.2006.Curvature ofoceanic arcs.Geology,34(10):877-880.
Nedimovic′M R,Mazzotti S,Hyndman R D.2003.Three-dimensionalstructure from feathered two-dimensional marine seismicreflection data:The eastern Nankai Trough.J.Geophys.Res.,108(B10),2456,doi:10.1029/2002JB001959.
Park J O,Tsuru T,Kaneda Y,et al.1999.A subducting seamountbeneath the Nankai accretionary prism off Shikoku,southwesternJapan.Geophys.Res.Lett.,26(7):931-934.
Rosenbaum G,Mo W.2011.Tectonic and magmatic responses tothe subduction of high bathymetric relief.Gondwana Research,19(3):571-582.
Schott B,Koyi H A.2001.Estimating basal friction in accretionarywedges from the geometry and spacing of frontal faults.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,194(1-2):221-227.
Sibuet J C,Hsu,S K,Le Pichon X,et al.2002.East Asia platetectonics since 15 Ma:constraints from the Taiwan region.Tectonophysics,344(1-2):103-134.
Sibuet J C,Hsu S K.2004.How was Taiwan created?.Tectonophysics,379(1-4):159-181.
Simpson G D H.2010.Formation of accretionary prisms influencedby sediment subduction and supplied by sediments from adjacentcontinents.Geology,38(2):131-134.
Song H B,Wu S G,Jiang W W.2007.The characteristics of BSRsand their derived heat flow on the profile 973in the northeasternSouth China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),50(5):1508-1517.
Timm C,Bassett D,Graham I J,et al.2013.Louisville seamountsubduction and its implication on mantle flow beneath thecentral Tonga-Kermadec arc.Nature Communications,4(4):1720-1720.
Tréhu A M,Blakely R J,Williams M C.2012.Subductedseamounts and recent earthquakes beneath the central Cascadiaforearc.Geology,40(2):103-106.
Wang C Y,Hwang W T,Cochrane G R.1994.Tectonic dewateringand mechanics of protothrust zones:Example from the Cascadiaaccretionary margin.J.Geophys.Res.,99(B10):20043-20050.
Wessel P,Smith W H F.1998.New,improved version of GenericMapping Tools released.Eos,Transactions American GeophysicalUnion,79(47):579-579.
Xu Y,Li Z W,Hao T Y,et al.2007.Pn wave velocity andanisotropy in the northeastern South China Sea and adjacentregion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),50(5):1473-1479.
Yeh Y C,Hsu S K.2004.Crustal structures of the northernmostSouth China Sea:Seismic reflection and gravity modeling.Marine Geophysical Researches,25(1-2):45-61.
Yeh Y C,Sibuet J C,Hsu S K,et al.2010.Tectonic evolution ofthe Northeastern South China Sea from seismic interpretation.J.Geophys.Res.,115(B6),B06103,doi:10.1029/2009JB006354.
Yeh Y C,Hsu S K,Doo W B,et al.2012.Crustal features of thenortheastern South China Sea:insights from seismic andmagnetic interpretations.Marine Geophysical Research,33(4):307-326.
Yilmaz.2001.Seismic Data Analysis:Processing,Inversion,and Interpretation of Seismic Data.SEG Books.
Yuan D L,Han W Q,Hu D X.2006.Surface Kuroshio path in theLuzon Strait area derived from satellite remote sensing data.J.Geophys.Res.,111(C11),C11007,doi:10.1029/2005JC003412.
Zang S X,Chen Q Z,Huan J S.1994.Distribution of earthquakes,stress state and interaction of the plates in the southern TaiwanPhilippines area.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),16(01):29-37.
陈爱华,许鹤华,马辉等.2011.马尼拉俯冲带缺失中深源地震成因初探.华南地震,2011,31(04):98-107.
丁巍伟,李家彪,韩喜球等.2010.南海东北部海底沉积物波的形态、粒度特征及物源、成因分析.海洋学报(中文版),2010,32(2):96-105.
栾锡武,刘鸿,彭学超.2011.南海北部东沙古隆起的综合地球物理解释.地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3217-3232,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.021.
宋海斌,吴时国,江为为.2007.南海东北部973剖面BSR及其热流特征.地球物理学报,50(5):1508-1517.
胥颐,李志伟,郝天珧等.2007.南海东北部及其邻临近地区的Pn波速度结构与各向异性.地球物理学报,2007,50(5):1473-1479.
