皖北新元古界水下砾石丘构造的古地震成因
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摘要
在皖北新元古界四十里长山组滨海潮间或潮下高能动水陆棚,陆源碎屑岩相的粉砂-细砂岩沉积地层中,发育了一组同沉积变形构造。剖面上整体为丘状,可识别出涌流破碎砾石堆、下陷回填砾石堆和震裂砾石堆3部分,下垫层为液化均一层。在它的左侧及下分层发育液化卷曲变形,包括震褶层和液化角砾岩。根据这些发育特征可以确定这组同沉积变形构造为古地震成因。其形成机理是在古地震应力作用下该处发生饱水沙层液化,并形成局部范围的地震能、重力能、与液化能多能量叠加使液化沙层局部爆发,推动沙层流动喷涌与破碎,局部破碎物短暂涌至海底,又下陷回填至液化沙层的负压带,形成由涌流破碎砾石堆和回填砾石堆组成的砾石丘构造。其成因类似河流阶地富含水的砾石丘、沙丘及混杂堆积。
A group of synsedimentary deformation structures has developed in the terrigenous clastic facies silt-fine sandstone sediments between coastal tide and subtidal high dynamic water continental shelf margin,at north of Anhui Province Neoproterozoic Sishilichangshan Formation.It displays characteristic of mound with liquefaction even layer underlayment,and can be divided into three parts,which is the gush broken gravel heap,the subsidence backfill gravel heap and the shatter gravel heap.In the left and lower layer developed the liquefaction deformation,including shock-fold and liquefied breccia.According to these characteristics it can confirm the group of synsedimentary deformation structures is paleoseismic genesis.The formation mechanism is that under the stress of ancient earthquake,the saturated sand liquefied and partly outbreak by the earthquake energy,gravitational energy and liquefaction energy interacted in local range.Then the energy promote sand gush and broken,some broken gravel swarm into seabed,then subsidence backfill into negative pressure zone of liquefied sands,and finaly formed the gravel mound structure by the gush broken gravel heap and the subsidence backfill gravel heap.This genesis is similar with gravel mound,sand mound and chaotic sediments at river terrace rich in water.The study on paleoseismic genesis of underwater gravel mound structures has positive significance on the study of marine seismic sequence.
A group of synsedimentary deformation structures has developed in the terrigenous clastic facies silt-fine sandstone sediments between coastal tide and subtidal high dynamic water continental shelf margin,at north of Anhui Province Neoproterozoic Sishilichangshan Formation.It displays characteristic of mound with liquefaction even layer underlayment,and can be divided into three parts,which is the gush broken gravel heap,the subsidence backfill gravel heap and the shatter gravel heap.In the left and lower layer developed the liquefaction deformation,including shock-fold and liquefied breccia.According to these characteristics it can confirm the group of synsedimentary deformation structures is paleoseismic genesis.The formation mechanism is that under the stress of ancient earthquake,the saturated sand liquefied and partly outbreak by the earthquake energy,gravitational energy and liquefaction energy interacted in local range.Then the energy promote sand gush and broken,some broken gravel swarm into seabed,then subsidence backfill into negative pressure zone of liquefied sands,and finaly formed the gravel mound structure by the gush broken gravel heap and the subsidence backfill gravel heap.This genesis is similar with gravel mound,sand mound and chaotic sediments at river terrace rich in water.The study on paleoseismic genesis of underwater gravel mound structures has positive significance on the study of marine seismic sequence.
引文
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[20]Seilacher A.Sedimentary structures tentatrvely attributed toseismic events[J].Marine Geology,1984,55(1/2):1-12.
[21]李元昊,刘池洋,王秀娟.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组震积岩特征研究[J].沉积学报,2008,26(5):772-779.
[22]梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,等.海相地层中地震遗迹宏观特征与鉴别[J].自然杂志,2010,32(2):101-105.
[23]乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳,等.古郯庐带沧浪铺阶地震事件、层序及构造意义[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31(11):911-918.
[24]乔秀夫,张安棣.华北块体、胶辽朝块体与郯庐断裂[J].中国地质,2002,29(4):337-344.
[25]乔秀夫,李海兵.枕、球-枕构造:地层中的古地震记录[J].地质轮评,2008,54(6):721-730.
[26]袁静,陈鑫,田洪水.济阳坳陷古近纪软沉积变形层中的环状层理及成因[J].沉积学报,2006,24(5):666-671.
[27]冯先岳.地震振动液化变形的研究[J].内陆地震,1989,3(4):209-307.
[28]刘颖,谢君裴.砂土震动液化[M].北京:地震出版社,1984:1-327.
[29]杜远生,韩欣.论海啸作用与海啸岩[J].地质科技情报,2000,19(1):19-22.
[30]张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.华北中元古界雾迷山组地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(3):336-343.
[31]闫臻,杨长春,李继亮,等.鲁西地区馒头组下部滑塌堆积的地质特征及其意义[J].沉积学报,2005,23(1):29-33.
[32]Obemeier S F.Use of Liquefaction-induced features for paleo-seismic analysis:An overview of how seismic liquefaction fea-tures can be distionguished from other features and how theirregional distribution and properties of source sediment can beused to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earth-quakes[J].Engineering Geology,1996,44(1):1-76.
[33]鄢继华,崔永北,陈世悦.几种常见震积岩相标志在模拟实验中的识别[J].沉积学报,2009,27(6):1131-1137.
[2]Seed H B,Idriss I M.Analysis of soil liquefactoin Niigata earth-quake:American society of Civil Engineering[J].Journal of theSoil Mechanics and Foundations Division,1967,93:83-108.
