智利地震前DEMETER卫星对空间高能粒子的观测
摘要
在地震的孕育或发生期间,地球内部岩石圈的活动可能会发出电磁辐射,引起空间电磁扰动,并通过波粒相互作用引起高能电子的投掷角散射,导致高能电子的沉降.本文基于法国DEMETER卫星的观测数据,研究了智利周围区域在智利地震期间空间高能电子的通量、能谱的分布及演化,发现在智利地震发生前第11天和12天,在以震中为中心,经度跨度10°,在DEMETER卫星轨道高度上L跨度0.1的区域内,有超出背景4到6倍的高能带电粒子暴的出现,期间在其北半球磁镜像区域也观测到了显著的电子通量涨高.粒子暴对应的能谱与2010年前三个月的平均能谱存在较大差异.同时观测到在出现粒子暴的两条轨道上VLF(Very Low Frequency,甚低频)电场频谱分别在300Hz以下以及13～20kHz的频段存在显著增强,此扰动在时间和地理位置上与高能粒子暴是一致的.基于回旋共振耦合作用的准线性扩散理论,本文对所观测事例的电子能量与电磁场扰动频率做了分析计算.观测数据和理论计算有较好的一致性,表明该粒子暴源自ICE(Instrument Champ Electrique,电磁探测器)观测到的空间电磁扰动,这是典型的空间波粒耦合事例.进一步分析排除了可能引起粒子暴和VLF电场扰动的环境因素,本文认为本次粒子暴和电场扰动的观测可能与智利地震的震前地壳活动存在一定关联.
The lithosphere activity during seismogenic process or occurrence of one earthquake may emit electromagnetic waves which propagate to ionosphere and radiation belt,then induce disturbance of electric and magnetic field and the precipitation of high energy charged particles induced by pitch angle scattering from interaction of wave and particle.This paper,based on the data detected by DEMETER satellite,presents the high energy charged particle burst(PB) with 4 to 6 times enhancement over the average value observed about ten days before Chile earthquake in the center of epicenter within longitude 10 degrees and Mc Ilwain L 0.1.The obvious particle burst was also observed in the northern hemisphere mirror points conjugate of epicenter.The energy spectra of the PBs are different from average value within the first three months in 2010.At the same time,the disturbance of the VLF electric spectrum under 300 Hz and in 13~20 kHz frequency band in ionosphere over the epicenter detected by the DEMETER satellite are also observed in the same two orbits.Finally we calculated the coupling relation between the energy of PBs and frequency range of VLF electric spectrum disturbance by wave and particle cyclotron resonant interaction,then obtained the consistent result of observation and theoretical calculation.It is indicated that the PBs are indeed caused by VLF electromagnetic wave in ionosphere possibly transmitted from earth′s surface or lithosphere,which is a typical wave and particle coupling event.Eliminating the possible origin of PBs including magnetic burst and solar activities,we think the PBs and VLF electric spectrum disturbance are likely to have a certain link with Chile earthquake.
The lithosphere activity during seismogenic process or occurrence of one earthquake may emit electromagnetic waves which propagate to ionosphere and radiation belt,then induce disturbance of electric and magnetic field and the precipitation of high energy charged particles induced by pitch angle scattering from interaction of wave and particle.This paper,based on the data detected by DEMETER satellite,presents the high energy charged particle burst(PB) with 4 to 6 times enhancement over the average value observed about ten days before Chile earthquake in the center of epicenter within longitude 10 degrees and Mc Ilwain L 0.1.The obvious particle burst was also observed in the northern hemisphere mirror points conjugate of epicenter.The energy spectra of the PBs are different from average value within the first three months in 2010.At the same time,the disturbance of the VLF electric spectrum under 300 Hz and in 13~20 kHz frequency band in ionosphere over the epicenter detected by the DEMETER satellite are also observed in the same two orbits.Finally we calculated the coupling relation between the energy of PBs and frequency range of VLF electric spectrum disturbance by wave and particle cyclotron resonant interaction,then obtained the consistent result of observation and theoretical calculation.It is indicated that the PBs are indeed caused by VLF electromagnetic wave in ionosphere possibly transmitted from earth′s surface or lithosphere,which is a typical wave and particle coupling event.Eliminating the possible origin of PBs including magnetic burst and solar activities,we think the PBs and VLF electric spectrum disturbance are likely to have a certain link with Chile earthquake.
引文
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[12]Akhoondzadeh M,Parrot M,Saradjian M R.Electron andion density variations before strong earthquakes(M>6.0)using DEMETER and GPS data.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2010,10(1):7-18.
[13]Gokhberg M B,Pilipernko V A,Pokhotelov O A.Onseismic precursors in the ionosphere.Izvestiya USSRAcademy of Sciences.Phys.Earth Ser.,1983,10:17-21.
[14]Sarkar S,Gwal A K.Satellite monitoring of anomalouseffects in the ionosphere related to the great Wenchuanearthquake of May 12,2008.Natural Hazards,2010,55(2):321-332,doi:10.1007/s11069-010-9530-9.