臧绍先,陈奇志,黄金水.1994.台湾南部-菲律宾地区的地震分布、应力状态及板块的相互作用.地震地质,1994,16(1):29-37.
Bautista B C,Bautista M L P,Oike K,et al.2001.A new insighton the geometry of subducting slabs in northern Luzon,Philippines.Tectonophysics,339(3-4):279-310.
Briais A,Patriat P,Tapponnier P.1993.Updated interpretation ofmagnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the SouthChina Sea:Implications for the Tertiary tectonics of SoutheastAsia.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,98(B4):6299-6328.
Cello G,Nur A.1988.Emplacement of foreland thrust systems.Tectonics,7(2):261-271.
Chen A H,Xu H H,Ma H,et al.2011.Preliminary study of thecauses of absence intermediate and deep focus earthquakes in theManila subduction zone.South China Journal of Seismology(inChinese),31(04):98-107.
Davis D,Suppe J,Dahlen F A.1983.Mechanics of fold-and-thrustbelts and accretionary wedges.J.Geophys.Res.,88(B2):1153-1172.
Ding W W,Li J B,Han X Q,et al.2010.Geomorphology,grainsize charicteristics,matter source and forming mechanism ofsediment waves on the ocean bottom of the northeast SouthChina Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica(in Chinese),2:96-105.
Dominguez S,Malavieille J,Lallemand S E.2000.Deformation ofaccretionary wedges in response to seamount subduction:Insights from sandbox experiments.Tectonics,19(1):182-196.
Frank,F C.1968.Curvature of island arcs.Nature,220(5165):363-363.
Hall R.1996.Reconstructing Cenozoic SE Asia.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,106(1):153-184.
Hall R.2002.Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SEAsia and the SW Pacific:computer-based reconstructions,model and animations.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,20(4):353-431.
Hayes D E,Taylor B,Hayes D E.1980.The tectonic evolution ofthe South China Basin.Geophysical Monograph Series,23:89-104.
Hsu S K,Yeh Y C,Doo W B,et al.2004.New bathymetry andmagnetic lineations identifications in the northernmost SouthChina Sea and their tectonic implications.Marine GeophysicalResearches,25(1-2):29-44.
Huang C Y,Wu W Y,Chang C P,et al.1997.Tectonic evolutionof accretionary prism in the arc-continent collision terrane ofTaiwan.Tectonophysics,281(1-2):31-51.
Koulakov I,Wu Y M,Huang H H,et al.2014.Slab interactions inthe Taiwan region based on the P-and S-velocity distributions inthe upper mantle.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,79:53-64.
Ku C Y,Hsu S K.2009.Crustal structure and deformation at thenorthern Manila Trench between Taiwan and Luzon islands.Tectonophysics,466(3-4):229-240.
Lee H H,Lin J Y.2013.Seismic characteristics of outer-riseearthquakes in the different seismic coupling subduction zones.EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.
Lester R,McIntosh K,Van Avendonk H J A,et al.2013.Crustalaccretion in the Manila trench accretionary wedge at thetransition from subduction to mountain-building in Taiwan.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,375:430-440.
Li Y H.1976.Denudation of Taiwan island since the Plioceneepoch.Geology,4(2):105-107.
Lin A T,Yao B C,Hsu S K,et al.2009.Tectonic features of theincipient arc-continent collision zone of Taiwan:Implications forseismicity.Tectonophysics,479(1-2):28-42.
Liu C S,Deffontaines B,Lu C Y,et al.2004.Deformation patternsof an accretionary wedge in the transition zone from subductionto collision offshore southwestern Taiwan.Marine GeophysicalResearches,25(1-2):123-137.
Luan X W,Liu H,Peng X C.2011.The geophysical interpretationof a Dongsha ancient uplift on the northern margin of SouthChina Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(12):3217-3232.
Moore J C,Vrolijk P.1992.Fluids in accretionary prisms.Reviewsof Geophysics,30(2):113-135.
Morra G,Regenauer-Lieb K,Giardini D.2006.Curvature ofoceanic arcs.Geology,34(10):877-880.
Nedimovic′M R,Mazzotti S,Hyndman R D.2003.Three-dimensionalstructure from feathered two-dimensional marine seismicreflection data:The eastern Nankai Trough.J.Geophys.Res.,108(B10),2456,doi:10.1029/2002JB001959.
