单站GPS测速在实时地震监测中的应用
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摘要
本文提出一种利用单站GPS载波相位或多普勒观测数据,基于单站GPS测速法实时确定地震监测台站运动状态(速度)的新方法.针对2010年4月4日发生于墨西哥Baja California(32.259°N,115.287°W)北部的Mw7.2级EI-Mayor-Cucapah地震事件,选取震中邻近区域(200km内)若干采样率为5Hz的高频GPS观测站数据进行实验.结果表明:基于新方法所得测站速度结果能够很好地反映出地震期间监测台站的瞬时运动状态,测站P496和P744计算的速度结果与其并置强震仪观测结果具有很好的一致性.
We proposed a new method to record the instantaneous movement of crust during earthquake with a stand-alone Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver for real-time seismic monitoring. In the method, the velocity of GPS station is precisely estimated based on the Doppler shift method by only using standard GPS broadcast products and high-rate carrier phase measurements, which are available in real time. We analyzed the 5 Hz GPS data collected by UNAVCO-Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) network from five stations in near-field areas within 50~100 km from the epicenter during the Mw7.2 EI-Mayor-Cucapah earthquake occurred on 4 April 2010 in Baja California (32.259°N,115.287°W), and compared the results with strong-motion seismograph records. The GPS results find a good agreement with the integrated strong motion seismograph record, and the earthquake waveforms can be fully recovered. Exciting performance demonstrates the potential application of this method.
We proposed a new method to record the instantaneous movement of crust during earthquake with a stand-alone Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver for real-time seismic monitoring. In the method, the velocity of GPS station is precisely estimated based on the Doppler shift method by only using standard GPS broadcast products and high-rate carrier phase measurements, which are available in real time. We analyzed the 5 Hz GPS data collected by UNAVCO-Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) network from five stations in near-field areas within 50~100 km from the epicenter during the Mw7.2 EI-Mayor-Cucapah earthquake occurred on 4 April 2010 in Baja California (32.259°N,115.287°W), and compared the results with strong-motion seismograph records. The GPS results find a good agreement with the integrated strong motion seismograph record, and the earthquake waveforms can be fully recovered. Exciting performance demonstrates the potential application of this method.
引文
[1]Larson K M.GPS seismology.Journal of Geodesy,2009,83(3):227-233.
[2]Bilich A,Cassidy J F,Larson K M.GPS Seismology:Application to the 2002 Mw7.9 Denali fault earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98(2):593-606.
[3]Blewitt G,Heflin M B,Hurst K J,et al.Absolute far-fielddisplacements from the 28June 1992 Landers earthquakesequence.Nature,1993,361(6410):340-342.
[4]Bock Y,Agnew D C,Fang P,et al.Detection of crustaldeformation from the Landers earthquake sequence usingcontinuous geodetic measurements.Nature,1993,361(6410):337-340.
[5]孟国杰,任金卫,金红林等.GPS高频数据处理方法及其在地震学中的应用研究进展.国际地震动态,2007,(7):26-31.Meng G J,Ren J W,Jin H L,et al.Data processingmethods of high rate GPS and its application to seismology.Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),2007,(7):26-31.
[6]Genrich J F,Bock Y.Instantaneous geodetic positioning with10～50 Hz GPS measurements:Noise characteristics andimplications for monitoring networks.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111(B3):B3403.
[7]Hirahara K,Nakano T,Hoso Y,et al.An Experiment forGPS Strain Seismometer.Tokyo:Japanese Symposium onGPS,1994:67-75.
[8]Ge L L,Han S W,Rizos C,et al.GPS seismometers withup to 20Hz sampling rate.Earth Planets and Space,2000,52(10):881-884.
[9]Nikolaidis R M,Bock Y,de Jonge P J,et al.Seismic waveobservations with the Global Positioning System.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(B10):21897-21916.
[10]Larson K M,Bodin P,Gomberg J.Using 1-Hz GPS data tomeasure deformations caused by the Denali fault earthquake.Science,2003,300(5624):1421-1424.
