检波器-大地耦合系统特性的振动力学解释、模态参数识别及其对地震资料的影响与消除
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摘要
检波器-大地耦合系统处于地震数据采集的最前端,是地震采集中的基本问题."耦合是指两个系统之间的相互作用.检波器和大地的耦合是影响能量转换的重要因素之一,取决于两者之间接触的牢固程度,以及检波器的重量和接触面积等;该耦合系统中存在着自然谐振并有滤波效应"(R.E.Sheriff).多年来,对耦合响应的研究主要集中在理论研究以及检波器耦合效果对比两个方面,并以感性描述、现象罗列居多.笔者在研究过程中设计了检波器-大地耦合响应的测定方法,并实际测量了检波器-大地耦合响应.结果表明,检波器-大地耦合响应可以用"单自由度有阻尼的自由振动系统"来描述,涉及到"固有频率"以及"阻尼比"两个参数,并可用参数扫描法对其振动模态进行参数识别.当检波器埋置效果差时,耦合响应使得地震子波相位增加,分辨率降低;高频成分增加,信噪比降低(主要在高频端).根据测得的耦合响应对检波器接收到的数据进行"耦合反褶积",将地震数据"还原为"地表下数十厘米处的介质振动,从而消除耦合响应,可以增强地震信号的"保真度",提高信噪比与分辨率.由于地表介质的多变性,每一个检波器对应的耦合响应均不同,同一检波器组合中多个检波器的耦合响应存在一定差异;其中只要有一个检波器埋置差,其整体的耦合效果就会显著变差;因为耦合响应对地震数据的影响非常深刻并难以忽略,所以合成地震记录时也应该考虑耦合响应的影响.
The coupling between the ground and geophone is an important factor in seismic acquisition.In this paper,we conducted a test to determine the practical effect of the coupling,which show that geophone-ground coupling effect can be described as a single-degree-of-freedom damped free vibration system with two main parameters: equivalent frequency and equivalent damping.The parameters of vibration mode could be identified using a least squares method.When the coupling effect becomes worse,the seismic data may show more high-frequency components.In addition our results prove that the anti-coupling deconvolution can largely eliminate the coupling effect and enhance the fidelity of the seismic signal.The importance of the practical effects of coupling means that it should be taken into account when making a synthetic seismogram.
The coupling between the ground and geophone is an important factor in seismic acquisition.In this paper,we conducted a test to determine the practical effect of the coupling,which show that geophone-ground coupling effect can be described as a single-degree-of-freedom damped free vibration system with two main parameters: equivalent frequency and equivalent damping.The parameters of vibration mode could be identified using a least squares method.When the coupling effect becomes worse,the seismic data may show more high-frequency components.In addition our results prove that the anti-coupling deconvolution can largely eliminate the coupling effect and enhance the fidelity of the seismic signal.The importance of the practical effects of coupling means that it should be taken into account when making a synthetic seismogram.
引文
[1]Krohn C E.Geophone-ground coupling[J].Geophysics,1984,49(6):722-731.
[2]Krohn C E.Geophone-ground coupling[J].The Leading Edge,1985,4(4):56-60.
[3]K T Spikes,D.W.Steeples,CM Schmeissner R.Varying theeffective mass of geophones[J].Geophysics,2001,66(6):1850-1855.
[4]Guy G Dri jkoningen.The usefulness of geophone ground-couplingexperiments to seismic data[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1780-1787.
[5]Robert D.Jefferson,Don W.Steeplesz,Ross A.Blackz,andTim Carr.Effects of soil-moisture content on shallow-seismicdata[J].Geophysics,1998,63(4):1357-1362.
[6]徐淑合,刘怀山,童思友,付大志,等.准噶尔盆地沙漠区地震检波器耦合研究[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2003,33(5):783-790.Xu S H,Liu H SH,Tong S Y,F D ZH.Study on SeismicGeophone Coupling in Desert Area of Zhunger Basin[J].Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,2003,33(5):783-790.
[7]朱德兵,任青文.惯性式传感器性能特点及原位测试实验分析[J].水利水电科技进展,2004,(05):30-33.Zhu D B,Ren Q W.Characteristics of inertial sensors and theirexperimental analysis[J].Advances In Science and Technologyof Water Resources,2004,(05):30-33.