Park J O,Tsuru T,Kaneda Y,et al.1999.A subducting seamountbeneath the Nankai accretionary prism off Shikoku,southwesternJapan.Geophys.Res.Lett.,26(7):931-934.
Rosenbaum G,Mo W.2011.Tectonic and magmatic responses tothe subduction of high bathymetric relief.Gondwana Research,19(3):571-582.
Schott B,Koyi H A.2001.Estimating basal friction in accretionarywedges from the geometry and spacing of frontal faults.Earthand Planetary Science Letters,194(1-2):221-227.
Sibuet J C,Hsu,S K,Le Pichon X,et al.2002.East Asia platetectonics since 15 Ma:constraints from the Taiwan region.Tectonophysics,344(1-2):103-134.
Sibuet J C,Hsu S K.2004.How was Taiwan created?.Tectonophysics,379(1-4):159-181.
Simpson G D H.2010.Formation of accretionary prisms influencedby sediment subduction and supplied by sediments from adjacentcontinents.Geology,38(2):131-134.
Song H B,Wu S G,Jiang W W.2007.The characteristics of BSRsand their derived heat flow on the profile 973in the northeasternSouth China Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),50(5):1508-1517.
Timm C,Bassett D,Graham I J,et al.2013.Louisville seamountsubduction and its implication on mantle flow beneath thecentral Tonga-Kermadec arc.Nature Communications,4(4):1720-1720.
Tréhu A M,Blakely R J,Williams M C.2012.Subductedseamounts and recent earthquakes beneath the central Cascadiaforearc.Geology,40(2):103-106.
Wang C Y,Hwang W T,Cochrane G R.1994.Tectonic dewateringand mechanics of protothrust zones:Example from the Cascadiaaccretionary margin.J.Geophys.Res.,99(B10):20043-20050.
Wessel P,Smith W H F.1998.New,improved version of GenericMapping Tools released.Eos,Transactions American GeophysicalUnion,79(47):579-579.
Xu Y,Li Z W,Hao T Y,et al.2007.Pn wave velocity andanisotropy in the northeastern South China Sea and adjacentregion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),50(5):1473-1479.
Yeh Y C,Hsu S K.2004.Crustal structures of the northernmostSouth China Sea:Seismic reflection and gravity modeling.Marine Geophysical Researches,25(1-2):45-61.
Yeh Y C,Sibuet J C,Hsu S K,et al.2010.Tectonic evolution ofthe Northeastern South China Sea from seismic interpretation.J.Geophys.Res.,115(B6),B06103,doi:10.1029/2009JB006354.
Yeh Y C,Hsu S K,Doo W B,et al.2012.Crustal features of thenortheastern South China Sea:insights from seismic andmagnetic interpretations.Marine Geophysical Research,33(4):307-326.
Yilmaz.2001.Seismic Data Analysis:Processing,Inversion,and Interpretation of Seismic Data.SEG Books.
Yuan D L,Han W Q,Hu D X.2006.Surface Kuroshio path in theLuzon Strait area derived from satellite remote sensing data.J.Geophys.Res.,111(C11),C11007,doi:10.1029/2005JC003412.
Zang S X,Chen Q Z,Huan J S.1994.Distribution of earthquakes,stress state and interaction of the plates in the southern TaiwanPhilippines area.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),16(01):29-37.
陈爱华,许鹤华,马辉等.2011.马尼拉俯冲带缺失中深源地震成因初探.华南地震,2011,31(04):98-107.
丁巍伟,李家彪,韩喜球等.2010.南海东北部海底沉积物波的形态、粒度特征及物源、成因分析.海洋学报(中文版),2010,32(2):96-105.
栾锡武,刘鸿,彭学超.2011.南海北部东沙古隆起的综合地球物理解释.地球物理学报,2011,54(12):3217-3232,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.021.
宋海斌,吴时国,江为为.2007.南海东北部973剖面BSR及其热流特征.地球物理学报,50(5):1508-1517.
胥颐,李志伟,郝天珧等.2007.南海东北部及其邻临近地区的Pn波速度结构与各向异性.地球物理学报,2007,50(5):1473-1479.
臧绍先,陈奇志,黄金水.1994.台湾南部-菲律宾地区的地震分布、应力状态及板块的相互作用.地震地质,1994,16(1):29-37.
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