中国西部地区地壳结构特征与强震活动相关性研究
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摘要
中国西部地区是地震活动十分强烈的地区,天山、阿尔泰、帕米尔和西昆仑都是著名的地震构造带,在这些地震构造带和周边地区发生了多次震级大于5级的强震.本文通过分析西部地区的重力场特征,根据重力数据结合地震剖面、应用Parker-Oldenburg方法反演得到了研究区莫霍面深度,通过对比地震层析成像的反演结果,分析了研究区的地壳结构特征.计算结果表明,研究区地壳结构不均匀特征明显,在造山带地区一般是莫霍面坳陷区,盆地则是莫霍面隆起区,主要造山带地壳速度结构表现为高速区,盆地和主要凹陷区为低速区.根据计算结果和以往强震震中位置分析了地壳构造与强震活动的相关性,西部地区的地震活动与地壳结构的横向不均匀密切相关,强震主要发生在地壳速度变化带附近和地壳速度结构差异较大的地区,在构造应力作用下,这些地壳介质非均匀地区易发生强震,这是中国西部造山带和盆-山边界附近频发强震的构造原因之一.
Major and/or great earthquakes frequently occur in western China,such as the Tian Shan,Altay,Pamir and Kunlun as well-known seismotectonic zones.This paper analyzes the characteristics of the gravity field in western China,inverts the depth of Moho interface by the Parker-Oldenburg method with gravity data and seismic profiles.Through comparison of the results of seismic tomography inversion,we analyze crustal structure of the study area.The results show that the study area is significantly heterogeneous in crustal structure,with main orogenic belts of high-speed while basins and major depressions of low speed.The orogenic belts in the study area are generally Moho depression areas while the basins are the Moho uplift areas.According to the calculation results and epicenter distribution of the study area,we discuss the correlation between crustal structure and major earthquakes.The earthquakes in this region are closely related to crustal heterogeneity,which mainly happen around the crustal velocity changebelts and in the regions with great crustal velocity differences.Under the effect of tectonic stress,these crustal non-uniform areas are prone to major earthquakes,which is one of the tectonic reasons for frequent major earthquakes in orogenic belts and near the boundary between basins and mountains in western China.
Major and/or great earthquakes frequently occur in western China,such as the Tian Shan,Altay,Pamir and Kunlun as well-known seismotectonic zones.This paper analyzes the characteristics of the gravity field in western China,inverts the depth of Moho interface by the Parker-Oldenburg method with gravity data and seismic profiles.Through comparison of the results of seismic tomography inversion,we analyze crustal structure of the study area.The results show that the study area is significantly heterogeneous in crustal structure,with main orogenic belts of high-speed while basins and major depressions of low speed.The orogenic belts in the study area are generally Moho depression areas while the basins are the Moho uplift areas.According to the calculation results and epicenter distribution of the study area,we discuss the correlation between crustal structure and major earthquakes.The earthquakes in this region are closely related to crustal heterogeneity,which mainly happen around the crustal velocity changebelts and in the regions with great crustal velocity differences.Under the effect of tectonic stress,these crustal non-uniform areas are prone to major earthquakes,which is one of the tectonic reasons for frequent major earthquakes in orogenic belts and near the boundary between basins and mountains in western China.
引文
Chen J X,Chen J L.2003.The crustal structure and velocityfeature from Ruoqiang-Altai seismic profile in Xinjiang region.Xinjiang Petroleum Geology(in Chinese),24(6):498-501.
Chen Z,Bruchfiel B C,Liu Y,et al.2000.Global positioningsystem measurements from eastern Tibet and their implicationsfor India/Eurasia intercontinental deformation.J.Geophys.,Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),105(B7):16215-16227.
Cui Z Z,Li Q S,Wu C D,et al.1995.The crustal and deepstructures in GOLMUD-EJIN QI GGT.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),38(S2):15-28.
Ding D G,Wang G X,Liu W X,et al.1996.West KunlunorogenicBelt and Basin(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse.