[11]Bock Y,Prawirodirdjo L,Melbourne T I.Detection ofarbitrarily large dynamic ground motions with a dense high-rate GPS network.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31(6):L06604.
[12]张小红,郭斐,郭博峰等.利用高频GPS进行地表同震位移监测及震相识别.地球物理学报,2012,55(6):1912-1918.Zhang X H,Guo F,Guo B F,et al.Coseismic displacementmonitoring and wave picking with high-frequency GPS.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(6):1912-1918.
[13]Blewitt G,Kreemer C,Hammond W C,et al.Rapiddetermination of earthquake magnitude using GPS fortsunami warning systems.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,33(11):L11309.
[14]Wright T J,HouliéE N,Hildyard M,et al.Real-time,reliable magnitudes for large earthquakes from 1 Hz GPSPrecise Point Positioning:the 2011 Tohoku-Oki(Japan)earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2012,39(12):L12302.
[15]Singh S K,P E Rérez-Campos X,Iglesias A,et al.Amethod for rapid estimation of moment magnitude for earlytsunami warning based on coastal GPS networks.SeismologicalResearch Letters,2012,83(3):516-530.
[16]Ohta Y,Kobayashi T,Tsushima H,et al.Quasi real-timefault model estimation for near-field tsunami forecasting basedon RTK-GPS analysis:Application to the 2011Tohoku-Okiearthquake(Mw9.0).J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117(B2):B2311.
[17]Crowell B W,Bock Y,Melgar D.Real-time inversion of GPSdata for finite fault modeling and rapid hazard assessment.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2012,39(9):L9305.
[18]Crowell B W,Bock Y,Squibb M B.Demonstration ofearthquake early warning using total displacement waveformsfrom real-time GPS networks.Seismological Research Letters,2009,80(5):772-782.
[19]Allen R M,Ziv A.Application of real-time GPS to earthquakeearly warning.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38(16):L16310.
[20]Blewitt G,Hammond W C,Kreemer C,et al.GPS for real-time earthquake source determination and tsunami warningsystems.Journal of Geodesy,2009,83(3-4):335-343.
[21]Falck C,Ramatschi M,Subarya C,et al.Near real-timeGPS applications for tsunami early warning systems.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2010,10(2):181-189.
[22]张小红,李星星,郭斐等.基于服务系统的实时精密单点定位技术及应用研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(6):1308-1314.Zhang X H,Li X X,Guo F,et al.Server-based real timeprecise point positioning and its application.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(6):1308-1314.
[23]张小红,李星星.非差模糊度整数固定解PPP新方法及实验.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2010,35(6):657-660.Zhang X H,Li X X.A new method for zero-differencedinterger ambiguity resolution and its application to PPP.Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University(inChinese),2010,35(6):657-660.
[24]Colosimo G,Crespi M,Mazzoni A.Real-time GPS seismologywith a stand-alone receiver:A preliminary feasibilitydemonstration.J.Geophys.Res.,2011,116(B11):B11302.
[25]Zhang J.Precise velocity and acceleration determination usinga standalone GPS receiver in real time[Ph.D.thesis].Melbourne:RMIT University School of Mathematical andGeospatial Sciences,2007.
[26]Tenuissen P J G,Kleusberg A.GPS for Geodesy:Proceedings.New York:Springer,1998.
[27]王甫红,张小红,黄劲松.GPS单点测速的误差分析及精度评价.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007,32(6):515-519.Wang F H,Zhang X H,Huang J S.Error analysis andaccuracy assessment of GPS absolute velocity determinationwith SA off.Geomatics and Information Science of WuhanUniversity(in Chinese),2007,32(6):515-519.
[28]Zhang J,Zhang K F,Grenfell R,et al.GPS satellite velocityand acceleration determination using the broadcast ephemeris.Journal of Navigation,2006,59(2):293-306.
[29]Hebert C J,Keith J,Ryan S,et al.DGPS kinematic carrierphase signal simulation analysis for precise aircraft velocitydetermination.Proceedings of the Annual Meeting-Instituteof Navigation,Albuquerque,1997.
