汶川地震灾区民众认知与响应地震灾害的特点及其减灾宣教意义——以四川省德阳市为例
摘要
以5.12汶川大地震重灾区之一的四川省德阳市为例,借助问卷调查和现场访谈,初步分析了灾区民众认知与响应地震灾害的一些整体特点,主要结论是:1)灾区民众认知与响应地震灾害的综合水平尚不理想。2)从青少年到老年,民众认知与响应地震灾害的几种能力均先逐渐增强后又逐渐减弱,各方面能力最好的是19～25岁的青年人,少年和老年人最差;在地震灾害认知程度方面,部分中壮年人群明显没有预期的好。3)民众的受教育程度与其认知和响应地震灾害的水平之间显著正相关。4)女性认知与响应地震灾害的水平与能力明显不如男性。5)民众的地震灾害知识水平和防震减灾技能掌握程度显著影响着其震时及震后的响应行为和态度,且以后者的影响更为突出。6)广播、电视、报纸特别是汶川大地震发生后的各类官方传媒,以及当地政府的针对性宣传是灾区民众获取防震减灾知识的两个主要途径,而学校正规教育则未能如期取得可以显见的优势。灾区民众在汶川大地震发生2个月后所拥有的防震减灾知识中,有相当大的数量是该次地震发生后才刚刚获得的。在此基础上,提出了一些加强该地区防震减灾知识宣传与教育的策略或建议。
By taking Deyang prefecture-level city,Sichuan Province,one of the worst affected area of the 12th May,2008,MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake as the case study area,some general features of the earthquake disaster cognition and responses of the social public in this large earthquake-hit area were analyzed preliminarily through questionnaire survey and field interview methods.The main conclusions are as follows:1)The comprehensive level and capability of cognizing on earthquake disasters and responding to the actual earthquake event of the social public in the studied area is not ideal.2)From the adolescent to the elderly,their levels and capabilities in different cognition and response aspects all increase gradually first and then decrease step by step.The population with highest levels and capabilities are those whose ages are from 19 to 25 years old,while the poorest are those juvenile and aged people.In addition,the earthquake disaster cognition levels of part of those middle-aged people are also obviously not as good as expected.3)People's education degrees have significant positive correlations with people's cognition and response levels or capacities.4)The levels and capabilities of the female are inferior to,even significantly inferier to that of the male.5)People's earthquake disaster knowledge and people's earthquake disaster-coping skills both influence deeply how these people respond to an actual earthquake event.Especially,the impact from the latter is much stronger.That is,the people who have some higher cognition degrees usually have more active and reasonable response attitudes and behaviors,and vice versa.6)The official mass media,including radio,television and newspapers,especially those after MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and the aimed propaganda of local government and other relevant institutions constitute together the two main channels for the local people to obtain earthquake disaster knowledge and to learn earthquake disaster-coping skills.While,the school formal education did not get any advantages as expected.Another point worthy of being emphasized is that,among these knowledge and skills possessed by the people of the studied area in the time of two months after the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,a considerable large quantity was obtained right after this large earthquake.These people's earthquake disaster cognition degree before this large earthquake is obviously rather difficult to let us to be optimistic.Based on these conclusions,some suggestions on strengthening the earthquake disaster-reduction education for the studied area were put forward.
By taking Deyang prefecture-level city,Sichuan Province,one of the worst affected area of the 12th May,2008,MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake as the case study area,some general features of the earthquake disaster cognition and responses of the social public in this large earthquake-hit area were analyzed preliminarily through questionnaire survey and field interview methods.The main conclusions are as follows:1)The comprehensive level and capability of cognizing on earthquake disasters and responding to the actual earthquake event of the social public in the studied area is not ideal.2)From the adolescent to the elderly,their levels and capabilities in different cognition and response aspects all increase gradually first and then decrease step by step.The population with highest levels and capabilities are those whose ages are from 19 to 25 years old,while the poorest are those juvenile and aged people.In addition,the earthquake disaster cognition levels of part of those middle-aged people are also obviously not as good as expected.3)People's education degrees have significant positive correlations with people's cognition and response levels or capacities.4)The levels and capabilities of the female are inferior to,even significantly inferier to that of the male.5)People's earthquake disaster knowledge and people's earthquake disaster-coping skills both influence deeply how these people respond to an actual earthquake event.Especially,the impact from the latter is much stronger.That is,the people who have some higher cognition degrees usually have more active and reasonable response attitudes and behaviors,and vice versa.6)The official mass media,including radio,television and newspapers,especially those after MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and the aimed propaganda of local government and other relevant institutions constitute together the two main channels for the local people to obtain earthquake disaster knowledge and to learn earthquake disaster-coping skills.While,the school formal education did not get any advantages as expected.Another point worthy of being emphasized is that,among these knowledge and skills possessed by the people of the studied area in the time of two months after the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,a considerable large quantity was obtained right after this large earthquake.These people's earthquake disaster cognition degree before this large earthquake is obviously rather difficult to let us to be optimistic.Based on these conclusions,some suggestions on strengthening the earthquake disaster-reduction education for the studied area were put forward.