Feng R.1985.The crustal thickness and distribution of uppermantle density of China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),31(7):529-536.
Hao T Y,Hu W J,Xing J,et al.2014.The Moho depth map(1∶5000000)in the land and seas of China and adjacent areas andits geological implications.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),57(12):3869-3883,doi:10.6038/cjg20141202.
Hauck M L,Nelson K D,Brown L D,et al.1998.Crustalstructure of the Himalayan orogen at~90°east longitude fromProject INDEPTH deep reflection profiles.Tectonics,17(4):481-500.
Jiang C F.1997.Opening-closing tectonics of Tarim Platform.Xinjiang Geology(in Chinese),15(3):193-202.
Li Q S,Gao R,Lu D Y,et al.2002.Tarim crustal subduction inthe West Kunlun Mountains—the evidence of wide-angleseismic survey.Acta Geoscientica Sinica(in Chinese),23(5):442.
Li T.2012.Active thrusting and folding along the Pamir FrontalThrust System(in Chinese)[Ph.D.thesis].Beijing:Instituteof Geology,China Earthquake Administration.
Liu G D.2007.Geodynamical evolution and tectonic framework ofChina.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),14(3):39-46.
Luo W X,Li D W,Wang X F.Focal depth and mechanism ofintraplate earthquakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.EarthScience(Journal of China University of Geosciences)(inChinese),33(5):618-626.
Oldenburg D W.1974.The inversion and interpretation of gravityanomalies.Geophysics,39(4):526-536.
Parker R L.1973.The rapid calculation of potential anomalies.Geophys.J.Int.,31(4):447-455.
Priestley K,Jackson J,McKenzie D.2008.Lithospheric structureand deep earthquakes beneath India,the Himalaya andsouthern Tibet.Geophys.J.Int.,172(1):345-362.
Sandwell D T,Smith W H F.2009.Global marine gravity fromretrackedGeosat and ERS-1 altimetry:Ridge segmentationversus spreading rate.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),114(B1):B01411,doi:10.1029/2008JB006008.
Shao X Z,Zhang J R.1994.Preliminary results of study of deepstructures in Tarim Basin by the method of converted waves ofearthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),37(6):836.
Shao X Z,Zhang J R,Fan H J,et al.1996.The crust structures ofTianshanorogenic belt:A deep sounding work by convertedwaves of earthquakes alongürümqi-Korla profile.Acta GeophysicaSinica(in Chinese),39(3):336-346.
Song Z H,An C Q,Chen G Y,et al.1991.Study on 3Dvelocitystructure and anisotropy beneath the west China from the Lovewave dispersion.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),34(6):694-707.
Teng J W,Yuan X M,Zhang Y Q,et al.2012.The stratificationalvelocity structure of crust and covering strata of upper mantleand the orbit of deep interaquifer substance locus of movementfor Tibetan Plateau.Acta Petrologica Sinica(in Chinese),28(12):4077-4100
Tian Y,Zhao D P,Sun R M,et al.2007.The 1992 Landersearthquake:Effect of crustal heterogeneity on earthquakegeneration.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),50(5):1488-1496.
Wan T F.2004.Tectonics of China(in Chinese).Beijing:GeologicalPublishing House.
Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Niu Z J,et al.2001.Chinese contemporarycrustal movement and tectonic deformation.Science in China(in Chinese),31(7):529-536.
Wang Y X,Han G H,Jiang M,et al.2004.Crustal structure alongthe geosciences transect from Altay to AltunTagh.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),47(2):240-249.
Wang Y X,Mooney W D,Han G H,et al.2005.Crustal P-wavevelocity structure from AltynTagh to Longmen mountainsalong the Taiwan-Altay geoscience transect.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),48(1):98-106.
Xiong X S.2010.Moho depth and variation of the continent inChina and its geodynamic implications(in Chinese)[Ph.D.thesis].Beijing:China Academy of Geological Sciences.
Xu G M,Yao H J,Zhu L B,et al.2007.Shear wave velocitystructure of the crust and upper mantle in western China andits adjacent area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),50(1):193-208.