[15]Voronov S A,Galper A M,Koldashov S V,et al.Registration of sporadic increase of high energy particle fluxnear Brazilian anomaly region.Proc.of 20th ICRC,1987,4:451-452.
[16]Voronov S A,Galper A M,Koldashov S V,et al.Observation of high energy charged particle flux increases inSAA region in 10September 1985.Cosmic Res.,1989,27(4):629-631.
[17]Aleksandrim S Y,Galper A M,Grishantzeva L A,et al.High-energy charged particle bursts in the near-Earth spaceas earthquake precursors.Ann.Geophys.,2003,21(2):597-602.
[18]李新乔,马宇蒨,王焕玉等.空间电磁卫星的粒子探测与汶川地震.地球物理学报,2010,53(10):2337-2344,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.10.007.Li X Q,Ma Y Q,Wang H Y,et al.Observation of particleon space electro-magnetic satellite during Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(10):2337-2344,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.10.007.
[19]Cussac T,Clair M A,Ultré-Guerard P,et al.TheDEMETER microsatellite and ground segment.Planetaryand Space Science,2006,54(5):413-427.
[20]Lasoutte D,Brochot J Y,De Carvalho D,et al.TheDEMETER science mission centre.Planetary and SpaceScience,2006,54(5):428-440.
[21]Sauvaud J A,Moreau T,Maggiolo R,et al.High-energyelectron detection onboard DEMETER:The IDP spectrometer,description and first results on the inner belt.Planetary andSpace Science,2006,54(5):502-511.
[22]Li X L,Temerin M A.The electron radiation belt.SpaceScience Reviews,2001,95(1-2):569-580.
[23]Sauvaud J A,Maggiolo R,Jacquey C,et al.Radiation beltelectron precipitation due to VLF transmitters:satelliteobservations.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35:L09101,doi:10.1029/2008GL033194.
[24]Li X Q,Ma Y Q,Wang P,et al.Study of the North WestCape electron belts observed by DEMETER satellite.J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117,A04201,doi:10.1029/2011JA017121.
[25]Summers D,Thorne R M,Xiao F L.Relativistic theory ofwave-particle resonant diffusion with application to electronacceleration in the magnetosphere.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(A9):20487-20500.
[26]Wanliss J A,Anh V V,Yu Z G,et al.Multifractal modelingof magnetic storms via symbolic dynamics analysis.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:A08214.
[27]Summers D,Ni B,Meredith N P.Timescales for radiationbelt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions:1.Theory.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112:A04206.
[28]顾旭东,赵正予,倪彬彬等.地基高频加热激励ELF/VLF波对辐射带高能电子的准线性散射.物理学报,2008,57(10):6673-6682.Gu X D,Zhao Z Y,Ni B B,et al.Quasi-linear diffusion ofthe radiation belt energetic electrons by ground-based HFheater-induced ELF/VLF emissions.Acta Physica Sinica(inChinese),2008,57(10):6673-6682.
[29]王平,王焕玉,马宇蒨等.地基人工VLF电波对辐射带电子的调制.物理学报,2011,60(3):039401.Wang P,Wang H Y,Ma Y Q,et al.Remediation ofradiation belt electrons caused by ground based man-madeVLF wave.Acta Physica Sinica(in Chinese),2011,60(3):039401.
[30]Imhof W L,Reagan J B,Voss H D,et al.Direct observationof radiation belt electrons precipitated by the controlledinjection of VLF signals from a ground-based transmitter.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1983,10(4):361-364.
[2]Parrot M,Lefeuvre F,Corcuff F Y,et al.Observations ofemissions at the time of earthquakes in the Kerguelen 1985Modelling the ionospheric disturbance caused by an explosionon the ground.Ann.Geophys.,1985,3:695-704.
[3]Larkina V I,Migulin V V,Molchanov O A,et al.Somestatistical results on very low frequency radiowave emissionsin the upper ionosphere over earthquake zones.Phys.EarthPlanet.Inter.,1989,57(1-2):100-109.
[4]Merzer M,Klemperer S L.Modeling low-frequencymagnetic-field precursors to the Loma Prieta earthquake withaprecursory increase in fault-zone conductivity.Pure andGeophysics,1997,150(2):217-248.
[5]Parrot M,Mogilevsky M M.VLF emissions associated withearthquakes and observed in the ionosphere and themagnetosphere.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1989,57(1-2):86-99.
[6]Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,et al.Examples ofunusual ionospheric observations made by the DEMETERsatellite over seismic regions.Physics and Chemistry of theEarth,Parts A/B/C,2006,31(4-9):486-495,doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.011.
[7]Parrot M.Anomalous seismic phenomena:View from spacein Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.Trivandrum:Transworld Research Network,2009:205-233.
[8]Némec F,Santolík O,Parrot M,et al.Spacecraft observations ofelectromagnetic perturbations connected with seismic activity.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35:L05109,doi:10.1029/2007GL032517.