引文
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李志强,袁一凡,李晓丽,等.2008.汶川地震震害特点初步研究[J].地震地质,30(4):885—906.LI Zhi-qiang,YUAN Yi-fan,LI Xiao-li,et al.2008.Preliminary research on the characteristics of theMS8.0Wen-chuan earthquake disasters[J].Seismology and Geology,30(4):885—906(in Chinese).
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Dominey-Howes D,Minos-Minopoulos D.2004.Perceptions of hazard and risk on Santorini[J].Journal of Volcanolo-gy and Geothermal Research,137:285—310.
FANG Xiu-qi,YE Yu,ZENG Zao-zao.2008.Extreme climate events,migration for cultivation and policies:A casestudy in the early Qing Dynasty of China[J].Science in China(Ser D),50(3):411—421.
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Pidgeon N.1998.Risk assessment,risk values and the social science programme:Why we do need risk perception[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,59:5—15.
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UN-ISDR.2005.Hyogo Framework for Action2005—2015:Building the resilience of nations and communities to dis-asters(HFA)[R].http:∥www.unisdr.org/eng/hfa/hfa.htm.
Wisner B,Blakie P,Cannon T,et al.2004.At Risk:Natural Hazards,People s Vulnerability and Disaster(2nd Edi-tion)[M].Rout ledge,London.
葛全胜,陈泮勤,方修琦,等.2004.全球变化的区域适应研究:挑战与研究对策[J].地球科学进展,19(4):516—524.GE Quan-sheng,CHENPan-qin,FANG Xiu-qi,et al.2004.Adaptation to global change:Challenge and research strat-egy[J].Advances in Earth Science,19(4):516—524(in Chinese).
李景宜.2005.公众风险感知评价:以高校在校生为例[J].自然灾害学报,14(6):153—156.LI Jing-yi.2005.Evaluation on public risk perception:a case study on college students[J].Journal of Natural Disas-ters,14(6):153—156(in Chinese).
李景宜,周旗,严瑞.2002.国民灾害感知能力测评指标体系研究[J].自然灾害学报,11(4):129—134.LI Jing-yi,ZHOU Qi,YAN Rui.2002.Study on index system for assessment of populace s ability in calamity percep-tion[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,11(4):129—134(in Chinese).
李志强,袁一凡,李晓丽,等.2008.汶川地震震害特点初步研究[J].地震地质,30(4):885—906.LI Zhi-qiang,YUAN Yi-fan,LI Xiao-li,et al.2008.Preliminary research on the characteristics of theMS8.0Wen-chuan earthquake disasters[J].Seismology and Geology,30(4):885—906(in Chinese).
孙成权,林海,曲建升.2003.全球变化与人文社会科学问题[M].北京:气象出版社.SUN Cheng-quan,LIN Hai,QU Jian-sheng.2003.Global Change and the Issues of Humanities and Social Sciences[M].China Meteorological Press,Beijing(in Chinese).
苏桂武,方修琦.2000.京津地区近50年来水稻播种面积变化及其对降水变化的响应研究[J].地理科学,20(3):212—217.SUGui-wu,FANG Xiu-qi.2000.Changes of the rice-seeded area in Beijing and Tianjin region during the past50yearsand its responses to the changes of precipitation[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,20(3):212—217(in Chi-nese).
田青,方修琦,乔佃峰.2005.以吉林省安图县为例说明人类对全球变化适应的行为心理学研究[J].地球科学进展,20(8):916—919.TIAN Qing,FANG Xiu-qi,QIAO Dian-feng.2005.Research on human adaptive behavior to global change in the viewof behavioristic psychology indicated from the case study of Antu county,Jilin Province[J].Advances in EarthScience,20(8):916—919(in Chinese).