Xu Y,Feng X Y,Shstsilov V I.1996.Deep velocity structure in theTianshan region.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),18(4):375-381.
Xu Y,Liu F T,Liu J H,et al.2000a.Crustal structure andtectonic environment of strong earthquakes in the TianshanEarthquake Belt.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),43(2):184-193.
Xu Y,Liu F T,Liu J H,et al.2000b.Seismic tomography onnorthwest orogenic belt and adjacent basins of Chinese Mianland.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),30(2):113-122.
Xu Y,Liu J H,Liu F T,et al.2006.Crustal velocity structure andseismic activity in the Tianshan-Pamir conjunctive zone.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),49(2):469-476.
Yin A.2001.Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen—Phanerozoic growth of Aisacontinetal.Acta Geoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),22(3):193-230.
Zhang J R,Shao X Z,Fan H J.1998.Deep sounding survey byconverted waves of earthquakes in central part of the TarimBasin and its interpretation.Seismology and Geology(inChinese),20(1):34-42.
Zhang J,Chen S.2013.Gravity field analysis for crust and mantlestructure of the Tibetan Plateau.Earthquake(in Chinese),33(4):11-18.
Zhao J M,Liu G D,Lu Z X,et al.2001.The crust-mantletransition zone beneath the Tianshanorogenic belt and theJunggarBasin and their geodynamic implications.Science inChina(Series D)(in Chinese),31(4):272-282.
Zhao L S,Xie J k.1993.Lateral variations in compressionalvelocities beneath the Tibetan Plateau from Pn traveltimetomography.Geophys.J.Int.,115(3):1070-1084.
Zeng H L.2006.Gravity Field and Gravity Exploration(inChinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.
Zheng H W.2006.3-D velocity structure of the crust and uppermantle in Tibet and its geodynamic effect(in Chinese)[Ph.D.thesis].Beijing:China Academy of Geological Sciences.
陈俊湘,陈景亮.2003.若羌—阿勒泰区域剖面的速度特征和地壳结构.新疆石油地质,24(6):498-501.
崔作舟,李秋生,吴朝东等.1995.格尔木—额济纳旗地学断面的地壳结构与深部构造.地球物理学报,38(S2):15-28.
丁道桂,王桂轩,刘伟新等.1996.西昆仑造山带与盆地.北京:地质出版社.
冯锐.1985.中国地壳厚度及上地幔密度分布(三维重力反演结果).地震学报,7(2):143-157.
郝天珧,胡卫剑,邢健等.2014.中国海陆1∶500万莫霍面深度图及其所反映的地质内涵.地球物理学报,57(12):3869-3883,doi:10.6038/cjg20141202.
姜春发.1997.塔里木地台开合构造简述.新疆地质,15(3):193-202.
李秋生,高锐,卢徳源等.2002.塔里木地壳俯冲在西昆仑山之下———宽角地震测量的证据.地球学报,23(5):442.
李涛.2012.帕米尔前缘逆冲推覆系活动断层和活动褶皱作用[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.
刘光鼎.2007.中国大陆构造格架的动力学演化.地学前缘,14(3):39-46.
罗文行,李德威,汪校锋.2008.青藏高原板内地震震源深度分布规律及其成因.地球科学(中国地质大学学报),33(5):618-626.
邵学钟,张家茹.1994.塔里木盆地深部构造的地震转换波探测结果.地球物理学报,37(6):836.
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宋仲和,安昌强,陈国英等.1991.中国西部三维速度结构及其各向异性.地球物理学报,34(6):694-707.
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赵俊猛,刘国栋,卢造勋等.2001.天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳幔过渡带及其动力学含义.中国科学(D辑),31(4):272-282.
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Chen Z,Bruchfiel B C,Liu Y,et al.2000.Global positioningsystem measurements from eastern Tibet and their implicationsfor India/Eurasia intercontinental deformation.J.Geophys.,Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),105(B7):16215-16227.