[3]Dionne J C.Monroes:A type of so-called mud volcanoes intidal flats[J].Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,1973,43(2):848-856.
[4]Sins J D.Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of VanNorman Lake,San Fernando,California[J].Science,1973,182:161-163.
[5]Obermeier S F.Using liquefaction-induced features for paleoseis-mic analysis[C].∥Obermeier S F,Jibson R W.Using ground fail-ure features for paleoseismic analysis.[S.l.]:U.S.Geological Sur-vey Open-file Report,1994,94:1-98.
[6]Lin A.Instantaneous-shaking liquefaction induced by the M7.21995Southern Hyogo Prefecture earthquake,Japan[J].Geolo-gy,1997,25(5):435-438.
[7]乔秀夫,李海兵.沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J].古地理学报,2009,11(6):593-610.
[8]Takahama N,Otsuka T,Brahmantyo B.A new phenomenonin ancient liquefaction--the draw-in process,its final stage[J].Sedimentary Geology,2000,135(1):157-165.
[9]Sins J D.Determining earthquake recurrence intervals fromdeformational structures in young lacustrine sediments[J].Tectonophysics,1975,29(1/4):141-152.
[10]Saucier R T.Evidence for episodic sand-blow activity duringthe 1811-1812New Madrid(Missouri)earthquake series[J].Geology,1989,17(2):103-106.
[11]Obermeier S F,Bleuer N R,Munson C A,et al.Evidence ofstrong earthquake shaking in the lower wabash valley fromprehistoric liquefaction features[J].Science,1995,251:1061-1063.
[12]Sims J D,Garvin C D.Recurrent liquefaction induced by the1989Loma Prieta earthquake and 1990and 1991aftershocks:Implication for paleoseismicity studies[J].Bulletin of Seismo-logical Society of America,1995,85(1):51-65.
[13]Plaziat J C,Pruser B H,Philobbos E R,et al.Seismic deformationstructures(seismites)in the syn-rift sediments of the NW Red sea(Egypt)[J].Bull.Soc.Geol.France,1990,6(3):419-434.
[14]乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳.古郯庐带新元古界:灾变、层序、生物[M].北京:地质出版社,2001:102-125.
[15]Mount J F.Formation of fluidization pipes during liquefac-tion:Examples from the Uratanna Formation(Lower Cambri-an),South Australia[J].Sedimentology,1993,40:1027-1037.
[16]Guiraud M,Plaziat J C.Seismites in the fluviatile Bima sand-stones:Identification of paleoseisms and discussion of their magni-tudes in a Cretaceous synsedimentary strike-slip basin(Upper Be-nue,Nigeria)[J].Tectonophysics,1993,225(4):493-522.
[17]Ettensohn F R,Kulp M A,Rast N.Interpreting ancient ma-rine seismites and apparent epicentral areas for paleo-earth-quakes,middle Ordovician Lexington limestone,central Ken-tucky[C]∥Ettensohn F R,Rast N,Brett C E.Ancient Seis-mites:Boulder.Colorado:Geol.Soc.America Spec.Paper,2002,359:177-190.
[18]张传恒,刘典波,张传林,等.新疆博格达地区早二叠世软沉积物变形构造:弧后碰撞前陆盆地地震记录[J].地学前缘,2006,13(4):255-265.
[19]乔秀夫,宋天锐,高林志,等.碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列[J].地质学报,1994,68(1):16-33.
[20]Seilacher A.Sedimentary structures tentatrvely attributed toseismic events[J].Marine Geology,1984,55(1/2):1-12.
[21]李元昊,刘池洋,王秀娟.鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组震积岩特征研究[J].沉积学报,2008,26(5):772-779.
[22]梁定益,聂泽同,宋志敏,等.海相地层中地震遗迹宏观特征与鉴别[J].自然杂志,2010,32(2):101-105.
[23]乔秀夫,高林志,彭阳,等.古郯庐带沧浪铺阶地震事件、层序及构造意义[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31(11):911-918.
[24]乔秀夫,张安棣.华北块体、胶辽朝块体与郯庐断裂[J].中国地质,2002,29(4):337-344.
[25]乔秀夫,李海兵.枕、球-枕构造:地层中的古地震记录[J].地质轮评,2008,54(6):721-730.
[26]袁静,陈鑫,田洪水.济阳坳陷古近纪软沉积变形层中的环状层理及成因[J].沉积学报,2006,24(5):666-671.
[27]冯先岳.地震振动液化变形的研究[J].内陆地震,1989,3(4):209-307.
[28]刘颖,谢君裴.砂土震动液化[M].北京:地震出版社,1984:1-327.
[29]杜远生,韩欣.论海啸作用与海啸岩[J].地质科技情报,2000,19(1):19-22.
[30]张传恒,武振杰,高林志,等.华北中元古界雾迷山组地震驱动的软沉积物变形构造及其地质意义[J].中国科学:D辑,2007,37(3):336-343.
[31]闫臻,杨长春,李继亮,等.鲁西地区馒头组下部滑塌堆积的地质特征及其意义[J].沉积学报,2005,23(1):29-33.
[32]Obemeier S F.Use of Liquefaction-induced features for paleo-seismic analysis:An overview of how seismic liquefaction fea-tures can be distionguished from other features and how theirregional distribution and properties of source sediment can beused to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earth-quakes[J].Engineering Geology,1996,44(1):1-76.
[33]鄢继华,崔永北,陈世悦.几种常见震积岩相标志在模拟实验中的识别[J].沉积学报,2009,27(6):1131-1137.
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