东昆仑活动断裂带库赛湖段破裂行为及影响因素的初步研究
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摘要
2001年11月14日,青藏高原北部东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段发生了MS8.1地震。此次地震的发震断裂在地质史上具有高速左旋滑动的特征,特别是晚更新世晚期以来库赛湖断裂的平均滑动速率达(14.8±2.8)mm/a。库赛湖断裂不同的滑动速率可能会对其未来发生的运动行为产生影响,为此文中研究了东昆仑活动断裂带库赛湖段不同滑动速率和不同断裂面初始摩擦系数对断裂破裂行为的影响,建立了库赛湖断裂段对应的速度和状态依赖摩擦定律控制的单自由度弹簧滑块模型。为得到合理的模型参数,模拟中采用了断裂位错模型,考察了相关古地震研究资料、历史地震资料以及前人的相关研究成果。通过模拟库赛湖断裂段在不同滑动速率下未来6ka的破裂行为,发现断裂滑动速率快可使地震复发周期缩短,滑动速率慢会使地震复发周期延长。例如,若断裂以现今平均14mm/a的初始滑动速率运动时,地震复发周期为2.1ka;若以18mm/a的初始滑动速率运动,其对应地震复发周期为1～1.5ka;而滑动速率为8mm/a时地震复发周期为2.1～2.5ka,但断裂滑动速率对地震发生时断裂错动的位移和错动速度没有规律性影响;断裂面初始摩擦系数的大小对地震复发周期有影响,初始摩擦系数较大可能会使地震周期减小,初始摩擦系数小可能会使地震复发周期增加;同时,断裂面初始摩擦系数较小可能会使地震发生时断裂错动的位移和错动速度变大。
On 14 November 2001,an extraordinarily large earthquake(M_S 8.1)occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault,northern Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault,Hoh Sai Hu segment,is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in the geological history,and the average slip rate reaches(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect the fault motion in the future. So,the paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault surface of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In the research,we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rate- and state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake researches,historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers,we obtained the parameters of the model. Through the numerical simulation of rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the future 6500 years under different slip rates,we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of earthquake. For example,the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a,which agrees with previous research results,but,the recurrence interval will be 1000～1500a and 2100～2500a,corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a,respectively. Slip rate of fault has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and displacement of fault in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has effect on earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time,the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rate and displacement of fault when earthquake occurs.
On 14 November 2001,an extraordinarily large earthquake(M_S 8.1)occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault,northern Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault,Hoh Sai Hu segment,is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in the geological history,and the average slip rate reaches(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect the fault motion in the future. So,the paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault surface of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In the research,we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rate- and state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake researches,historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers,we obtained the parameters of the model. Through the numerical simulation of rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the future 6500 years under different slip rates,we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of earthquake. For example,the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a,which agrees with previous research results,but,the recurrence interval will be 1000～1500a and 2100～2500a,corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a,respectively. Slip rate of fault has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and displacement of fault in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has effect on earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time,the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rate and displacement of fault when earthquake occurs.
引文
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耿鲁明,张国民,石耀霖.1993.地震孕育发生的场源关系初步研究[J].中国地震,9(4):310—319.GENG Lu-ming,ZHANG Guo-min,SHI Yao-lin.1993.Preliminary research on the relations between field and source inearthquake preparation[J].Earthquake Research in China,9(4):310—319(in Chinese).
何文贵,熊振,袁道阳,等.2006a.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂古地震初步研究[J].中国地震,22(2):126—134.HE Wen-gui,XIONG Zhen,YUAN Dao-yang,et al.2006a.Palaeo-earthquake study on the Maqu Fault of East Kunlunactive fault zone[J].Earthquake Research in China,22(2):126—134(in Chinese).
何文贵,袁道阳,熊振,等.2006b.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂新活动特征及全新世滑动速率研究[J].地震,26(4):67—75.HE Wen-gui,YUAN Dao-yang,XIONG Zhen,et al.2006b.Study on characteristics of new activity and Holocene sliprate along Maqu Fault of East Kunlun active fault zone[J].Earthquake,26(4):67—75(in Chinese).