Cui Z Z,Li Q S,Wu C D,et al.1995.The crustal and deepstructures in GOLMUD-EJIN QI GGT.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),38(S2):15-28.
Ding D G,Wang G X,Liu W X,et al.1996.West KunlunorogenicBelt and Basin(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse.
Feng R.1985.The crustal thickness and distribution of uppermantle density of China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),31(7):529-536.
Hao T Y,Hu W J,Xing J,et al.2014.The Moho depth map(1∶5000000)in the land and seas of China and adjacent areas andits geological implications.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),57(12):3869-3883,doi:10.6038/cjg20141202.
Hauck M L,Nelson K D,Brown L D,et al.1998.Crustalstructure of the Himalayan orogen at~90°east longitude fromProject INDEPTH deep reflection profiles.Tectonics,17(4):481-500.
Jiang C F.1997.Opening-closing tectonics of Tarim Platform.Xinjiang Geology(in Chinese),15(3):193-202.
Li Q S,Gao R,Lu D Y,et al.2002.Tarim crustal subduction inthe West Kunlun Mountains—the evidence of wide-angleseismic survey.Acta Geoscientica Sinica(in Chinese),23(5):442.
Li T.2012.Active thrusting and folding along the Pamir FrontalThrust System(in Chinese)[Ph.D.thesis].Beijing:Instituteof Geology,China Earthquake Administration.
Liu G D.2007.Geodynamical evolution and tectonic framework ofChina.Earth Science Frontiers(in Chinese),14(3):39-46.
Luo W X,Li D W,Wang X F.Focal depth and mechanism ofintraplate earthquakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.EarthScience(Journal of China University of Geosciences)(inChinese),33(5):618-626.
Oldenburg D W.1974.The inversion and interpretation of gravityanomalies.Geophysics,39(4):526-536.
Parker R L.1973.The rapid calculation of potential anomalies.Geophys.J.Int.,31(4):447-455.
Priestley K,Jackson J,McKenzie D.2008.Lithospheric structureand deep earthquakes beneath India,the Himalaya andsouthern Tibet.Geophys.J.Int.,172(1):345-362.
Sandwell D T,Smith W H F.2009.Global marine gravity fromretrackedGeosat and ERS-1 altimetry:Ridge segmentationversus spreading rate.J.Geophys.Res.:Solid Earth(1978—2012),114(B1):B01411,doi:10.1029/2008JB006008.
Shao X Z,Zhang J R.1994.Preliminary results of study of deepstructures in Tarim Basin by the method of converted waves ofearthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),37(6):836.
Shao X Z,Zhang J R,Fan H J,et al.1996.The crust structures ofTianshanorogenic belt:A deep sounding work by convertedwaves of earthquakes alongürümqi-Korla profile.Acta GeophysicaSinica(in Chinese),39(3):336-346.
Song Z H,An C Q,Chen G Y,et al.1991.Study on 3Dvelocitystructure and anisotropy beneath the west China from the Lovewave dispersion.Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),34(6):694-707.
Teng J W,Yuan X M,Zhang Y Q,et al.2012.The stratificationalvelocity structure of crust and covering strata of upper mantleand the orbit of deep interaquifer substance locus of movementfor Tibetan Plateau.Acta Petrologica Sinica(in Chinese),28(12):4077-4100
Tian Y,Zhao D P,Sun R M,et al.2007.The 1992 Landersearthquake:Effect of crustal heterogeneity on earthquakegeneration.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),50(5):1488-1496.
Wan T F.2004.Tectonics of China(in Chinese).Beijing:GeologicalPublishing House.
Wang Q,Zhang P Z,Niu Z J,et al.2001.Chinese contemporarycrustal movement and tectonic deformation.Science in China(in Chinese),31(7):529-536.
Wang Y X,Han G H,Jiang M,et al.2004.Crustal structure alongthe geosciences transect from Altay to AltunTagh.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),47(2):240-249.