[8]刘志田,吴学兵,王文争,等.地震勘探采集中尾锥因素对检波器耦合系统的影响[J].中国石油大学学报,2006,30(3):26-29.Liu ZH T,Wu X B.Effects of tail-cone on geophone couplingsystem during seismic exploration[J].Journal of ChinaUniversity of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2006,30(3):26-29.
[9]吕公河.地震勘探中次生干扰弹性动力学分析[J].石油地质,2001,40(3):76-81.Lu G H.Elastic dynamic analysis for secondary disturbances inseismic survey[J].Geophysical Prospecting For Petrole,2001,40(3):76-81.
[10]石战结,田钢,董世学,等.沙漠地区地震检波器耦合的高频信号匹配滤波技术[J].石油物探,2005,44(3):261-263.Shi ZH J,Tian G,Dong SH X,He H Y,and Wang Zh J.Match filtering of geophone coupling for high-frequencies ofseismic data in desert area[J].Geophysical Prospecting ForPetrole,2005,44(3):261-263.
[11]泰馨菱,曾融生,宫维枢.振动枱原理和地震检波器的试验[J].地球物理学报,1957,6(1):15-34.Qin X L,Zeng R SH,Gong W S H.The Principles of ShakingTables and the Test of a Seismic Geophone[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1957,6(1):15-34.
[12]邓继新,韩德华,王尚旭;应力松弛对颗粒物质弹性性质的影响及等效介质模型校正研究[J].地球物理学报2011,54(4):1079-1089.Deng J X,Han D H,Wang SH X.A study of the influence ofstress relaxation on the elastic properties of granularmaterials and the calibration of effective media model[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(4):1079-1089.
[13]吕公河.地震勘探中振动问题分析[J].石油物探,2002,41(2):154-157.Lu G H.An analysis of vibration problem in seismicexploration[J].Geophysical Prospecting For Petrole,2002,41(2):154-157.
[14]边环玲,楚泽涵,封锡强.地震检波器与地表耦合问题探讨[J].石油仪器,2001,15(3):5-7Bian H L;Chu Z H and Feng X Q.Discussion on thegeophone-ground coupling problem.Petroleum Instruments,2001,15(3):5-7.
[15]T.H.Tan.Reciprocity theorem applied to the geophone-groundcoupling problem[J].Geophysics,1987,52(12):1715-1717.
[16]Guy G.Drijkoningen1,Frederik Rademakers1,Evert C.Slob1and Jacob T.Fokkema1.A new elastic model for groundcoupling of geophones with spikes[J].Geophysics,2006,71(2):9-17.
[17]胡世丽,李贵荣.振动力学和波动力学的讨论[J].采矿技术,2010,10(4):115-116.Hu Sh L,Li G R.Discussion On vibration mechanics and wavemechanics[J].MINING TECHNOLOGY,2010,10(4):115-116.
[18]王济,胡晓.Matlab在振动信号处理中的应用[J].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006Wang J,Hu X.Application of Matlab on Vibration SignalProcessing[J].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2006.
[19]石战结,田钢,沈洪垒,等.灰岩裸露区检波器三自由度耦合系统理论的研究[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(5):1234-1246.Shi Z J,Tian G,Shen H L,et al.Theoretical studies of thegeophone coupling infulence in the limestone outcrops area[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(5):1234-1246.
[20]俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993Yu SH P.high-resolution seismic survey[M].Beijing:Petroleum industry press,1993.
[21]王梅生,数字检波器的应用及效果[J].物探装备,17(4):235-240.Wang Meisheng,Application and effect of digital geophone,Equipment for Geophysical Prospecting,2007,17(4):235-240.
[22]程乾生,数字信号处理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.Cheng Qiansheng,Digital signal processing[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2004.
[2]Krohn C E.Geophone-ground coupling[J].The Leading Edge,1985,4(4):56-60.
[3]K T Spikes,D.W.Steeples,CM Schmeissner R.Varying theeffective mass of geophones[J].Geophysics,2001,66(6):1850-1855.
[4]Guy G Dri jkoningen.The usefulness of geophone ground-couplingexperiments to seismic data[J].Geophysics,2000,65(6):1780-1787.
[5]Robert D.Jefferson,Don W.Steeplesz,Ross A.Blackz,andTim Carr.Effects of soil-moisture content on shallow-seismicdata[J].Geophysics,1998,63(4):1357-1362.