[9]Němec F,Santolík O,Parrot M.Decrease of intensity ofELF/VLF waves observed in the upper ionosphere close toearthquakes:A statistical study.J.Geophys.Res.,2009,114:A04303,doi:10.1029/2008JA013972.
[10]Zhang X M,Qian J D,Ouyang X Y,et al.Ionosphericelectro-magnetic disturbances prior to Yutian 7.2earthquakein Xinjiang.Chinese J.Space Sci.,2009,29(2):213-221.
[11]郑联达.地震电磁波发射的一种机制.地震学报,1990,12(1):78-86.Zheng L D.The mechanism of electromagnetic wave radiationduring an earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(inChinese),1990,12(1):78-86.
[12]Akhoondzadeh M,Parrot M,Saradjian M R.Electron andion density variations before strong earthquakes(M>6.0)using DEMETER and GPS data.Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.,2010,10(1):7-18.
[13]Gokhberg M B,Pilipernko V A,Pokhotelov O A.Onseismic precursors in the ionosphere.Izvestiya USSRAcademy of Sciences.Phys.Earth Ser.,1983,10:17-21.
[14]Sarkar S,Gwal A K.Satellite monitoring of anomalouseffects in the ionosphere related to the great Wenchuanearthquake of May 12,2008.Natural Hazards,2010,55(2):321-332,doi:10.1007/s11069-010-9530-9.
[15]Voronov S A,Galper A M,Koldashov S V,et al.Registration of sporadic increase of high energy particle fluxnear Brazilian anomaly region.Proc.of 20th ICRC,1987,4:451-452.
[16]Voronov S A,Galper A M,Koldashov S V,et al.Observation of high energy charged particle flux increases inSAA region in 10September 1985.Cosmic Res.,1989,27(4):629-631.
[17]Aleksandrim S Y,Galper A M,Grishantzeva L A,et al.High-energy charged particle bursts in the near-Earth spaceas earthquake precursors.Ann.Geophys.,2003,21(2):597-602.
[18]李新乔,马宇蒨,王焕玉等.空间电磁卫星的粒子探测与汶川地震.地球物理学报,2010,53(10):2337-2344,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.10.007.Li X Q,Ma Y Q,Wang H Y,et al.Observation of particleon space electro-magnetic satellite during Wenchuan earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(10):2337-2344,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.10.007.
[19]Cussac T,Clair M A,Ultré-Guerard P,et al.TheDEMETER microsatellite and ground segment.Planetaryand Space Science,2006,54(5):413-427.
[20]Lasoutte D,Brochot J Y,De Carvalho D,et al.TheDEMETER science mission centre.Planetary and SpaceScience,2006,54(5):428-440.
[21]Sauvaud J A,Moreau T,Maggiolo R,et al.High-energyelectron detection onboard DEMETER:The IDP spectrometer,description and first results on the inner belt.Planetary andSpace Science,2006,54(5):502-511.
[22]Li X L,Temerin M A.The electron radiation belt.SpaceScience Reviews,2001,95(1-2):569-580.
[23]Sauvaud J A,Maggiolo R,Jacquey C,et al.Radiation beltelectron precipitation due to VLF transmitters:satelliteobservations.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2008,35:L09101,doi:10.1029/2008GL033194.
[24]Li X Q,Ma Y Q,Wang P,et al.Study of the North WestCape electron belts observed by DEMETER satellite.J.Geophys.Res.,2012,117,A04201,doi:10.1029/2011JA017121.
[25]Summers D,Thorne R M,Xiao F L.Relativistic theory ofwave-particle resonant diffusion with application to electronacceleration in the magnetosphere.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(A9):20487-20500.
[26]Wanliss J A,Anh V V,Yu Z G,et al.Multifractal modelingof magnetic storms via symbolic dynamics analysis.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110:A08214.
[27]Summers D,Ni B,Meredith N P.Timescales for radiationbelt electron acceleration and loss due to resonant wave-particle interactions:1.Theory.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112:A04206.
[28]顾旭东,赵正予,倪彬彬等.地基高频加热激励ELF/VLF波对辐射带高能电子的准线性散射.物理学报,2008,57(10):6673-6682.Gu X D,Zhao Z Y,Ni B B,et al.Quasi-linear diffusion ofthe radiation belt energetic electrons by ground-based HFheater-induced ELF/VLF emissions.Acta Physica Sinica(inChinese),2008,57(10):6673-6682.
[29]王平,王焕玉,马宇蒨等.地基人工VLF电波对辐射带电子的调制.物理学报,2011,60(3):039401.Wang P,Wang H Y,Ma Y Q,et al.Remediation ofradiation belt electrons caused by ground based man-madeVLF wave.Acta Physica Sinica(in Chinese),2011,60(3):039401.
[30]Imhof W L,Reagan J B,Voss H D,et al.Direct observationof radiation belt electrons precipitated by the controlledinjection of VLF signals from a ground-based transmitter.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1983,10(4):361-364.
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