Wang Y X,Mooney W D,Han G H,et al.2005.Crustal P-wavevelocity structure from AltynTagh to Longmen mountainsalong the Taiwan-Altay geoscience transect.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),48(1):98-106.
Xiong X S.2010.Moho depth and variation of the continent inChina and its geodynamic implications(in Chinese)[Ph.D.thesis].Beijing:China Academy of Geological Sciences.
Xu G M,Yao H J,Zhu L B,et al.2007.Shear wave velocitystructure of the crust and upper mantle in western China andits adjacent area.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),50(1):193-208.
Xu Y,Feng X Y,Shstsilov V I.1996.Deep velocity structure in theTianshan region.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),18(4):375-381.
Xu Y,Liu F T,Liu J H,et al.2000a.Crustal structure andtectonic environment of strong earthquakes in the TianshanEarthquake Belt.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),43(2):184-193.
Xu Y,Liu F T,Liu J H,et al.2000b.Seismic tomography onnorthwest orogenic belt and adjacent basins of Chinese Mianland.Science in China(Series D)(in Chinese),30(2):113-122.
Xu Y,Liu J H,Liu F T,et al.2006.Crustal velocity structure andseismic activity in the Tianshan-Pamir conjunctive zone.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),49(2):469-476.
Yin A.2001.Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen—Phanerozoic growth of Aisacontinetal.Acta Geoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),22(3):193-230.
Zhang J R,Shao X Z,Fan H J.1998.Deep sounding survey byconverted waves of earthquakes in central part of the TarimBasin and its interpretation.Seismology and Geology(inChinese),20(1):34-42.
Zhang J,Chen S.2013.Gravity field analysis for crust and mantlestructure of the Tibetan Plateau.Earthquake(in Chinese),33(4):11-18.
Zhao J M,Liu G D,Lu Z X,et al.2001.The crust-mantletransition zone beneath the Tianshanorogenic belt and theJunggarBasin and their geodynamic implications.Science inChina(Series D)(in Chinese),31(4):272-282.
Zhao L S,Xie J k.1993.Lateral variations in compressionalvelocities beneath the Tibetan Plateau from Pn traveltimetomography.Geophys.J.Int.,115(3):1070-1084.
Zeng H L.2006.Gravity Field and Gravity Exploration(inChinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.
Zheng H W.2006.3-D velocity structure of the crust and uppermantle in Tibet and its geodynamic effect(in Chinese)[Ph.D.thesis].Beijing:China Academy of Geological Sciences.
陈俊湘,陈景亮.2003.若羌—阿勒泰区域剖面的速度特征和地壳结构.新疆石油地质,24(6):498-501.
崔作舟,李秋生,吴朝东等.1995.格尔木—额济纳旗地学断面的地壳结构与深部构造.地球物理学报,38(S2):15-28.
丁道桂,王桂轩,刘伟新等.1996.西昆仑造山带与盆地.北京:地质出版社.
冯锐.1985.中国地壳厚度及上地幔密度分布(三维重力反演结果).地震学报,7(2):143-157.
郝天珧,胡卫剑,邢健等.2014.中国海陆1∶500万莫霍面深度图及其所反映的地质内涵.地球物理学报,57(12):3869-3883,doi:10.6038/cjg20141202.
姜春发.1997.塔里木地台开合构造简述.新疆地质,15(3):193-202.
李秋生,高锐,卢徳源等.2002.塔里木地壳俯冲在西昆仑山之下———宽角地震测量的证据.地球学报,23(5):442.
李涛.2012.帕米尔前缘逆冲推覆系活动断层和活动褶皱作用[博士论文].北京:中国地震局地质研究所.
刘光鼎.2007.中国大陆构造格架的动力学演化.地学前缘,14(3):39-46.
罗文行,李德威,汪校锋.2008.青藏高原板内地震震源深度分布规律及其成因.地球科学(中国地质大学学报),33(5):618-626.
邵学钟,张家茹.1994.塔里木盆地深部构造的地震转换波探测结果.地球物理学报,37(6):836.
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