王媛,方修琦,田青,等.2006.气候变化及人类适应行为对农作物总产变化的影响:以黑龙江省1990年代水稻生产为例[J].自然科学进展,16(12):1645—1650.WANG Yuan,FANG Xiu-qi,TIAN Qing,et al.2006.Climate change and human s adaptive behavior impacts to thechange of the total products of crops-Take the rice producing in Heilongjiang Province in1990s as case study[J].Natural Science Progress,16(12):1645—1650(in Chinese).
谢晓非,徐联仓.1998.一般社会情境中风险认知的实验研究[J].心理科学,21(4):315—318.XIE Xiao-fei,XU Lian-cang.1998.Risk perception in general social situation[J].Psychological Science,21(4):315—318(in Chinese).
谢晓非,郑蕊.2003.风险沟通与公众理性[J].心理科学进展,11(4):375—361.XIE Xiao-fei,ZHENG Rui.2003.Risk communication and public rationality[J].Advances in Psychological Science,11(4):375—361(in Chinese).
叶笃正,吕建华.2003.气候研究进展和21世纪发展战略[J].自然科学进展,13(1):42—46.YE Du-zheng,L Jian-hua.2003.Progresses in the climate research and development strategies towards21st century[J].Natural Science Progress,13(1):42—46(in Chinese).
张兰生,方修琦,任国玉.2000.全球变化[M].北京:高等教育出版社.ZHANG Lan-sheng,FANG Xiu-qi,REN Guo-yu.2000.Global Change[M].Higher Education Press,Beijing(in Chi-nese).
Blakie P,Cannon T,DavisⅠ,et al.1994.At Risk:Natural Hazards,People s Vulnerability and Disaster[M].Routledge,London.
BurtonⅠ,Huq S,Lim B,et al.2002.From impacts assessment of adaptation priorities:the shaping of adaptation poli-cy[J].Climate Policy,2:145—159.
BurtonⅠ,Katers R W,White G F.1993.The Environment as Hazard(2nd Edition)[M].Guilford Press,New Yorkand London.
Cohen B L.1998.Public perception versus results of scientific risk analysis[J].Reliability Engineering and SystemSafety,59:101—105.
Dominey-Howes D,Minos-Minopoulos D.2004.Perceptions of hazard and risk on Santorini[J].Journal of Volcanolo-gy and Geothermal Research,137:285—310.
FANG Xiu-qi,YE Yu,ZENG Zao-zao.2008.Extreme climate events,migration for cultivation and policies:A casestudy in the early Qing Dynasty of China[J].Science in China(Ser D),50(3):411—421.
Fothergill A,Peek L A.2004.Poverty and disasters in the United States:Areviewof recent sociological findings[J].Natural Hazards,32(1):89—110.
Inter-Agency Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction(UN/-ISDR).2004.Living with risk:Aglobal review of disaster reduction initiatives[M](2004version).http:∥www.unisdr.org/eng/about_isdr/bd-lwr-2004-eng.htm.
IPCC.2007.Climate Change2007:The physical science basis,summary for policymakers[A].In:Alley R,BerntsenT,Nathaniel L B,et al(eds).Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovern-mental panel on climate change,Paris.
Mutton D,Haque C E.2004.Human vulnerability,dislocation and resettlement:Adaptation processes of river-bank e-rosion-induced displacement in Bangladesh[J].Disasters,28(1):41—62.
Pidgeon N.1998.Risk assessment,risk values and the social science programme:Why we do need risk perception[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,59:5—15.
Riad J K,Norris F H,Ruback R B.1999.Predicting evacuation in two major disasters:Risk perception,social influ-ence,and access to resources[J].Journal of Applied Social Psychology,29(5):918—934.
Rogers G O.1997.The dynamics of risk perception:Howdoes perceived risk respond to risk events?[J].Risk Anal-ysis,17(6):745—758.
Thomalla F,Downing T,Spanger-siegfried E,et al.2006.Reducing hazard vulnerability:Towards a common approachbetween disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation[J].Disasters,30(1):39—48.
UN-ISDR.2005.Hyogo Framework for Action2005—2015:Building the resilience of nations and communities to dis-asters(HFA)[R].http:∥www.unisdr.org/eng/hfa/hfa.htm.
Wisner B,Blakie P,Cannon T,et al.2004.At Risk:Natural Hazards,People s Vulnerability and Disaster(2nd Edi-tion)[M].Rout ledge,London.
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