[6]徐淑合,刘怀山,童思友,付大志,等.准噶尔盆地沙漠区地震检波器耦合研究[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2003,33(5):783-790.Xu S H,Liu H SH,Tong S Y,F D ZH.Study on SeismicGeophone Coupling in Desert Area of Zhunger Basin[J].Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao,2003,33(5):783-790.
[7]朱德兵,任青文.惯性式传感器性能特点及原位测试实验分析[J].水利水电科技进展,2004,(05):30-33.Zhu D B,Ren Q W.Characteristics of inertial sensors and theirexperimental analysis[J].Advances In Science and Technologyof Water Resources,2004,(05):30-33.
[8]刘志田,吴学兵,王文争,等.地震勘探采集中尾锥因素对检波器耦合系统的影响[J].中国石油大学学报,2006,30(3):26-29.Liu ZH T,Wu X B.Effects of tail-cone on geophone couplingsystem during seismic exploration[J].Journal of ChinaUniversity of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2006,30(3):26-29.
[9]吕公河.地震勘探中次生干扰弹性动力学分析[J].石油地质,2001,40(3):76-81.Lu G H.Elastic dynamic analysis for secondary disturbances inseismic survey[J].Geophysical Prospecting For Petrole,2001,40(3):76-81.
[10]石战结,田钢,董世学,等.沙漠地区地震检波器耦合的高频信号匹配滤波技术[J].石油物探,2005,44(3):261-263.Shi ZH J,Tian G,Dong SH X,He H Y,and Wang Zh J.Match filtering of geophone coupling for high-frequencies ofseismic data in desert area[J].Geophysical Prospecting ForPetrole,2005,44(3):261-263.
[11]泰馨菱,曾融生,宫维枢.振动枱原理和地震检波器的试验[J].地球物理学报,1957,6(1):15-34.Qin X L,Zeng R SH,Gong W S H.The Principles of ShakingTables and the Test of a Seismic Geophone[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1957,6(1):15-34.
[12]邓继新,韩德华,王尚旭;应力松弛对颗粒物质弹性性质的影响及等效介质模型校正研究[J].地球物理学报2011,54(4):1079-1089.Deng J X,Han D H,Wang SH X.A study of the influence ofstress relaxation on the elastic properties of granularmaterials and the calibration of effective media model[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(4):1079-1089.
[13]吕公河.地震勘探中振动问题分析[J].石油物探,2002,41(2):154-157.Lu G H.An analysis of vibration problem in seismicexploration[J].Geophysical Prospecting For Petrole,2002,41(2):154-157.
[14]边环玲,楚泽涵,封锡强.地震检波器与地表耦合问题探讨[J].石油仪器,2001,15(3):5-7Bian H L;Chu Z H and Feng X Q.Discussion on thegeophone-ground coupling problem.Petroleum Instruments,2001,15(3):5-7.
[15]T.H.Tan.Reciprocity theorem applied to the geophone-groundcoupling problem[J].Geophysics,1987,52(12):1715-1717.
[16]Guy G.Drijkoningen1,Frederik Rademakers1,Evert C.Slob1and Jacob T.Fokkema1.A new elastic model for groundcoupling of geophones with spikes[J].Geophysics,2006,71(2):9-17.
[17]胡世丽,李贵荣.振动力学和波动力学的讨论[J].采矿技术,2010,10(4):115-116.Hu Sh L,Li G R.Discussion On vibration mechanics and wavemechanics[J].MINING TECHNOLOGY,2010,10(4):115-116.
[18]王济,胡晓.Matlab在振动信号处理中的应用[J].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006Wang J,Hu X.Application of Matlab on Vibration SignalProcessing[J].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2006.
[19]石战结,田钢,沈洪垒,等.灰岩裸露区检波器三自由度耦合系统理论的研究[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(5):1234-1246.Shi Z J,Tian G,Shen H L,et al.Theoretical studies of thegeophone coupling infulence in the limestone outcrops area[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(5):1234-1246.
[20]俞寿朋.高分辨率地震勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1993Yu SH P.high-resolution seismic survey[M].Beijing:Petroleum industry press,1993.
[21]王梅生,数字检波器的应用及效果[J].物探装备,17(4):235-240.Wang Meisheng,Application and effect of digital geophone,Equipment for Geophysical Prospecting,2007,17(4):235-240.
[22]程乾生,数字信号处理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.Cheng Qiansheng,Digital signal processing[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2004.
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