[30]Blewitt G.An automatic editing algorithm for GPS data.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1990,17(3):199-202.
[31]Seeber G,Menge F,Vlksen C,et al.Precise GPSpositioning improvements by reducing antenna and sitedependent effects.Brunner F K ed.Advances in Positioningand Reference Frames:IAG Symposium,Vol.118.Heidelberg,New York:Springer,1998:237-244.
[32]Choi K,Bilich A,Larson K M,et al.Modified siderealfiltering:Implications for high-rate GPS positioning.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31(22):L22608.
[33]Larson K M,Bilich A,Axelrad P.Improving the precision ofhigh-rate GPS.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112(B5):B5422.
[34]方荣新.高采样率GPS数据非差精密处理方法及其在地震学中的应用研究[博士论文].武汉:武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室,2010.Fang R X.High-rate GPS data non-difference preciseprocessing and its application on seismology[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Wuhan:State Key Laboratory for InformationEngineering in Surveying,Mapping and Remote Sensing,Wuhan University,2010.
[2]Bilich A,Cassidy J F,Larson K M.GPS Seismology:Application to the 2002 Mw7.9 Denali fault earthquake.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98(2):593-606.
[3]Blewitt G,Heflin M B,Hurst K J,et al.Absolute far-fielddisplacements from the 28June 1992 Landers earthquakesequence.Nature,1993,361(6410):340-342.
[4]Bock Y,Agnew D C,Fang P,et al.Detection of crustaldeformation from the Landers earthquake sequence usingcontinuous geodetic measurements.Nature,1993,361(6410):337-340.
[5]孟国杰,任金卫,金红林等.GPS高频数据处理方法及其在地震学中的应用研究进展.国际地震动态,2007,(7):26-31.Meng G J,Ren J W,Jin H L,et al.Data processingmethods of high rate GPS and its application to seismology.Recent Developments in World Seismology(in Chinese),2007,(7):26-31.
[6]Genrich J F,Bock Y.Instantaneous geodetic positioning with10～50 Hz GPS measurements:Noise characteristics andimplications for monitoring networks.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111(B3):B3403.
[7]Hirahara K,Nakano T,Hoso Y,et al.An Experiment forGPS Strain Seismometer.Tokyo:Japanese Symposium onGPS,1994:67-75.
[8]Ge L L,Han S W,Rizos C,et al.GPS seismometers withup to 20Hz sampling rate.Earth Planets and Space,2000,52(10):881-884.
[9]Nikolaidis R M,Bock Y,de Jonge P J,et al.Seismic waveobservations with the Global Positioning System.J.Geophys.Res.,2001,106(B10):21897-21916.
[10]Larson K M,Bodin P,Gomberg J.Using 1-Hz GPS data tomeasure deformations caused by the Denali fault earthquake.Science,2003,300(5624):1421-1424.
[11]Bock Y,Prawirodirdjo L,Melbourne T I.Detection ofarbitrarily large dynamic ground motions with a dense high-rate GPS network.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31(6):L06604.
[12]张小红,郭斐,郭博峰等.利用高频GPS进行地表同震位移监测及震相识别.地球物理学报,2012,55(6):1912-1918.Zhang X H,Guo F,Guo B F,et al.Coseismic displacementmonitoring and wave picking with high-frequency GPS.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2012,55(6):1912-1918.
[13]Blewitt G,Kreemer C,Hammond W C,et al.Rapiddetermination of earthquake magnitude using GPS fortsunami warning systems.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2006,33(11):L11309.
[14]Wright T J,HouliéE N,Hildyard M,et al.Real-time,reliable magnitudes for large earthquakes from 1 Hz GPSPrecise Point Positioning:the 2011 Tohoku-Oki(Japan)earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2012,39(12):L12302.
[15]Singh S K,P E Rérez-Campos X,Iglesias A,et al.Amethod for rapid estimation of moment magnitude for earlytsunami warning based on coastal GPS networks.SeismologicalResearch Letters,2012,83(3):516-530.