胡道功,吴中海,吴珍汉,等.2007.东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段晚第四纪古地震研究[J].第四纪研究,27(1):27—34.HU Dao-gong,WU Zhong-hai,WU Zhen-han,et al.2007.Late Quaternary paleoseismic history on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of East Kunlun Fault zone in northern Tibet[J].Quaternary Sciences,27(1):27—34(in Chinese).
胡道功,叶培盛,吴芳,等.2008.东昆仑断裂带西大滩段晚第四纪古地震研究[J].第四纪研究,28(2):214—221.HU Dao-gong,YE Pei-sheng,WU Fang,et al.2008.Late Quaternary seismic history on the Xidatan segment of EastKunlun Fault zone in northern Tibet[J].Quaternary Sciences,28(2):214—221(in Chinese).
李陈侠.2009.东昆仑断裂带东段(玛沁—玛曲)晚第四纪长期滑动习性研究[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.LI Chen-xia.2009.The research on the slipping characteristics of east segment(Maqin-Maqu)of East Kunlun Fault[D].Dissertation paper.Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration(in Chinese).
李春峰,贺群禄,赵国光.2004.东昆仑活动断裂带东段全新世滑动速率研究[J].地震地质,26(4):676—687.LI Chun-feng,HE Qun-lu,ZHAO Guo-guang.2004.Holocene slip rate along the eastern segment of the Kunlun Fault[J].Seismology and Geology,26(4):676—687(in Chinese).
李春峰,贺群禄,赵国光.2005.东昆仑活动断裂带东段古地震活动特征[J].地震学报,27(1):60—67.LI Chun-feng,HE Qun-lu,ZHAO Guo-guang.2005.Paleo-earthquake studies on the eastern segment of the KunlunFault[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,27(1):60—67(in Chinese).
刘光勋.1996.东昆仑活动断裂带及其强震活动性[J].中国地震,12(2):119—126.LIU Guang-xun.1996.Eastern Kunlun active fault zone and its seismic activity[J].Earthquake Research in China,12(2):119—126(in Chinese).
马宗晋.1982.地震和断裂关系的讨论[A].见:中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会编.中国活动断裂.北京:地震出版社.14—18.MA Zong-jin.1982.The relationship between earthquakes and faults[A].In:Committee of Seismogeology,Seismological Society of China(ed).The Active Faults in China.Seismological Press,Beijing14—18(in Chinese).
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肖家鑫,林家逖,郑熙铭.1997.修正Burridge-Knopoff模型的地震前兆场数值模拟[J].计算物理,14(4-5):600—602.XIAO Jia-xin,LIN Jia-ti,ZHENG Xi-ming.1997.The numerical simulation for precursor of an earthquake using themodified Burridge-Knopoff model[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Physics,14(4-5):600—602(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,24(1):1—13.XU Xi-wei,CHEN Wen-bin,YU Gui-hua,et al.2002.Characteristic features of the surface ruptures of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)earthquake(MS8.1),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Seismology and Geology,24(1):1—13(in Chinese).
徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.2007.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质,29(2):201—271.XU Xi-wei,YU Gui-hua,CHEN Gui-hua,et al.2007.Near-surface character of permanent geologic deformation acrossthe mega-strike-slip faults in the northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,29(2):201—271(inChinese).
张国民,耿鲁明,石耀霖.1993.中国大陆强震轮回活动的计算机模型研究[J].中国地震,9:20—32.ZHANG Guo-min,GENG Lu-ming,SHI Yao-lin.1993.A computer model for cyclic activities of strong earthquake incontinental seismic zones[J].Earthquake Research in China,9:20—32(in Chinese).
郑兆苾,张军.1999.地震复杂性成因的数值模拟[J].地震学刊,(4):16—21.ZHENG Zhao-bi,ZHANG Jun.1999.Seismogenesis complex numerical simulation[J].Journal of Seismology,(4):16—21(in Chinese).
朱元清,石耀霖.1991.地震活动性研究中的非线性动力学模型[J].地球物理学报,34:20—31.ZHU Yuan-qing,SHI Yao-lin.1991.Nonlinear dynamic modeling in seismicity analysis[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,34:20—31(in Chinese).
Aiming Lin,Jianming Guo,Ken-ichi Kano,et al.2006.Average slip rate and recurrence interval of large-magnitudeearthquakes on the western segment of the strike-slip Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,96(5):1597—1611.
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