青藏高原东北缘祁连山地区古地震记录与区域构造意义
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摘要
青藏高原东北缘的地质地貌特征与基本构造格架受阿尔金左行走滑断裂、东昆仑左行走滑断裂和海源左行走滑断裂控制,在青藏高原的碰撞造山过程中地震作用贯穿始终。2011至2012年,作者对青藏高原东北缘东起靖远(海原断裂东段)西至昌马盆地(阿尔金断裂东南)的软沉积物变形(震积岩)进行的系统调研表明,青藏高原东北缘祁连山地区从三叠纪至第四纪各时代(侏罗纪以外)的地层中,均发现丰富的古地震纪录(震积岩)。代表性震积岩发现点和层位有:靖远宝积山上三叠统、靖远糜滩乡下白垩统、昌马盆地下白垩统以及赤金堡和酒泉磁窑口附近的第四系。主要的震积岩类型有:液化脉、负载、球-枕构造、液化卷曲、层间微断裂等。根据区域地质资料分析,这些震积岩均分布于区域性大断裂附近。本文简单讨论了主要震积岩发现点与其相邻的区域构造(地震)活动之间的关系,根据靖远附近上三叠统普遍发育震积岩,提出海原断裂带的初始活动时间很可能就在晚三叠世,与青藏高原东缘龙门山地区印支期的造山地震同时期。
Marking the northern margin of the Tibet Plateau,the Altyn Tagh fault system not only truncates various geological units, controlling both the geometric characters and tectonic framework in northern Tibet,but also comprises the main passage where the landmass easternward extrude. It is crucial to study the fault system’s forming,active ages and fault trace evolvement to probe the dynamic mechanism of the Tibet Plateau. Here,we take advantage of the soft sediment deformation revealed in Middle Jurassic lacustrine strata in southern Subei to explore such questions. There are generally 26 deformation layers found which can be further subdivided into 4 categories in the field: load and pillow structure,liquefied diapir and crater,liquefied breccia and convoluted structure. The grain size statistic shows the grains mainly range from 0.2～0.3mm ( 60% ) ,highly comparable with the modern earthquake ejected and experimental grains size,thuswe consider them as earthquake induced liquefaction. Based on the empirical statistical relation between the earthquake magnitude and the maximum liquefactiondistance,we presume the minimum magnitude is 6～6. 5,whereas,in view of the specific deformation structure with different magnitude,we suggest the maximum magnitude may exceed 7. 5. The 26 deformation layers represent an earthquake episode in Middle Jurassic,with at least4 earthquakes. The Altyn Tagh fault system was highly active in Middle Jurassic and the fault trace had already reached Subei area at least. Given the Triassic active agededuced from the mylonite in Xorkol and the volcano activities in Cretaceous and Jurassic,soft sediment deformation in Yumen area in Cretaceous,the Altyn Tagh fault may have experienced at least three active ages: the Late Triassic,the Middle Jurassic and the Cenozoic,with the fault length expand from several hundred kilometers to more than 1000 kilometers and to 2000 kilometers.
Marking the northern margin of the Tibet Plateau,the Altyn Tagh fault system not only truncates various geological units, controlling both the geometric characters and tectonic framework in northern Tibet,but also comprises the main passage where the landmass easternward extrude. It is crucial to study the fault system’s forming,active ages and fault trace evolvement to probe the dynamic mechanism of the Tibet Plateau. Here,we take advantage of the soft sediment deformation revealed in Middle Jurassic lacustrine strata in southern Subei to explore such questions. There are generally 26 deformation layers found which can be further subdivided into 4 categories in the field: load and pillow structure,liquefied diapir and crater,liquefied breccia and convoluted structure. The grain size statistic shows the grains mainly range from 0.2～0.3mm ( 60% ) ,highly comparable with the modern earthquake ejected and experimental grains size,thuswe consider them as earthquake induced liquefaction. Based on the empirical statistical relation between the earthquake magnitude and the maximum liquefactiondistance,we presume the minimum magnitude is 6～6. 5,whereas,in view of the specific deformation structure with different magnitude,we suggest the maximum magnitude may exceed 7. 5. The 26 deformation layers represent an earthquake episode in Middle Jurassic,with at least4 earthquakes. The Altyn Tagh fault system was highly active in Middle Jurassic and the fault trace had already reached Subei area at least. Given the Triassic active agededuced from the mylonite in Xorkol and the volcano activities in Cretaceous and Jurassic,soft sediment deformation in Yumen area in Cretaceous,the Altyn Tagh fault may have experienced at least three active ages: the Late Triassic,the Middle Jurassic and the Cenozoic,with the fault length expand from several hundred kilometers to more than 1000 kilometers and to 2000 kilometers.
