扰动强度递增斜坡动力学演变规律的振动台试验
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摘要
"5.12"汶川大地震和"4.20"芦山地震均触发了大量的崩塌、滑坡。实震资料显示,不同地震烈度区地震触发崩塌滑坡规模的整体分布规律会发生变化。这一统计层面的认知亟待得到物理试验的验证。在自组织临界状态理论的概念框架下,开展了振动台砂堆模型试验。试验表明:输入地震波峰值加速度(PGA)为0.075g~0.125g时,落砂量与发生频率的关系可用幂律描述;PGA增加到0.15g~0.25g时,该关系服从对数正态分布;PGA增加到0.35g~0.45g时,该关系具有正态分布特征。元胞自动机模拟试验结果表明,随扰动强度增加,砂堆模型的动力学特性也经历了幂律—幂律弱化—正态分布的演变过程。按照物理学中的普适性原理,汶川、芦山地震Ⅸ度区崩塌滑坡规模与出现频率之间所呈现负幂律分布的现象,以及汶川地震Ⅺ度区所呈现的对数正态分布,可能是具有普适性意义的规律。这些认识可望为不同烈度区地震触发崩塌滑坡灾势预测提供科学依据。
A large number of landslides were triggered by the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake and the 4.20 Lushan earthquake. The statistical results of field surveys indicate that the overall distribution pattern of the scale of earthquake-induced rockmass collapse and landslide changes with the earthquake intensity. This statistics-based result needs to be confirmed by performing laboratory physical experiments. Based on the framework of self-organized criticality(SOC) theory, shaking table tests of sandpile model under seismic excitations was conducted. The results show that for peak ground acceleration(PGA) in the range of 0.075g-0.125 g, the relation between the amount and cumulative frequency of sand follows a negative power law; for PGA between 0.15 g and 0.25 g, the relation obeys a lognormal distribution; for PGA between 0.35 g and 0.45 g, the relation turns to obey a normal distribution. Data from the cellular automata numerical simulation demonstrate that, as the earthquake intensity increases, the dynamic behaviors of sandpile model exhibit a strong power-law first, then a weak power-law, and finally a normal distribution. It is suggested here that the above-revealed distribution laws may also apply to other areas. The new recognition will provide a scientific basis for the prediction of landslides triggered by earthquake.
A large number of landslides were triggered by the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake and the 4.20 Lushan earthquake. The statistical results of field surveys indicate that the overall distribution pattern of the scale of earthquake-induced rockmass collapse and landslide changes with the earthquake intensity. This statistics-based result needs to be confirmed by performing laboratory physical experiments. Based on the framework of self-organized criticality(SOC) theory, shaking table tests of sandpile model under seismic excitations was conducted. The results show that for peak ground acceleration(PGA) in the range of 0.075g-0.125 g, the relation between the amount and cumulative frequency of sand follows a negative power law; for PGA between 0.15 g and 0.25 g, the relation obeys a lognormal distribution; for PGA between 0.35 g and 0.45 g, the relation turns to obey a normal distribution. Data from the cellular automata numerical simulation demonstrate that, as the earthquake intensity increases, the dynamic behaviors of sandpile model exhibit a strong power-law first, then a weak power-law, and finally a normal distribution. It is suggested here that the above-revealed distribution laws may also apply to other areas. The new recognition will provide a scientific basis for the prediction of landslides triggered by earthquake.
引文
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[12]KATZ O,AHARONOV E.Landslides in vibrating sand box:What controls types of slope failure and frequency magnitude relations?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,247(3):280-294.
[13]杨庆华,姚令侃,齐颖,等.散粒体离心模型自组织临界性及地震效应分析[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(11):1630-1635.YANG Qing-hua,YAO Ling-kan,QI Ying,et al.Analysis of self-organized criticality of centrifugal model tests on granular mixtures and earthquake effect[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(11):1630-1635.
[14]CHOPARD Bastien,DROZ Michel.物理系统的元胞自动机模拟[M].祝玉学,赵学龙,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003:10-13.
[15]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19-28.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(11):19-28.
[16]刘汉香,许强,候红娟.岩性及岩体结构对斜坡地震加速度响应的影响[J].岩土力学,2013,34(9):2482-2488.LIU Han-xiang,XU Qiang,HOU Hong-juan.Influence of lithology and rock structure on slope seismic acceleration responses[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(9):2482-2488.