[16]Ohta Y,Kobayashi T,Tsushima H,et al.Quasi real-timefault model estimation for near-field tsunami forecasting basedon RTK-GPS analysis:Application to the 2011Tohoku-Okiearthquake(Mw9.0).J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117(B2):B2311.
[17]Crowell B W,Bock Y,Melgar D.Real-time inversion of GPSdata for finite fault modeling and rapid hazard assessment.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2012,39(9):L9305.
[18]Crowell B W,Bock Y,Squibb M B.Demonstration ofearthquake early warning using total displacement waveformsfrom real-time GPS networks.Seismological Research Letters,2009,80(5):772-782.
[19]Allen R M,Ziv A.Application of real-time GPS to earthquakeearly warning.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2011,38(16):L16310.
[20]Blewitt G,Hammond W C,Kreemer C,et al.GPS for real-time earthquake source determination and tsunami warningsystems.Journal of Geodesy,2009,83(3-4):335-343.
[21]Falck C,Ramatschi M,Subarya C,et al.Near real-timeGPS applications for tsunami early warning systems.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2010,10(2):181-189.
[22]张小红,李星星,郭斐等.基于服务系统的实时精密单点定位技术及应用研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(6):1308-1314.Zhang X H,Li X X,Guo F,et al.Server-based real timeprecise point positioning and its application.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(6):1308-1314.
[23]张小红,李星星.非差模糊度整数固定解PPP新方法及实验.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2010,35(6):657-660.Zhang X H,Li X X.A new method for zero-differencedinterger ambiguity resolution and its application to PPP.Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University(inChinese),2010,35(6):657-660.
[24]Colosimo G,Crespi M,Mazzoni A.Real-time GPS seismologywith a stand-alone receiver:A preliminary feasibilitydemonstration.J.Geophys.Res.,2011,116(B11):B11302.
[25]Zhang J.Precise velocity and acceleration determination usinga standalone GPS receiver in real time[Ph.D.thesis].Melbourne:RMIT University School of Mathematical andGeospatial Sciences,2007.
[26]Tenuissen P J G,Kleusberg A.GPS for Geodesy:Proceedings.New York:Springer,1998.
[27]王甫红,张小红,黄劲松.GPS单点测速的误差分析及精度评价.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007,32(6):515-519.Wang F H,Zhang X H,Huang J S.Error analysis andaccuracy assessment of GPS absolute velocity determinationwith SA off.Geomatics and Information Science of WuhanUniversity(in Chinese),2007,32(6):515-519.
[28]Zhang J,Zhang K F,Grenfell R,et al.GPS satellite velocityand acceleration determination using the broadcast ephemeris.Journal of Navigation,2006,59(2):293-306.
[29]Hebert C J,Keith J,Ryan S,et al.DGPS kinematic carrierphase signal simulation analysis for precise aircraft velocitydetermination.Proceedings of the Annual Meeting-Instituteof Navigation,Albuquerque,1997.
[30]Blewitt G.An automatic editing algorithm for GPS data.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1990,17(3):199-202.
[31]Seeber G,Menge F,Vlksen C,et al.Precise GPSpositioning improvements by reducing antenna and sitedependent effects.Brunner F K ed.Advances in Positioningand Reference Frames:IAG Symposium,Vol.118.Heidelberg,New York:Springer,1998:237-244.
[32]Choi K,Bilich A,Larson K M,et al.Modified siderealfiltering:Implications for high-rate GPS positioning.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2004,31(22):L22608.
[33]Larson K M,Bilich A,Axelrad P.Improving the precision ofhigh-rate GPS.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112(B5):B5422.
[34]方荣新.高采样率GPS数据非差精密处理方法及其在地震学中的应用研究[博士论文].武汉:武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室,2010.Fang R X.High-rate GPS data non-difference preciseprocessing and its application on seismology[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Wuhan:State Key Laboratory for InformationEngineering in Surveying,Mapping and Remote Sensing,Wuhan University,2010.
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