引文
①甘肃省地质局第二区域地质测量队第三分队.1972.1︰5万昌马幅地质图
①甘肃省地质局第二区域地质测量队第四连.1972.1︰20万玉门镇幅地质图
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①甘肃省地质局第二区域地质测量队第四连.1972.1︰20万玉门镇幅地质图
Alsop GI and Marco S.2011.Soft-sediment deformation withinseismogenic slumps of the Dead Sea Basin.Journal of StructuralGeology,33(4):433-457
Burchfiel BC,Zhang PZ,Wang YP,Zhang WQ,Song FM,Deng QD,Molnar P and Royden L.1991.Geology of the Haiyuan Fault Zone,Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region,China,and its relation to theevolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,10(6):1091-1110
Deng QD and Yang H.2011.Reference lists about Haiyuan Earthquakeand Haiyuan active fault.Seismology and Geology,33(1):231-239(in Chinese with English abstract)
Du YS,Gong SY,Han X,Wang JS,Gu SZ and Lin WJ.2001.Silurianseismites in Hanxia,Yumen,North Qilian Mountains,and theirtectonic significance.Acta Geologica Sinica,75(4):385-390
Du YS.2011.Discussion about studies of earthquake event deposit inChina.Journal of Palaeogeography,13(6):581-590(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Fu ZX,Liu GP and Chen QF.2001.Dynamic analysis on interactionbetween the Haiyuan-Gulang-Changma great earthquake in the northboundary of the Tibetan Plateau.Seismology and Geology,23(1):35-42(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ghosh SK,Pandey AK,Pandey P,Ray Y and Sinha S.2012.Soft-sediment deformation structures from the Paleoproterozoic DamthaGroup of Garhwal Lesser Himalaya,India.Sedimentary Geology,261-262:76-89
Li HB and Yang JS.2004.Evidence for Cretaceous uplift of the northernQinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Earth Science Frontiers,11(4):345-359(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li HB,Yang JS,Xu ZQ,Sun ZM,Tapponnier P,Woerd J and MeriauxAS.2006.The constraint of the Altyn Tagh fault system to thegrowth and rise of the northern Tibetan Plateau.Earth ScienceFrontiers,13(4):59-79(in Chinese with English abstract)
Li HB,Xu ZQ,Yang JS,Qi XX and Tapponnier P.2007.The maximumcumulative strike-slip displacement of the Altyn Tagh Fault:900km?Geological Bulletin of China,26(10):1288-1298(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Liu J,Xu XW,Li YF and Ran YK.2007.On the completeness ofpaleoseismic records of strike-slip faults:An example from theLaohushan segment of the Haiyuan fault in Gansu,China,with adiscussion of several problems in the paleoearthquake study.Geological Bulletin of China,26(6):650-660(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
LüHB,Wang J and Zhang HC.2011.Discovery of the Late Mesozoicslump beds in Lingshan Island,Shandong,and a pilot research onthe regional tectonics.Acta Geologica Sinica,85(6):938-946(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ma LF.2002.Geological Atlas of China.Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,90-91(in Chinese)
Mastrogiacomo G,Moretti M,Owen G and Spalluto L.2012.Tectonictriggering of slump sheets in the Upper Cretaceous carbonatesuccession of the Porto Selvaggio area(Salento peninsula,southernItaly):Synsedimentary tectonics in the Apulian Carbonate Platform.Sedimentary Geology,269-270:15-27
Mohindra R and Bagati TN.1996.Seismically induced soft-sedimentdeformation structures(seismites)around Sumdo in the lower Spitivalley(Tethys Himalaya).Sedimentary Geology,101(1-2):69-83
Mugnier JL,Huyghe P,Gajurel AP,Upreti BN and Jouanne F.2011.Seismites in the Kathmandu basin and seismic hazard in centralHimalaya.Tectonophysics,509(1-2):33-49
Owen G.1996.Experimental soft-sediment deformation:Structuresformed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancientexamples.Sedimentology,43(2):279-293
Pan GT and Ding J.2004.Geological Map of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateauand Its Vicinity Area.Chengdu:Chengdu Map Publishing House(in Chinese)
Qiao XF,Song TR,Gao LZ,Peng Y,Zhang CH and Zhang YX.2006.Earthquake Record in Strata(Ancient Earthquake).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1-263(in Chinese)
Qiao XF and Li HB.2008.Pillow,ball-and-pillow structures:Paleo-seismic records within strata.Geological Review,54(6):721-730(in Chinese with English abstract)
Qiao XF and Li HB.2009.Effect of earthquake and ancient earthquakeon sediments.Journal of Palaeogeography,11(6):593-610(inChinese with English abstract)
Qiao XF,Guo XP,Li HB,Gou ZH,Su DC,Tang ZM,Zhang W andYang G.2012.Soft-sediment deformations in the Late Trassic andthe Indosinian tectonic movements in Longmenshan.Acta GeologicaSinica,86(1):132-156(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ran YK and Deng QD.1999.Research history,current situation anddevelopment trend of paleoseismology.Chinese Science Bulletin,44(1):12-20(in Chinese)
Rana R,Bhattacharya F,Basavaiah N,Pant RK and Juyal N.2013.Softsediment deformation structures and their implications for LateQuaternary seismicity on the South Tibetan Detachment System,Central Himalaya(Uttarakhand),India.Tectonophysics,592:165-174
Shi YJ,Chen WJ,Cao ZL,Li HZ,Wang BT and Huang SJ.2009.Discovery of seismites in the southwestern Qaidam basin and itssignificance for exploration.Acta Geologica Sinica,83(8):1178-1187(in Chinese with English abstract)
Singh S and Jain AK.2007.Liquefaction and fluidization of lacustrinedeposits from Lahaul-Spiti and Ladakh Himalaya:Geologicalevidences of paleoseismicity along active fault zone.SedimentaryGeology,196(1-4):47-57
Sun ZM,Yang ZY,Yang TS and Lin AM.2001.New Early Cretaceouspaleoagnetic results from the Haiyuan area and its tectonicimplications.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,44(5):678-686(inChinese with English abstract)
Sun ZM,Li HB,Pei JL,Xu W,Pan JW,Si JL,Zhao LS and Zhao Y.2012.Strike-slip movement of the Altyn Tagh fault and implicationsfor mountain formation inferred from paleomagnetic data innortheastern Tibetan Plateau.Acta Petrogica Sinica,28(6):1928-1936(in Chinese with English abstract)
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