[17]姚令侃,方铎.非均匀砂自组织临界性及其应用研究[J].水利学报,1997,(3):23-32.YAO Ling-kan,FANG Duo.Study on the self-organized criticality of non-uniform sands and its application[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1997,(3):23-32.
[18]YAO L K,FANG D.On the self-organized criticality of non-uniform sands[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,1998,13(3):19-24.
[19]姚令侃,李仕雄,蒋良潍.自组织临界性及其在散粒体研究中的应用[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2003,35(1):8-14.YAO Ling-kan,LI Shi-xiong,JIANG Liang-wei.Self-organized criticality and its application in granular mixtures[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2003,35(1):8-14.
[2]BAK P,CHEN K,CREUTZ M.Self-organized criticality in the'Game of Life'[J].Nature,1989,342:780-782.
[3]BAK P,TANG C,WIESENFELD K.Self-organized criticality:an explanation of 1/f noise[J].PhysicalReview Letters,1987,59(4):381-384.
[4]HELD G A,SOLINA D H,KEANE D T,et al.Experimental study of critical-mass fluctuations in an evolving sandpile[J].Physical Review Letters,1990,65(9):1120-1123.
[5]FRETTE V,CHRISTENSEN K,MALTHE SΦRENSSEN A,et al.Avalanche dynamics in a pile of rice[J].Nature,1996,379(27):49-52.
[6]BRETZ M,CUNNINGHAM J B,KURCZYNSKI P L,et al.Imaging of avalanches in granular materials[J].Physical Review Letters,1992,69(16):2431-2434.
[7]OLAMI Z,FEDER H J S,CHRISTENSEN K.Self-organized criticality in a continuous,nonconservative cellular automaton modeling earthquakes[J].Physical Review Letters,1992,68(8):1244-1247.
[8]CHRISTENSEN K,OLAMI Z.Scaling,phase transitions,and nonuniversality in a self-organized critical cellularautomaton model[J].Physical Review A,1992,46(4):1829-1838.
[9]於崇文.固体地球系统的复杂性与自组织临界性[J].地学前缘,1998,5(3):159-182.YU Chong-wen.Complexity and self-organized criticality of solid earth system[J].Earth Science Frontiers,1998,5(3):159-182.
[10]姚令侃,黄渊,陆阳.自组织临界性及其在斜坡重力作用灾害研究中的应用[J].中国科学(E辑):2003,(33):17-27.YAO Ling-kan,HUANG Yuan,LU Yang.Self-organized criticality and its application in the slope disasters under gravity[J].Science in China(Series E),2003,(33):17-27.
[11]SOMFAI E,CZIROK A,VICSEK T.Power-law distribution of landslides in an experiment on the erosion of a granular pile[J].Journal of Physics A:Mathematical and General,1994,27(20):757-763.
[12]KATZ O,AHARONOV E.Landslides in vibrating sand box:What controls types of slope failure and frequency magnitude relations?[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,247(3):280-294.
[13]杨庆华,姚令侃,齐颖,等.散粒体离心模型自组织临界性及地震效应分析[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(11):1630-1635.YANG Qing-hua,YAO Ling-kan,QI Ying,et al.Analysis of self-organized criticality of centrifugal model tests on granular mixtures and earthquake effect[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(11):1630-1635.
[14]CHOPARD Bastien,DROZ Michel.物理系统的元胞自动机模拟[M].祝玉学,赵学龙,译.北京:清华大学出版社,2003:10-13.
[15]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):19-28.HUANG Run-qiu,LI Wei-le.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard triggered by Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(11):19-28.
[16]刘汉香,许强,候红娟.岩性及岩体结构对斜坡地震加速度响应的影响[J].岩土力学,2013,34(9):2482-2488.LIU Han-xiang,XU Qiang,HOU Hong-juan.Influence of lithology and rock structure on slope seismic acceleration responses[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2013,34(9):2482-2488.
[17]姚令侃,方铎.非均匀砂自组织临界性及其应用研究[J].水利学报,1997,(3):23-32.YAO Ling-kan,FANG Duo.Study on the self-organized criticality of non-uniform sands and its application[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1997,(3):23-32.
[18]YAO L K,FANG D.On the self-organized criticality of non-uniform sands[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,1998,13(3):19-24.
[19]姚令侃,李仕雄,蒋良潍.自组织临界性及其在散粒体研究中的应用[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2003,35(1):8-14.YAO Ling-kan,LI Shi-xiong,JIANG Liang-wei.Self-organized criticality and its application in granular mixtures[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2003,35(1):8-14.
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